Evolutionary Sociology

By Miguel D'Addario

The most basic idea that underlies the concept of structure is that reality is not chaos. The skeleton of a living being is its bony system. The structure of a building is given in the way beams, floors, spaces, etc. are arranged. One of the most important influences in shaping the concept of structure in the sociology comes from Marxist thought in which there has been a sharper structural image of society.
 

• Language: English
• Publisher: BadPress
• Release date: Jul 12, 2018
• ISBN: 9781547538089

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Miguel D’Addario ・ PhD

Third edition

European Community

2018

Index

About the author

Introduction

Sociology

The sociological methods

Qualitative methods

Quantitative methods

Comparative method

Sociological theories and paradigms

Structuralist functionalism

Symbolic interactionism

Ethnomethodology

Theories of conflict

Theory of exchange

Systems theory

Action and structure

Social dynamics

Sociology in Latin America

Areas of sociology

History of sociology

Precursors

In ancient times

In medieval Islam

Illustration

Origins

Auguste Comte

Henri de Saint-Simon

Industrial revolution and Darwinian revolution

Historical materialism

Karl Marx

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Other forerunners

Foundation of the academic discipline

The canon: Durkheim, Marx, Weber

19th century: From positivism to antipositivism

The positivist temple in Porto Alegre

Twentieth Century: Critical theory, postmodernism, and the positivist reactivation

Social network diagram

Some fields of sociology

Sociology of communication

Characteristics and functions of the media

Functions

The written press

Radio

Television

The ownership of the media and the importance of the audience

The audience

How a newspaper works?

How is a news item made?

Media and public opinion

Opinion polls and surveys

Process to elaborate an opinion poll

The reliability of a survey depends on:

Sociology of Education

History

The sociology of education characterized by:

Emile Durkheim, father of the sociology of education

Objectives and functions

The objectives of this analysis are:

After this analysis, it has been defined that the social functions of education are the following:

Popular education

Areas

Skills for life

Categories

International initiative

Application in educational institutions

Pshychologhycal application

Mobbing

The human as a social being

Man as a social being

Man and Society

The role of the social in human development

Characteristic features of the human

The social structure

The concept of structure basically involves three elements:

Social groups

The study of social groups was not addressed until the 20th century

Social roles

Social processes and forms of social interaction

Final analysis

Sociology of evolution

Origin and evolution

Positivism

Sociology is a cumulative knowledge

Sociology involves a critique of society

Sociological currents

Comte presents the law of the three phases

Theological or magical phase

Metaphysical or philosophical phase

Scientific or positive phase

The biological

The cultural

The social

The personality

Comprehensive theory

Materialism

Critical theory

Sociology in the strict sense is not born until the nineteenth century

Social evolutionism

Evolution and social change

Social structure. Fundamental bases and change

The fundamental bases of the social structure are three:

Components of the social structure. Real and formal structure

Factors of social change

Types of social change

Social conflict

Theories

Summary of the Marxist tradition

Generational conflict

Surveys and polls

To carry out a survey it is necessary

Sociological concept

Division of social work

The suicide

Max Weber

This theory develops in two senses

Karl Marx

Conclusion

Evolution of Sociology

Objectives of the Sociology of Evolution

Cultural and sociological pluralism

Pluralism raises deeper questions

Further than pluralism

Individual awareness and public awareness within the framework of cultural pluralism

Consciousness, radical and decisive theme

Conscience

Practical exercise No. 1

Make a report of the followed brief about the origin and evolution of Sociology

Practical exercise No. 2

Answer briefly

Practical exercise No. 3

Analyze and answer

Practical exercise No. 4

Questionnaire

Practical exercise No. 5

Questionnaire

Practical exercise No. 6

Questionnaire

Practical exercise No. 7

Questionnaire

Bibliography

About the author

Miguel D'Addario is Italian; he was born in Buenos Aires.

Degree in Journalism, Master in Social Education, Master in Sociology and Doctorate in Social Communication from the Complutense University of Madrid. He has developed his experience in various fields of teaching, from Vocational Training to the University level, both in Latin America and Europe.

His books are in different centers of studies and libraries of the world, such as the University San Pablo of Peru, the University of Santo Domingo the Dominican Republic, the University of San Gregorio of Ecuador, the University of Valencia, the National Library of Spain, the National Library of Argentina, University of Texas, Complutense University of Madrid, University of Toronto, Canada, University of Deusto, National Autonomous University of Mexico, National University of San Marcos (Peru), University of Illinois, University of Kansas, Libraries of the Community of Madrid, Castilla y León, Andalusia, and the Basque Country, British National Library, Harvard University, Library of Congress of the United States.

PhD and essayist has received awards and mentions from Writers' Associations, Cultural Centers, Universities, and related offices. Also, as Speaker, Lecturer and Researcher, in Universities, Educational Centers, public and private.

Author of artistic books: Poetry, Tale and Stories.

Author of educational books, of varied levels and agendas. Author of books on philosophy, ontology and metaphysics.

Author of Self-help and Coaching books.

