Umberto Eco: Selected Summaries: SELECTED SUMMARIES

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

We have summarized the essentials of the following texts: Telematic academies, Some considerations about perfect languages, Apocalyptic and integrated, Of moral responsibility as a technological product, The semiotic field and the thresholds of semiotics, Mr. Sigma, The sign, The sign of the three, The strategy of illusion, Counterfeiting and consensus, The perfect language of images, The names of fascism, Translation problems, Semiotics and philosophy of language, Sign, Treatise on general semiotics and A problematic evil raised. In some cases they are short articles and in others longer works, most of which are summarized in some of their sections.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Dec 3, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201162979

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Umberto Eco: Selected Summaries

SELECTED SUMMARIES

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

UMBERTO ECO: SELECTED SUMMARIES

First edition. December 3, 2021.

Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

ISBN: 979-8201162979

Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Eco, Umberto | TELEMATIC ACADEMIES

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

ECO: FIELDS OF RESEARCH OF SEMIOTICS

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

I.3 . LAWS AND FACTS | LAWS AND FACTS

II. Helmets | II. 1. Voltaire's text

II. 2. Hypercoded abductions

III. SHOES

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Umberto Eco

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

Eco, Umberto

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Eco, Umberto

TELEMATIC ACADEMIES

La Nación Newspaper , Sunday March 10 1996

Who will use all the elements that computing offers? We are not very advanced: we have a computer connected to the Internet for every 1800 inhabitants, while in Germany there is one for every 380, and in the United States, one for every 76. But it is also little in the United States: admitting that this computer is used by one twenty people, what are the remaining 56 doing? They are excluded. About what? Power.

The most pessimistic outlook for the future is that a society is born divided into three classes: at the lowest level, a mass of proletarians who do not have access to the computer (and therefore neither to the book) and who depend only on communication. television; in the middle a petty bourgeoisie that uses the computer in a massive way, and finally, a nomenklatura (in the Soviet sense of the term) that knows how to make the machine reason (and that has the economic means to get hold of the elements). ever newer and more powerful).

But even this select minority runs a risk: faced with an excess of information, they do not know what to choose. To use a good encyclopedic dictionary you have to read it, and above all know what you are looking for to be sure that the news it gives us is useful.And this would have to happen with the billions of units of information that new technologies put at our disposal. provision.

While the engineers work hard to expand the possibilities of the channel and actuate at an increasingly accelerated speed more and more information, NOBODY CAN EXTEND OUR CONSUMPTION CONDITIONS. So someone needs to give us some criteria for the choice. Users must be made literate, especially the younger generations, and as many as possible, especially those who do not have the necessary means to obtain the latest state-of-the-art machines: learning to use the instruments also means understanding. their internal logic and develop, little by little, criteria of choice.

In Bologna a new telematics space is about to appear, an environment where more than fifty possibilities can be used. You can navigate on a multimedia disk and photocopy the parts of interest, connect to the Internet, send a fax or reserve a ticket, consult an audiovisual, send or receive electronic correspondence, do computer graphics, experience cutting-edge technologies, etc., and at At the same time there will be age literacy courses, discussions and even an electronic bar.

When these telematics academies function it will be a wonderful experience. But the problem is that they will have to exist in all cities, neighborhoods, schools, etc.

Eco, Umberto

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE PERFECT LANGUAGES

In the Western tradition the problem of the perfect language, the original language and the confusion of languages ​​arises from the biblical passage in which God forces Adam to give names to animals and created things. Although it seems, according to the common interpretation, that he chose the names that corresponded to each thing by an extralinguistic right, it could be that it has been based on an arbitrary and conventional decision. After the Flood, a single language was spoken, but pride made men build the tower of Babel to reach heaven, so God punished them by dividing their languages ​​and, consequently, stopping their construction because no one understood each other. When, in the Middle Ages, Greek and Latin were lost as universal languages ​​for Europeans and the current languages ​​emerged, the effort to search for the perfect language began, be it the original Adamic language or a rational and perfect artificial language. Hjelmslev considers that a semiotic system is satisfactory if it does not have conformality between expression and content. In other words, a variation in the expression must not equal the same transformation in the content; For example, if you write clover with double r, it does not mean that the clover is four leaves instead of three, it is simply a spelling error, if one syllable is removed, it does not refer to a clover without two leaves. As Prieto said, signs can be articulated in other smaller signs that have their own meaning -first articulation-, while their articulation in phonetic units, the sound of each letter, there are no longer units with meaning -second articulation-.

Based on these considerations, three examples of searching for a perfect language can be analyzed:

1- In 1606 Guichard considered that all languages ​​were derivable from Hebrew, the simplest language. By complex anagrams of letters with inversions and permutations he proved the etymological origin of Latin words in the essential meaning of Hebrew.

2- Several Renaissance considered that the original language, Hebrew, not only implied the knowledge of the essences of things, but also the invocation of power over them, for which the Hebrew expressions or other more or less invented Semitic expressions were used as magical ritual invocation, its meaning being hidden in the mystery, so that the conformality between the signifier and the signified was lost.

3- In the s. XVII John Wilkins tried to build a perfect writing system. This combined according to a table of characters (making here a simplification of the system), a letter corresponding to a genre of ideas or things thought, another letter for the specific difference and a vowel for each species. Thus, Gpe is tulip -third species of the fourth difference of the genus grasses classified by their leaves- and Glpe is garlic. But, in addition to being very complex and difficult to learn, having no more than the first articulation has no creative, adaptive capacity, so it is not possible to express new ideas without changing the whole system and a small letter error completely changes the meaning. .

These artificial systems were called philosophical or a priori because they had a logical order according to philosophical criteria and they were not