Summary Of "Enclosure, Power, Knowledge And Technology In Foucault, Marx & Durkheim" By Paiva, Molina & Tuero: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

The text makes a journey through the various forms of discipline and confinement throughout history, in line with various forms of production. It is based on the analyzes of Michel Foucault, but also covers the contributions that Marx, Durkheim and Weber made from sociology. To address the issue, we have summarized the essentials of "Social Constructions", by Marta Molina, Roberto Paiva and Jorge Tuero,

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Oct 25, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201212209

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Summary Of Enclosure, Power, Knowledge And Technology In Foucault, Marx & Durkheim By Paiva, Molina & Tuero

UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

SUMMARY OF ENCLOSURE, POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY IN FOUCAULT, MARX & DURKHEIM BY PAIVA, MOLINA & TUERO

First edition. October 25, 2021.

Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

ISBN: 979-8201212209

Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Molina, Marta, Paiva, Roberto & Tuero, Jorge

Molina, Marta

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Molina, Marta, Paiva, Roberto & Tuero, Jorge

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

CHAPTER 1 PROPOSITIONS FROM HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY

The institutions of confinement

THERE IS A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE ORIGIN OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF ENCIERRO, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN ITS INITIAL STAGE. Indeed, between the middle of the 16th century and the 18th century, a fall in the number of inhabitants required the intervention of the State to guarantee the capitalists the supply of labor power. This need was reinforced by the refusal of the workers (who until now worked in the fields following the rhythm of the seasons) to submit to the new rhythm of work.

The English case: the Bridewells

From the middle of the 16th century the confinement of vagabonds in Bridewells Castle was imposed in England. The goal of this rule was boarding school reform through work and discouragement from future vagrancy behaviors.

The Dutch case: the Rasp-huis

The Rasp huis were the form of forced labor used in the Netherlands. This need for forced labor had two motives: the commercial development brought about by the victory against Spain towards the end of the 16th century and the greater need for the labor force demanded by the increase in commercial traffic.

Given the incipient development of capitalism, the supply of labor power was scarce and expensive. This fact, together with the danger (for capital) that workers organize in pursuit of their interests, motivated the implementation of regulations on the supply and demand of the labor force. The purpose of this was to coercively lower wages, at a time when the shortage of supply of labor power made it more expensive.

The forms of punishment in the Old Regime

During the Old Regime, the repressive institutions did not aim at the regeneration of the individual (as it will be during Modernity), but rather their seclusion. There were two types of LOCATION SITES: dungeons, which were places where penalties (torture) were applied, and general hospitals and abbeys, where madmen, criminals, etc. were locked up.

From the late Middle Ages, Roman-canon law dominated in Spain, Italy and France, and it extended to the rest of Europe from 1532. It was resisted by popular customary norms. These were defended by the kings, since they reinforced their political authority.

In the thirteenth century, the figure of the ATTORNEY emerged, which in France functions as a link between the monarchical powers in formation and the various communities. These, instead of resolving their conflicts among themselves, must appeal to the attorney who officiates a mediating function, establishing payments on behalf of the crown as a punitive mechanism.

There was also SCIENTIFIC LAW, exercised by professional lawyers. This right is taught in universities.

THUS, THERE ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY THE FOLLOWING LEGAL FORMS: A SOCIAL PRACTICE DIFFUSED IN THE COMMUNITIES; A MEDIEVAL CRIMINAL LAW SUPPORTED BY THE MONARCHIES AND A SCIENTIFIC LAW, DISSEMINATED BY THE UNIVERSITIES. During the seventeenth century, religious crimes still existed. These applied to magicians, heretics, etc. The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Spain) punished those who challenged the faith and royal justice punished those who committed perjury, blasphemy or bigamy.

The proof of the crime was established with the confession of the accused, who was condemned as a sinner. In the absence of sufficient evidence, torture was enabled in order to reveal the truth.

Jaques Danzelot maintains that towards the end of the seventeenth century there is a shift from penalties against people and crimes towards actions directed against property.

Hospitals and charities are enabled not only to keep the sick, but also those locked up by order of her Majesty. All these locked bodies are dispossessed, and the work is not demanded as a mere return of maintenance costs, but as a moral condemnation. IF LEISURE IS REJECTED, THE RELIGIOUS PLANE PREDOMINATES OVER THE ECONOMIC LEVEL WHEN JUDGING CONDUCT.

Feudal thought regards wealth as a gift. Kings possess it by divine will. The poor and the mad have access to material goods through the assistance of the Church. In this way, WEALTH, INSTEAD OF BEING AN END IN ITSELF, IS A LINK OF DEPENDENCE. This notion of wealth changes IN THE 18th CENTURY with political economy: IT BECOMES AN END IN ITSELF. IN ADDITION, it is no longer something given by divine will (to the monarch), and distributed out of charity to the poor (by the Church), but it IS THE RESULT OF WORK AND PERSONAL SAVINGS.

During Modernity, the closed space ceases to be charitable (assistance to the poor in monasteries) to become THERAPEUTIC. The dispossessed is no longer tortured, buildings with ventilation appear.

A new vision of the closed space arises AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY. THE ENCLOSED BODIES ARE HOUSED IN A SPACE THAT IS AT TIMES PRISON, A MANUFACTURING AND AGRICULTURAL COLONY AT THE SAME TIME. In England a new enclosed space is emerging, the WORKHOUSE, which functions both as a source of work for the poor and as a surveillance space for the lazy.

THE END OF THESE NEW SPACES IS THE RESTITUTION TO THE SOCIETY (CAPITALIST), BASED ON THE MARKET OF GOODS AND LABOR FORCE THROUGH THERAPEUTICS. She wanted the boarding school to adapt to that society.

IF IN THE RECLUSION SPACES OF THE OLD REGIME, THE WORK DEVELOPED WAS CONSIDERED A PUNISHMENT, IN THE SPACES CREATED BY THE REFORM, ITS PURPOSE IS THERAPEUTICS, TO ADAPT THE BODIES TO THAT NEW SOCIETY

THE SCHOOL CONSTITUTES another space for moralization. However, it is in the prison, the asylum and the poor community where this function is most verified.

For hygienists and social economists, therapeutics had to consist, in addition to regeneration, in an acceptance of the new order.

Immoral customs become the object of doctors. Theories emerge about the degeneration of the race, which is attributed to the social environment, mainly due to the division of labor.

THE ENGLISH WORKHOUSE AS OF THE POOR LAW OF 1834, they become a mechanism of coercion (and not of assistance) to prevent the reproduction of vagrancy. Among the disciplining mechanisms, the strict use of time stands out, avoiding leisure; the separation of individuals and the prohibition of meetings that were not merely contractual (mutual aid societies, etc.).

INSTEAD OF LOOKING FOR THE REGENERATION OF THE PERSON, AS THE AGRICULTURAL COLONIES ATTEMPTED, HERE THE SUBMISSION TO THE NEW ORDER IS PURSUED.

Regarding the prison and the asylum, we must not think that while one punishes, the other cures, but we must correctly assess both functions in the two institutions.

IN THE ASylum, IT IS A TRY TO NORMALIZE THE CONDUCT OF THE INNERATE, making it find the common law, established by social life. This is achieved through the vigilance of the guardian, who must observe the abnormal behaviors of the boarding school, to inform the doctor who must characterize his mental