Summary Of "The Roots And The Fruits: Topics Of Philosophy Of Science" By Eduardo Flichman: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

We have summarized here the essentials of each of the chapters of this work destined to deepen on the knowledge of science, its methods and debates. "Cosmologies", "Generation Of Life: Just A Biological Problem", "Origin Of Modern Natural Science", among others.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Nov 25, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201239480

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Summary Of The Roots And The Fruits: Topics Of Philosophy Of Science By Eduardo Flichman

UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

SUMMARY OF THE ROOTS AND THE FRUITS: TOPICS OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE BY EDUARDO FLICHMAN

First edition. November 25, 2021.

Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

ISBN: 979-8201239480

Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Flichman, Eduardo, Miguel, Hernán, Paruelo, Jorge & Pissinis, Guillermo | THE ROOTS AND THE FRUITS. TOPICS OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE. | CHAPTER 1 | Paruelo, Jorge & Miguel, Hernán

Onna, Alberto

Paruelo, Jorge

CHAPTER 2 | Abeledo, Horacio

2. Modus Tollens:

Miguel, Hernán

Miguel, Hernán

Paruelo, Jorge

Miguel, Hernán

Miguel, Hernán

CHAPTER 3 | Paruelo, Jorge

Onna, Alberto

Onna, Alberto

CHAPTER 4 | Paruelo, Jorge | 13.

Paruelo, Jorge

Miguel, Hernán

chapter 5 | Paruelo, Jorge

Pissinis, Guillermo | 17. LANGUAGE | Language and reality

CHAPTER 6 | Pissinis, Guillermo

Pissini, Guillermo

Clarizza de Aldanondo, Martha & Carsolio, Susana

Flichman, Eduardo | 21. IS THERE A SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

Flichman, Eduardo

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Flichman, Eduardo, Miguel, Hernán, Paruelo, Jorge & Pissinis, Guillermo

THE ROOTS AND THE FRUITS. TOPICS OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE.

CHAPTER 1

Paruelo, Jorge & Miguel, Hernán

1. COSMOLOGIES

COSMOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE, ITS DESTINY, WHAT ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE IT

Fundamentally, there are two classical or ancient theories and two main current theories.

Ancient cosmologies

Geocentrism

GEOCENTRISM is based on CONSIDERING THE EARTH AS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.

The first to propose it was Aristotle, in the s. IV a. C .; It was later systematized and perfected by PTOLOMEO in the 2nd century AD. C. and CHRISTIAN INTERPRETATIONS related to the idea of ​​Creation and God were added to it throughout the Middle Ages. This theory lasted for almost twenty centuries.

ARISTOTLE'S COSMOLOGY is related to his physics: he thought that everything is arranged in a hierarchical way, according to its nature. In this way, each object occupies its place or position that is its own by nature. Thus, a stone falls to the ground when it is released because it is less perfect than animals, which can stand upright and can look up to what is higher in the sky.

According to this conception, around the Earth, which is immobile, there is a crystalline sphere of ether where the Moon rotates; then another where the planets rotate (those known in Aristotle's time were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn and the Sun); and then another sphere where the purest or highest beings are, which are the fixed stars.

All the spheres are separated by a substance called ETHER and the higher a being is, the less it changes and the more perfect it is. Therefore, there is a SUBLUNAR PHYSICS, which applies to that which is under the Moon, which is changeable, finite and imperfect; and another SUPRALUNAR PHYSICS, which is applied to the Moon, the planets and the stars, that is, to the supralunar world, which does not change and is perfect and incorruptible.

Ptolemy systematized this theory using mathematical calculations to predict the orbits of the planets (which were believed to be circular) at each time of the year.

However, in his observations he saw that some planets, such as Mars, in a period of time receded a little and then resume their orbit. He then he reformulated his theory saying that these planets described small orbits called EPICYCLES (like curlers: the epicycle is a circular suborbit about a point that, in turn, describes a circular orbit around the Earth).

Later, to this astronomical conception, the idea that God created man as the center of Creation would be added, therefore, the Earth, which is the main thing in his work, must occupy the central place.

Heliocentrism

HELIOCENTRISM was based on the idea that THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE IS THE SUN, displacing the Earth from its privileged place. The Earth ceased to be considered the center of Creation, to be considered as one more planet, which revolves around the Sun.

The first to formulate the heliocentric theory in modern times was COPERNICUS, in the year 1543 (16th century).