His books are distributed in the five continents, are assiduously consulted in Libraries of the world, and are registered in catalogs, ISBNs and international bibliographic bases.

They are translated into multiple languages and can be found in international bookstores, both in paper format and in electronic version.

Webs where to know and / or acquire other works of the author:

http://migueldaddariobooks.blogspot.com

Introduction

Sociology

Sociology is the social science that is responsible for the scientific analysis of the structure and functioning of human society. Sociology is the social science that is responsible for the scientific analysis of the structure and functioning of human society or regional population. It studies the collective phenomena produced by the social activity of human beings, within the historical-cultural context in which they are immersed. In sociology, multiple interdisciplinary research techniques are used for the analysis and interpretation from different theoretical perspectives of causes, meanings and cultural influences that motivate the appearance of diverse behavioral tendencies in the human being, especially when it is in social coexistence and within a shared habitat or space-time. Being a discipline dedicated to the study of human social relations, and being these heterogeneous, sociology has produced diverse and sometimes opposing currents. Such a situation has enriched, through the confrontation of knowledge, the theoretical body of this science. The origins of sociology are associated with the names of Karl Marx, Henri de Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Émile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Talcott Parsons, Ferdinand Tönnies, Vilfredo Pareto, Max Weber, Alfred Schütz, Harriet Martineau, Beatrice Webb and Marianne Weber. Some of the most prominent sociologists of the 20th century was Talcott Parsons, Erving Goffman, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Wright Mills, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, Niklas Luhmann and Jürgen Habermas. Currently, the most innovative analyzes and studies of social behavior are carried out by authors such as George Ritzer, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman,

Ulrich Beck, Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells, Slavoj Žižek, among others.

Founders of the discipline 

⋅  Auguste Comte.

⋅  Émile Durkheim.

⋅  Karl Marx.

⋅  Max Weber.

Sociological reasoning is preexistent to the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has its origins in western knowledge and philosophy, developed from ancient Greece by philosophers such as Plato, and even earlier ones. The origin of the survey, that is, the gathering of information from a sample of individuals, goes back to at least the Domesday Book in 1086. The ancient oriental philosopher Confucius wrote about the importance of social roles. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam. Some consider that Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim scholar from North Africa (Tunisia), has been the first sociologist and father of sociology. His Muqaddima was perhaps the first work to advance the social-scientific reasoning of social cohesion and social conflict. During the Age of the Enlightenment and after the French Revolution, the social ambit and the activities of man gained increasing interest. Writers like Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Giambattista Vico, were interested in analyzing European social and political institutions. And Lord Kames began the analysis of the causes of social change, and after him, a conservative current emerged, very interested in knowing the reasons for changes and stability in society, led by Joseph de Maistre and Edmund Burke, who criticized many of the premises of the Enlightenment. The will to create a social physics, that is, an indisputable knowledge of society, analogous to how it is established in Physics, came up with the positivism of the 19th century. The first to defend a theory and scientific investigation of social phenomena was Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) in the mid-nineteenth century. Auguste Comte, who was secretary of Saint-Simon between 1817 and 1823, developed his theories under the premises of positivism. Comte coined the word sociology in 1824 (from the Latin: socius, partner and the Greek suffix -logos, the study of). The first time this word appeared printed was in his Positive Philosophy Course of 1838. Almost simultaneously, in Germany, Von Stein (1815-1890), introduced the concept of sociology as science (Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft) by incorporating his study what he called Social movements and the Hegelian dialectic. In this way he managed to give the discipline a dynamic vision. Von Stein is considered the founder of the sciences of the Public administration. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), for his part, is also recognized as one of the forerunners of sociology, for his studies on the French Revolution and on the United States (Democracy in America, published between 1835-1840). The aforementioned analyzed the societies in general and made a comparison between American societies and European societies. Sociology continued with an intense and regular development at the beginning of the 20th century. Émile Durkheim, who was inspired by some theories of Auguste Comte to renew sociology, wanted in particular to study social facts as if they were things. One of the challenges of sociology was to develop as an autonomous science. Durkheim sought to distinguish sociology from philosophy on the one hand and psychology on the other, which is why he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of sociology, who postulated the bases of a scientific methodology for sociology, particularly in the work Rules of the sociological method (1895), and in the division of social work (1893), a book that is also his thesis. His method lies essentially in the comparison of statistics and quantitative characteristics, looking to free themselves from all subjectivism linked to any qualitative interpretation, and to get rid of all moral prejudices or moralizing a priori to understand social facts as in his work: Suicide.

Karl Marx is another scientist who has had a profound influence on 19th century social thought and criticism. It was mainly in Germany where he developed a major theory of sociology, subsequently influencing, among others, the Frankfurt School. Max Weber, a contemporary of Durkheim, took a different path: he used political science, political economy, the philosophy of culture and law, religious studies that are, according to him, everything like sociology, the sciences of culture. According to a whole tradition of German philosophy (especially Wilhelm Dilthey), these sciences are different from the natural sciences since they have their own method. They propose an understanding of collective phenomena rather than the search for laws (it is the