Summary Of "1945-1995 The Decolonization Of The World" By García De Cortázar & Lorenzo Espinosa: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

El origen del proceso de descolonización de posguerra se debe fundamentalmente a la necesidad de romper lazos coloniales para llevar a cabo un desarrollo autónomo de los recursos. A la lucha nacionalista se le une peticiones de distribución social de la riqueza, que la explotación colonial impedía. Del lado colonialista, la situación de posguerra en países como Gran Bretaña facilitaría las tendencias internas que pedían aflojar las riendas imperiales. La llegada de EE.UU. y la URSS al primer plano, favoreció que se produzca el recambio del antiguo sistema colonial, y su lugar fuese ocupado por un neocolonialismo de nuevo cuño. La parte sur y suroriental fue ocupada por las naciones europeas desarrolladas (Gran Bretaña, Francia, y Holanda). Los ingleses colonizaron la India, Ceilán, Malasia, Borneo y Birmania; y entre franceses y holandeses, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos y Camboya. Americanos y españoles estuvieron en las Filipinas. Siberia y el Asia Central sufrieron la expansión rusa. Un tercer bloque asiático, compuesto por Japón, China y Corea presentó una menor penetración europea, aunque adoptaron sus formas políticas y económicas desde principios de siglo. Finalmente tenemos el mundo musulmán integrado por Irak, Irán, Oriente Próximo y Medio Oriente. En esta región se ha concentrado desde el final de la guerra mundial, una gran potencialidad económica, debido a sus disponibilidades de petróleo, que no ha sido correspondida en la misma medida por el desarrollo social. Se analizan aquí los procesos clave del período: India, Pakistán, Israel, Palestina, China, Vietnam, Argelia, Cuba, Chile e Irán, entre otros. Para ello, hemos resumido lo esencial de "El mundo descolonizado", capítulo de HISTORIA DEL MUNDO ACTUAL (1945-1995), MEMORIA DE MEDIO SIGLO, de García de Cortázar, Fernando y Lorenzano Espinosa, José María.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Oct 21, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201558284

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Summary Of 1945-1995 The Decolonization Of The World By García De Cortázar & Lorenzo Espinosa

UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

SUMMARY OF 1945-1995 THE DECOLONIZATION OF THE WORLD BY GARCÍA DE CORTÁZAR & LORENZO ESPINOSA

First edition. October 21, 2021.

Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

ISBN: 979-8201558284

Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

García de Cortázar, Fernando & Lorenzano Espinosa, José María

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García de Cortázar, Fernando & Lorenzano Espinosa, José María

HISTORY OF THE PRESENT WORLD (1945-1995), HALF CENTURY MEMORY

THE DECOLONIZED WORLD

The planet freedom

The origin of the postwar decolonization process is fundamentally due to the need to break colonial ties in order to carry out an autonomous development of resources. The nationalist struggle is joined by requests for the social distribution of wealth, which the colonial exploitation prevented.

On the colonialist side, the postwar situation in countries like Great Britain would facilitate internal tendencies that called for loosening the imperial reins. The arrival of the United States and the USSR to the fore, favored the replacement of the old colonial system, and its place was occupied by a new-minded neocolonialism.

Emancipation and its models

The southern and southeastern part was occupied by developed European nations (Great Britain, France, and Holland). The English colonized India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Borneo, and Burma; and between the French and the Dutch, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos and Cambodia. Americans and Spaniards were in the Philippines.

Siberia and Central Asia suffered from Russian expansion.

A third Asian bloc, made up of Japan, China and Korea showed less European penetration, although they adopted their political and economic forms from the beginning of the century.

Finally we have the Muslim world made up of Iraq, Iran, the Middle East and the Middle East. A great economic potential has been concentrated in this region since the end of the world war, due to its availability of oil, which has not been reciprocated to the same extent by social development.

India and Pakistan: the first independence

Since the end of the war, in Egypt, India, and Israel; the occupation forces could no longer control the situation, when in 1945 the English Labor Party won the elections with a program of national reconstruction, social turn and a change in colonial policy.

The coincidence of a weakened and indebted metropolis with its own colonies, and the rise of the nationalist impulse, favored the British decision of a progressive military withdrawal, under the condition of developing economic ties. Among the independent countries, there would be the immense India.

Demographics, races and religions

In 1945, the population of India was around 400 million. Another demographic trait is high mortality (in the 1960s, infant mortality was 140 per 1000)

The population is highly concentrated in the capitals, with large uninhabited spaces in the deserts.

More than a dozen different racial groups speak in no less than 1,500 languages.

Gandhi and the impossible pacifism

These complex factors have been part of the attempt to maintain unity from the first moment of the emergence of independence movements. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, would be the first to try to carry out that purpose. Since the end of World War I, this party, led by Gandhi, has organized anti-colonial rallies and strikes. On the other hand, the colonial government has the support of the feudal princes and conservative politicians.

Since 1940, the Muslim League defends the interests of this religious group and calls for the creation of a separate Muslim state, which in the eastern part of Bengal would achieve political hegemony.

Soon the name of Pakistan is disclosed to designate the territories claimed by the Muslims.

In 1946, popular uprisings of confused origin, outside the national movements, led to the British decision to initiate negotiations on independence. In May 1946, independence already agreed, the last stumbling block was the interest in preserving the unity of the Hindu-Muslim bloc. However, the difficulties to develop the negotiation triggered the bloody clash between both communities.

The long-awaited independence would only come wrapped up in trainings between Muslims, Hindus, and religious groups Sikhs, which produced hundreds of thousands of victims. In 1947, the last viceroy of India (Lord Mountbatten) presented a plan for territorial partition and independence. The two nations (India and Pakistan) were included in the statute of the Commonwealth (which included most of the British colonies that achieved their independence, maintaining commercial ties with Great Britain).

Nehru became the first Hindu head of government, of a state based on a model of democratic majority government, but which included 50 million Muslims and other important minorities. At the same time, Pakistan began its journey sheltering a population of Muslims that had a 20% Hindu minority. As a result, there were migratory exoduses, deportations that, under persecution and religious intolerance, claimed 500,000 lives. It is in this context that Gandhi is assassinated by a member of a Hindu sect who reproached him for his tolerance of Muslim positions.

The day after

The very low subsistence conditions