Thomas Kuhn: Summarized Classics: SUMMARIZED CLASSICS

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

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With our "Summarized Classics" collection, you will understand the main ideas of the most important thinkers in a very short time and with little effort.

We have summarized the essentials of the following texts: The structure of scientific revolutions (1962) / The paradigms / Postscript (1969).

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Oct 1, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201490324

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Thomas Kuhn: Summarized Classics

SUMMARIZED CLASSICS

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

THOMAS KUHN: SUMMARIZED CLASSICS

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MAURICIO FAU

Copyright © 2021 Mauricio Enrique Fau

All rights reserved.

ISBN: 9789871719112

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DEDICATION

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To my children Elías, Selva, Greta, Ciro and Yaco.

To my life's daughter Emma.

To my wife Cecilia.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Thomas Kuhn: Summarized Classics

WHO IS KUHN

THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS | PREFACE

CHAPTER 1  HISTORY

CHAPTER 2

EXAMPLE OF THE KUHN SCHEME

  Crisis

  Scientific revolution

CHAPTER 4  NORMAL SCIENCE AS ENIGMA-SOLVING

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 9  NATURE AND NECESSITY OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 10

POSTSCRIPT: 1969

Paradigms and community structure

2. Paradigms as a constellation of group commitments (about paradigms in the first, more general sense).

COMPONENTS OF A DISCIPLINARY MATRIX (SUMMARY)

3. Paradigms as shared examples

4. Tacit knowledge or intuition

5. Exemplars, incommensurability and revolutions.

6. Revolutions and relativism

7. The nature of science

Vienna Circle: | contexts in which science is developed

A final review of the Kuhnian theses

kuhn: elements of a paradigm

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Further Reading: Emile Durkheim: Summarized Classics

Also By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

About the Author

About the Publisher

WHO IS KUHN

THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION: A ROLE FOR HISTORY

CHAPTER 2  THE ROAD TO NORMAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER 4  NORMAL SCIENCE AS ENIGMA SOLVING

CHAPTER 5  PRIORITY OF PARADIGMS

CHAPTER 9 THE  NATURE AND NECESSITY OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

CHAPTER 10  REVOLUTIONS AS CHANGES IN THE CONCEPT OF THE WORLD

POSTSCRIPT: 1969

WHO IS KUHN

Kuhn, Thomas (1922 -1996): American philosopher of science and physicist, one of the founders of the historical philosophy of science. He rejected the positivist notion of cumulative scientific progress and argued that science advances in leaps and bounds, through crises and scientific revolutions that determine the transition from one dominant paradigm to another, incommensurable with respect to the previous one. He also criticized the classical view that saw the scientist as an objective and independent thinker, and described most of them as conservative individuals and puzzle solvers, that is, without a critical or innovative spirit, deniers of the anomalies that they could detect in the development of their research within the framework of normal science. Only scientists who broke with that logic could drive paradigm shifts. Among his main works we find The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962).

THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS

PREFACE

In the Preface Kuhn tells how his own intellectual development led him to modify the ideas he had acquired in his training as a scientist about scientific nature, progress and success. This change was especially influenced by his year-long stay in a community of social scientists.

He was then confronted with the important differences between such communities and those of natural scientists, among whom he had received his training. In particular, he was struck by the number of disagreements among social scientists (e.g., psychologists, sociologists) about the nature of problems and accepted scientific methods.

In contrast, the practice of astronomy, physics, chemistry or biology (natural sciences) does not seem to show great controversy about the fundamentals. Trying to discover the origin of such a difference, he recognized the important role played in scientific research by what he called paradigms.

PARADIGMS ARE UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS THAT, OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, PROVIDE MODELS OF PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS TO A SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

CHAPTER 1  HISTORY

The textbooks of those who study mislead scientists, who end up believing that the content of science consists only of observations, laws and theories, devoting themselves to record and relate successive increments of knowledge of a discipline.

In reality, SCIENCE DOES NOT DEVELOP BY THE ACCUMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS. It is necessary to ask about the relations of scientists with their opinions and those of their group, their teachers, contemporaries and successors in the sciences.

The early stages of the development of the sciences presented a competition between different conceptions of nature, derived from scientific observations and methods. What differentiated them were their incommensurable (i.e., incomparable to each other) ways of seeing the world and practicing science in it.

Personal and historical factors play a role in the formation of scientists' beliefs. And according to this received education, normal science will develop, forcing nature into its conceptual frameworks.

NORMAL SCIENCE is put into practice on the assumption that the scientific community knows how the world is, in addition to suppressing many times dangerous innovations, which question the basic assumptions on which this normal science is based.

WHEN A NORMAL PROBLEM IS NOT SOLVED AS EXPECTED, OR WHEN THE EXPECTED RESULTS ARE NOT PRODUCED, WE ARE DEALING WITH AN ANOMALY.

When these can no longer be disguised, extraordinary research is initiated, leading to a new set of assumptions, and a new basis for the practice of science.

In other words, a SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION has taken place, breaking the tradition to which the activity of normal science was linked.

In this way, the scientific community rejects a previously accepted scientific theory, adopting another that is incompatible with it, producing a CHANGE IN THE PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED AND IN THE SOLUTIONS CONSIDERED LEGITIMATE FOR TACKLING THE PROBLEM.

THIS IS NOT A SIMPLE INCREASE OF WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN IN THE PREVIOUS THEORY, BUT THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE THEORY, causing a NEW PARADIGM to emerge, which will dictate the basis of a new normal science, specifying what kind of entities of the universe will be analyzed, which also implies which ones will not be taken into account.

CHAPTER 2 

Upon receiving a paradigm , the scientific community adheres, consciously or not, to the idea that the fundamental problems solved in it have been solved once and for all. Paradigms do not appear from the beginning of scientific development: during the first years a science operates without them until it acquires one.

Thus,