This theory was perfected by the German astronomer KEPLER, a few years later, in 1609. Kepler first proposed the idea that planetary orbits are elliptical and not circular. The physics corresponding to this astronomical conception (according to which the Earth has a translational motion and a rotational motion) was developed by Galileo and Newton in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although the latter left open the possibility that the center of the universe was not the Sun either. This heliocentric theory persisted until the end of the last century.

According to Copernicus, when the Earth rotated around the Sun in a translational movement, the apparent movement of the stars was explained from the terrestrial observation.

In turn, the movement of rotation on itself, explains the succession of day and night. But, as Copernicus maintained the idea of ​​circular orbits, he faced the same problem as Ptolemy: the problem of the retrogradation of some planets, and he maintained the explanation by epicycles.

Geocentrists objected to the Copernican theory that if a heavy body was dropped from a tower, it should be far from the foot of the tower, since the tower would move at the speed of Earth's rotation. Copernicus could not answer this objection.

It was Galileo who answered the objection with the hypothesis that the object falls at the foot of the tower because it shares the rotational motion of the tower and the Earth.

With this answer, Galileo suggested the idea of ​​inertial motion, which would later be developed by Newton.

Kepler solved the problem of the retrogradation of the planets, a phenomenon that does not coincide with the calculations of astronomers. He deduced that the planetary orbits were not circular but elliptical (oval): what is observed as that the planets go, in a lapse, backwards is simply the optical effect from the Earth in the periods in which they transit through the furthest parts to our planet.

Both theories, geocentrism and heliocentrism, ran into problems in their scientific explanations.

A consequence of heliocentrism was that the parallax angle had to be observed, that is, the angle formed by the translation of the Earth around the Sun at opposite points of the orbit, in June and December, with respect to an observed star.

The star should be seen at a different angle at these opposite points, but this was not observed. It happens that because the Earth's orbit is small compared to the distance to the star, the angle is very small and without adequate technology this cannot be observed. The phenomenon of parallax was only observed in the year 1838.

For its part, geocentrism held that the super-lunar world was immutable, eternal and incorruptible; But, from the 16th century, meteorites and comets were observed that moved (in 1572 the explosion of a supernova was observed, that is, a star that enlarges for a time and then disappears) all these phenomena indicated that in the spheres supralunares had changes and movements, contradicting the Aristotelian theory.

Current cosmologies

The point of view of the current discussion is no longer about what is the center of the universe. From the cosmology derived from Newtonian physics, it was understood that the Sun is the center of our planetary system, that there could be other similar systems with other suns and that the universe has no center. This theoretical position is known as EXOCENTRISM.

The current interest goes through the question of whether the universe has its origin and destiny, or not.

Big Bang Theory"

Its antecedent is Newtonian cosmology that considered that the universe had an origin in the Creation of God and was infinite.

THE BIG BANG THEORY ASSUMES AN ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE IN A GIVEN INSTANT, BUT WITHOUT REFERENCE IN FAVOR OR NOT OF A CREATOR

According to this theory, the universe, along with time and space, emerged from a great explosion 15,000 million years ago. In this explosion a large amount of radiation or energy was concentrated which, as space expanded, scattered, losing density.

In this way the matter and antimatter particles were formed; then the cooling followed, until the production of matter decreased because there were not so many energy shocks. Then a balance was reached between energy and matter.

The presence of particles created the force of attraction of these particles to each other; gravity was concentrating matter in stellar clouds, then in galaxies and stars and attracting these bodies together, thus slowing down the expansive acceleration.

The question that remains open is whether the gravity of the universe will be able at any given moment to attract the entire universe to collapse it, again, at one point or if the expansion will be infinite.

THE BASIS OF THIS THEORY (but which is also accepted by the rival theory, of the stationary universe) IS THE DISCOVERY OF THE REMOVAL OF THE GALAXIES FROM EACH OTHER, in 1929, by Edwin Hubble.

This distance is observed by the redshift in the spectrum of radiation from the most distant galaxies. This phenomenon is known as the DOPPLER EFFECT. It is an effect of shifting the sound frequencies from the highest to the lowest, as when a race car passes in front of you; In the spectrum of light, the distance is represented by red, which is the lowest wave, that is why the Doppler effect was applied to the spectrum of light to interpret the movement of the galaxies: it was observed that there is a red shift, in the spectrum , from light rays from distant galaxies. This would indicate that these galaxies are moving away.

If the universe exploded from a point to expand, while losing the heat of the explosion, lowering its temperature, it should