Physical Internet: Advanced Innovation for a Sustainable Supply Chain to Reorganize Global Logistics

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Physical Internet

The term "Physical Internet" comes from the field of transportation and refers to the combination of digital transportation networks that are now being deployed to replace physical road networks.Around the same time in 2011, the Physical Internet Initiative encouraged research endeavors.Around the year 2018, the site of the effort has been referring to a blog site that promotes the marketing phrase big data.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Physical Internet

Chapter 2: Internet protocol suite

Chapter 3: OSI model

Chapter 4: Freight transport

Chapter 5: Packet switching

Chapter 6: Containerization

Chapter 7: Port

Chapter 8: Intermodal container

Chapter 9: National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)

Chapter 10: ARPANET

Chapter 11: Bob Kahn

Chapter 12: Donald Davies

Chapter 13: Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Chapter 14: Computer network

Chapter 15: Routing protocol

Chapter 16: Smart transducer

Chapter 17: Internet of things

Chapter 18: Smart city

Chapter 19: Fourth Industrial Revolution

Chapter 20: Smart port

Chapter 21: Crowdshipping

(II) Answering the public top questions about physical internet.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of physical internet in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of physical internet' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of physical internet.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 25, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Physical Internet Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Physical Internet: Advanced innovation for a sustainable supply chain to reorganize global logistics, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Physical Internet, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Physical Internet.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Physical Internet, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Physical Internet, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Physical Internet. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

The term Physical Internet comes from the field of transportation and refers to the combination of digital transportation networks that are now being deployed to replace physical road networks.Around the same time in 2011, the Physical Internet Initiative encouraged research endeavors.Around the year 2018, the site of the effort has been referring to a blog site that promotes the marketing phrase big data.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Physical Internet

Chapter 2: Internet protocol suite

Chapter 3: OSI model

Chapter 4: Freight transport

Chapter 5: Packet switching

Chapter 6: Containerization

Chapter 7: Port

Chapter 8: Intermodal container

Chapter 9: National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)

Chapter 10: ARPANET

Chapter 11: Bob Kahn

Chapter 12: Donald Davies

Chapter 13: Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Chapter 14: Computer network

Chapter 15: Routing protocol

Chapter 16: Smart transducer

Chapter 17: List of Bluetooth profiles

Chapter 18: Smart city

Chapter 19: Fourth Industrial Revolution

Chapter 20: Smart port

Chapter 21: Crowdshipping

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 1: Physical Internet

The term Physical Internet comes from the field of transportation and refers to the combination of digital transportation networks that are now being deployed to replace physical road networks. Around the same time in 2011, the Physical Internet Initiative encouraged research endeavors. Since about the year 2018, the homepage for the effort has referred to a blog that promotes the marketing phrase big data.

In the field of logistics, the Physical Internet is an open global logistics system that is based on the interconnectedness of physical, digital, and operational components. This is accomplished via the use of encapsulation, interfaces, and protocols. The National Science Foundation and MHIA and CICMHE both made contributions to a project that received support from the National Science Foundation.

The concept of the Physical Internet calls for the packaging of commodities in intelligent, environmentally sustainable, and modular containers that may range in size from that of a shipping container down to that of a little box. It does this by generalizing the marine container, which has been successful in supporting globalization and has influenced ships and ports, and by extending containerization to the realm of general logistical services. The boundary between public and private area is shifted within the shipping container by the Physical Internet, rather than remaining in the storage facility or the vehicle. These modular containers will undergo constant monitoring and routing, making use of the Internet of Things to facilitate their digital interaction with one another.

The Physical Internet surrounds physical things with physical packets or containers and encapsulates them, hereafter termed π-containers so as to differentiate them from current containers.

These π-containers are world-standard, smart, containers that are both green and modular.

They are particularly modularized, and in terms of size, they are standardized all over the globe, responsibilities and installations.

The π-containers are key elements enabling the interoperability necessary for the adequate functioning of the Physical Internet.

They need to be created in a way that makes their handling and storage in the physical nodes that make up the Physical Internet easier, in addition to the transportation of these nodes' items and, of course, the safeguarding of those goods.

In the context of the digital Internet, they perform the function of packets.

They contain a section of information that is comparable to the header seen in digital Internet traffic.

The π-containers encapsulate their content, to the point that they are no longer relevant to the Physical Internet.

From a purely physical point of view, π-containers must be easy to handle, store, transport, seal, attach oneself to a structure, interlock, load, unload, construct and then take apart.

From a point of view that is informative, each π-container has a unique worldwide identifier, including the Media Access Control address used in Ethernet networks and the Internet's digital version.

This identifier is attached to each π-container both physically and digitally for ensuring identification robustness and efficiency.

A smart tag is attached to each π-container to act as its representing agent.

It contributes to ensuring π-container identification, integrity, routing, conditioning, monitoring, accessibility to tracking and safety via the use of the physical internet.

This kind of intelligent tagging makes it possible to automate in a distributed manner a broad range of handling processes, procedures pertaining to storage and routing.

In order to address issues about privacy and competition inside the Physical Internet in an appropriate manner, the smart tag of a π-container strictly restricts information access by pertinent parties.

Only the information necessary for the routing of π-containers through the Physical Internet are accessible for everyone.

This phrase has been used to provide funding for a variety of academic research initiatives.

From the 1st of October 2012 to the 31st of January 2016, the European Commission provided financial support for a project known as Modular Logistics Units in Shared Co-modal Networks (Modulushca). In conjunction with its North American counterparts and the worldwide Physical Internet Initiative, Modulushca conducted research on linked logistics at the European level. This research looked into linked logistics that are centered on containerization for the supply chains of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG).

