Ground Effect Train: The Aero Train Flying Inches above the Ground

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Ground Effect Train

An alternative to a magnetic levitation train (sometimes known as a maglev train) is a ground effect train. In both scenarios, avoiding the vehicle making contact with the ground should be the primary focus of the driver. While a maglev train does this via the utilization of magnetism, a ground effect train does so through the utilization of an air cushion, either in the manner of a hovercraft or by the utilization of the "wing-in-ground-effect" design.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Ground effect train

Chapter 2: Linear motor

Chapter 3: Propulsion

Chapter 4: Hovercraft

Chapter 5: Transrapid

Chapter 6: Linear induction motor

Chapter 7: Electrodynamic suspension

Chapter 8: Levitation

Chapter 9: Hoverboard

Chapter 10: Inductrack

Chapter 11: Maglev

Chapter 12: Hovercar

Chapter 13: Aérotrain

Chapter 14: Electromagnetic suspension

Chapter 15: SCMaglev

Chapter 16: Turbojet train

Chapter 17: ROMAG

Chapter 18: Tracked Hovercraft

Chapter 19: Hovertrain

Chapter 20: Otis Hovair

Chapter 21: Magnetic levitation

(II) Answering the public top questions about ground effect train.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of ground effect train in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of ground effect train' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of ground effect train.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 25, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Ground Effect Train Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Ground Effect Train: The aero train flying inches above the ground, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Ground Effect Train, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Ground Effect Train.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Ground Effect Train, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Ground Effect Train, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Ground Effect Train. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

An alternative to a magnetic levitation train (sometimes known as a maglev train) is a ground effect train. In both scenarios, avoiding the vehicle making contact with the ground should be the primary focus of the driver. While a maglev train does this via the utilization of magnetism, a ground effect train does so through the utilization of an air cushion, either in the manner of a hovercraft or by the utilization of the wing-in-ground-effect design.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Ground effect train

Chapter 2: Linear motor

Chapter 3: Propulsion

Chapter 4: Hovercraft

Chapter 5: Transrapid

Chapter 6: Linear induction motor

Chapter 7: Electrodynamic suspension

Chapter 8: Levitation

Chapter 9: Hoverboard

Chapter 10: Inductrack

Chapter 11: Maglev

Chapter 12: Hovercar

Chapter 13: Aérotrain

Chapter 14: Electromagnetic suspension

Chapter 15: SCMaglev

Chapter 16: Turbojet train

Chapter 17: ROMAG

Chapter 18: Tracked Hovercraft

Chapter 19: Hovertrain

Chapter 20: Otis Hovair

Chapter 21: Magnetic levitation

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 1: Ground effect train

An alternative to a magnetic levitation train (sometimes known as a maglev train) is a ground effect train. In both scenarios, avoiding the vehicle making contact with the ground should be the primary focus of the driver. While a maglev train does this via the utilization of magnetism, a ground effect train achieves this by the utilization of an air cushion; either in the manner of a hovercraft (as in hovertrains) or through the use of the wing-in-ground-effect design.

A ground effect train has many benefits over a maglev train, the most significant of which is its reduced cost owing to its simpler design. The need for a continuous supply of energy to keep the train hovering (in the case of hovercraft-like vehicles) or the need to keep the vehicle moving in order for it to stay airborne are both considered to be disadvantages of this kind of transportation (in the case of wing-in-ground effect vehicles). In addition to that, the wind, turbulence in the air, and the weather may have a very significant impact on these vehicles. The magnetic levitation train, on the other hand, may be designed to run in a vacuum in order to reduce the amount of air resistance that it encounters, while the ground effect train is required to run in an atmosphere in order for the air cushion to be there.

Since the middle of the 20th century, development work has been carried out in a number of different nations. There is not yet a ground effect train operating in a regular commercial capacity.

Researchers from Tohoku University led by Yusuke Sugahara and his team of colleagues, in Sendai, The Japanese have created the Aero-Train, which is able to fly only inches above the ground thanks to its wings that are linked to a fuselage.