New ICT infrastructure and reference architecture to support Operations in future PI Logistics NETworks (ICONET) was the name of the project that was run by the European Union to investigate PI network services that optimize cargo flows with regard to throughput, cost, and environmental performance.

ICONET’s main research focus was collaborative planning of flexible logistic chains, by utilizing some of the prevalent ideas on computer networks at the time.

From the 1st of September 2018 to the 28th of February 2021, the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency in Brussels provided funding for ICONET.

The establishment of the logistics system gain efficiency of the Physical Internet was the primary focus of a research project that was carried out at the Center for Excellence in Logistics and Distribution under the auspices of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) (CELDi). The preliminary report on the first phase was issued in 2012.

A demonstration of a Physical Internet area was supposed to take place in Upper Austria as part of the Fast Track to the Physical Internet (Atropine) initiative.

Between the months of December 2015 and May 2018, the University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria's Logistikum will be in charge of managing the project.

It was funded by the Upper Austrian government program 'Innovatives Oberösterreich 2020'.

Go2PI was the name of a different research project carried out in Austria.

During the years 2018 through 2020, the Alliance for Logistics Innovation through Collaboration in Europe (ALICE) provided funding for a number of different initiatives.

Research on the road-based physical internet is being conducted by automobile manufacturers.

{End Chapter 1}

Chapter 2: Internet protocol suite

The Internet Protocol Suite, most frequently referred to as TCP/IP, is a collection of communications protocols that are used by the Internet and other computer networks that are comparable. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), in addition to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), are the three protocols that now serve as the suite's basic protocols (UDP).

During the time that it was being developed, several iterations of it were referred to as the Department of Defense (DoD) model. This was due to the fact that the development of the networking approach was supported by the Department of Defense of the United States of America via DARPA. A protocol stack is what makes up its implementation. The link layer, which contains communication methods for data that stays within a single network segment (link), the internet layer, which provides internetworking between independent networks, the transport layer, which handles host-to-host communication, and the application layer, which provides process-to-process data exchange for applications, are the layers. The link layer comes first, followed by the internet layer, the transport layer, and then the application layer.

The Internet Engineering Task Force is responsible for maintaining the technical standards that constitute the foundation of the Internet protocol suite and the component protocols that make up the suite (IETF). The Internet Protocol Suite was developed before the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) paradigm, which is a more extensive reference framework for generic networking systems.

In the late 1960s, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was responsible for the research and development that eventually led to the creation of the Internet protocol suite.

The network was designed with the understanding that it should only be responsible for the functions of effectively transmitting and routing traffic between end nodes, and that any other intelligence should be located at the edge of the network, in the end nodes. This was a fundamental component of the design. The end-to-end principle describes the design of this structure. Because of this architecture, it was easy to join other networks to the ARPANET that employed the same idea; thus solved Kahn's first internetworking challenge, which was independent of other local features. TCP/IP, the end output of Cerf and Kahn's work, is said to be able to run over two tin cans and a string, which is an idiom that is widely used. After a number of years, a formal protocol definition for IP over Avian Carriers was conceived of as a joke and eventually tested with great success.

BBN Technologies, Stanford University, and the University College London were awarded contracts by DARPA to create operational implementations of the protocol on a variety of hardware platforms. The version number of the packet routing layer increased from version 1 all the way up to version 4, the latter of which was implemented into the ARPANET in the year 1983. This occurred while the protocol was being developed. As the protocol that is still in use on the Internet, it was given the name Internet Protocol version 4, or IPv4, and its current successor, Internet Protocol version 6, is regarded as its current successor (IPv6).

A test of two-network Internet Protocol (IP) connections was carried out in 1975 between the University of Stanford and University College London. In November of 1977, a test of three different Internet Protocol networks was carried out connecting locations in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Norway. Between the years 1978 and 1983, a number of different prototypes of intellectual property were produced at various research institutions. Before Flag Day on January 1, 1983, the Internet made use of the network control protocol (NCP) rather than the transport control protocol (TCP).

An interface may be established between two networks using a specialized kind of computer known as a router. It shuttles network packets between the two of them in both directions.

TCP/IP was designated as the standard for all forms of military computer networking by the United States Department of Defense in March of 1982.

The University of California, Berkeley's decision in June 1989 to release into the public domain the TCP/IP code that had been built for the BSD UNIX operating system was a major factor in the rapid expansion of the TCP/IP protocol. This code was included in the releases of commercial TCP/IP software by a number of different corporate suppliers, including IBM. Windows 95 was the first version of Microsoft's operating system to have a native TCP/IP stack. This event helped solidify TCP/position IP's as the preeminent protocol on Microsoft-based networks, including IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA), as well as on other platforms, including DECnet from Digital Equipment Corporation, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), and Xerox Network Systems (XNS).

Nevertheless, throughout a portion of time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, businesses, and governments were divided over the question of whether standard, the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite, would result in the most effective and reliable computer networks.

The Internet Engineering Task Force has been given the responsibility of developing the technical standards that underpin the Internet Protocol Suite and the individual protocols that make up the suite (IETF).

The Internet Protocol Suite is distinguished by its wide divide into operational scopes for the protocols that provide its basic functionality. This division is the defining architectural feature of the Internet Protocol Suite. RFC 1122, which provides a high-level description of the suite's four abstraction layers, serves as the suite's defining specification.

The end-to-end idea has undergone development throughout the course of time. Its initial formulation assumed that the portion of the Internet that connected the edges did not retain any state and instead focused on maximizing both speed and simplicity. This led to the positioning of the edges as the primary location for the storage of state information and general intelligence. The requirements of the real world for things like firewalls, network address translators, online content caches, and similar technologies have forced modifications to this idea.

The abstraction of protocols