Dubbed a ground-effect vehicle the train is designed to be completely powered by wind and solar energy — making this a true zero-carbon transportation system.

{End Chapter 1}

Chapter 2: Linear motor

A linear motor is a kind of electric motor that has had its stator and rotor unrolled. As a result, rather than creating a torque (rotation), a linear motor generates a linear force that runs the length of the motor. On the other hand, linear motors do not always run in a straight line. In contrast to more traditional motors, which are organized in the form of a continuous loop, the active segment of a linear motor almost always includes beginnings and endings.

The Lorentz mode of operation is representative of a common mode of use, in which the applied force is linearly proportional to the current and the magnetic field ({\vec F}=I{\vec L}\times {\vec B}) .

The use of linear motors is by far the most widespread practice in today's high-precision engineering.

There have been many different proposals made for linear motors, which may be broken down into two primary groups: low-acceleration linear motors and high-acceleration linear motors. Linear motors with low acceleration are well-suited for use in maglev trains and other applications involving ground-based mobility. High-acceleration linear motors are often rather compact, and their primary purpose is to get an item up to a very high speed as quickly as possible; for an example, see the coilgun.

High-acceleration linear motors are often used as either weapons or mass drives for the purpose of spaceship propulsion. They may also be utilized in research concerning high-velocity collisions. Typically, they are of the AC linear induction motor (LIM) design, which consists of an active three-phase winding on one side of the air gap and a passive conductor plate on the other side of the air gap. On the other hand, the direct current homopolar linear motor railgun is an additional design for a high acceleration linear motor. The linear synchronous motor (LSM) design is often used for low-acceleration, high-speed, and high-power motors. This design places an active winding on one side of the air-gap and an array of alternate-pole magnets on the opposite side of the motor. These magnets could be electromagnets or they might be permanent magnets. An LSM is the kind of motor that powers the maglev train in Shanghai, for example.

The family of synchronous motors includes brushless linear motors as one of its members. In most cases, they are incorporated into standardized linear stages or high-performance positioning systems that are customized to a specific application. Developed in the late 1980s by Anwar Chitayat at Anorad Corporation, which is now known as Rockwell Automation, the technology contributed to the enhancement of the throughput and quality of industrial production processes.

Before the development of brushless linear motors, applications requiring industrial automation often made use of electric linear motors with brushes. Single-phase operation is characteristic of brush motors, in contrast to the three-phase operation that is typical of Brushless motors, which are usually utilized nowadays. The expense of using brush linear motors is reduced since these motors do not need moving wires or three-phase servo drivers. Nevertheless, because to the inevitable wear and tear of their brushes, they need more frequent maintenance.

The pace of movement of the magnetic field is tracked by the motion of the rotor using this arrangement, and the rate of movement of the magnetic field is regulated, often electronically. Because of their high cost, synchronous linear motors seldom employ commutators. As a result, the rotor of these motors often consists of soft iron or permanent magnets. Some examples of linear motors are coilguns and the motors that are used on some maglev systems. There are also many additional types of linear motors. Linear motors used in high precision industrial automation often include a magnet stator and a moving coil in their configurations. A Hall effect sensor is fastened to the rotor in order to monitor the magnetic flux that is produced by the stator. The moving cable that is housed inside the cable carrier is the conventional method by which an electrical current is transferred from a stationary servo drive to a moving coil.

The force is generated in this configuration by a moving linear magnetic field acting on conductors that are located inside the field. In line with Lenz's law, eddy currents will be generated in any conductor that is put in this field, regardless of whether the conductor is in the form of a loop, a coil, or a simple piece of metal plate. This will cause the conductor to produce an opposite magnetic field. As the magnetic field travels through the metal, the two opposing fields will fight against each other, which will result in motion being created.

In this particular configuration, a sizeable current is carried by a metal sabot that slides back and forth over sliding contacts that are powered by two rails. Because of the magnetic field that is created by this, the metal will be thrust along the rails.

Design that is both effective and space-saving, and it may be used to replace pneumatic cylinders.

It is common practice to employ piezoelectric drive to power tiny linear motors.

At the very least, the