Lithium Air Battery: Paving the way for electric passenger planes

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Lithium Air Battery

The lithium-air battery, also known as the Li-air battery, is a kind of metal-air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry. It works by inducing a flow of current by the oxidation of lithium at the anode and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Lithium-air battery

Chapter 2: Electrode

Chapter 3: Lithium-ion battery

Chapter 4: Zinc-air battery

Chapter 5: Nanobatteries

Chapter 6: Lithium-ion capacitor

Chapter 7: Lithium-sulfur battery

Chapter 8: Thin-film lithium-ion battery

Chapter 9: Solid-state battery

Chapter 10: Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries

Chapter 11: Metal-air electrochemical cell

Chapter 12: Potassium-ion battery

Chapter 13: Separator (electricity)

Chapter 14: Sodium-ion battery

Chapter 15: Peter Bruce

Chapter 16: Aluminium-ion battery

Chapter 17: Research in lithium-ion batteries

Chapter 18: Magnesium battery

Chapter 19: Glass battery

Chapter 20: Calcium battery

Chapter 21: History of the lithium-ion battery

(II) Answering the public top questions about lithium air battery.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of lithium air battery in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of lithium air battery' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of lithium air battery.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 15, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Lithium Air Battery Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Lithium Air Battery: Paving the way for electric passenger planes, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Lithium Air Battery, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Lithium Air Battery.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Lithium Air Battery, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Lithium Air Battery, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Lithium Air Battery. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

The lithium�air battery, also known as the Li�air battery, is a kind of metal�air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry. It works by inducing a flow of current by the oxidation of lithium at the anode and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Lithium–air battery

Chapter 2: Electrode

Chapter 3: Lithium-ion battery

Chapter 4: Zinc–air battery

Chapter 5: Nanobatteries

Chapter 6: Lithium-ion capacitor

Chapter 7: Lithium–sulfur battery

Chapter 8: Thin-film lithium-ion battery

Chapter 9: Solid-state battery

Chapter 10: Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries

Chapter 11: Metal–air electrochemical cell

Chapter 12: Potassium-ion battery

Chapter 13: Porosity

Chapter 14: Sodium-ion battery

Chapter 15: Peter Bruce

Chapter 16: Aluminium-ion battery

Chapter 17: Research in lithium-ion batteries

Chapter 18: Magnesium battery

Chapter 19: Glass battery

Chapter 20: Calcium battery

Chapter 21: History of the lithium-ion battery

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 1: Lithium–air battery

The lithium–air battery, also known as the Li–air battery, is a kind of metal–air electrochemical cell or battery chemistry. It works by inducing a flow of current by the oxidation of lithium at the anode and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode.

Theoretically, electrochemical cells that have the maximum possible specific energy may be produced by combining elements such as lithium with atmospheric oxygen.

Indeed, the theoretical specific energy of a lithium-air battery that does not include water, in the charged state with Li2O2 product and excluding the oxygen mass, is ~40.1 MJ/kg.

When compared to the theoretical specific energy of gasoline, this is almost equivalent.

~46.8 MJ/kg.

In practice, At the level of the cell, lithium–air batteries with a specific energy of around 6.12 MJ/kg have been shown.

This is about 5 times larger than that of a lithium-ion battery used in commercial products.

, which is enough to power an electric car weighing 2,000 kg for about 500 kilometers (310 miles) on a single charge using just 60 kg of batteries.

However, Before lithium–air batteries to find a place in the market, major improvements in both their theoretical power and their life cycles are required.

Significant breakthroughs in electrolyte technology are required before a commercial application can be developed.

Li–air batteries, which were initially presented as a potential power source for battery electric cars and hybrid electric vehicles in the 1970s, reclaimed the attention of the scientific community around the end of the first decade of the 2000s as a result of advancements in materials science.

Even though the concept of a lithium–air battery had been kicking about for quite some time before 1996, In most cases, lithium ions will travel through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode and back again.

Under discharge, When electric work has to be done, electrons go over the external circuit, while lithium ions make their way to the cathode.

While the lithium metal plates are being charged, they are placed onto the anode.

freeing O2 at the cathode.

In order to prevent the Li metal from interacting with the water, the negative electrode of the aqueous battery has to have a protective layer applied to it.

The element lithium is often used for the anode. Electrochemical potential at the anode compels the lithium metal to oxidize and release electrons via the process of oxidation (without involving the cathodic oxygen). The following is the half-reaction:

Li ⇌ Li+ + e−

When compared to other materials used in metal–air batteries, lithium has a high specific capacity (3840 mAh/g), while zinc and aluminum only have 820 and 2965 mAh/g, respectively. These cells are susceptible to a number of problems. Keeping the anode from interacting with the electrolyte is the primary obstacle that must be overcome while developing an anode. There are other options, such as developing novel materials for the electrolyte or rethinking the contact between the electrolyte and the anode. Dendritic lithium deposits may form on lithium anodes, which can reduce their ability for storing energy or even cause a short circuit. There is still a lack of clarity on both the impact of pore size and the distribution of pore size.

Several different strategies are being used in an effort to solve these issues:

Utilization of di- and triblock copolymer electrolytes in the production of a Li-ion protective layer. These types of electrolytes (for example, polystyrene with the high Li-ion conductivity of a soft polymer segment, such as a poly(ethylene oxide (PEO) and Li-salt mixture) combine the mechanical stability of a hard polymer segment with the high ionic conductivity of a mixture of soft polymer and lithium salt. Dendrite shorts are prevented by the level of difficulty's mechanical blocking.

The conductivity of lithium ions through glass or glass-ceramic materials may (in most cases) be easily lowered by lithium metal.

and hence a thin film made of a substance that is capable of transmitting lithium, such as Li3P or Li3N, may be placed in the space between the ceramic and the metal.

This ceramic-based SEI prevents dendrites from forming and shields lithium metal from the effects of air pollution.

At the cathode, the process of charging transfers electrons from the oxygen to the lithium by a reduction. It has been shown that mesoporous carbon may function as a cathode substrate when combined with metal catalysts.

The majority of the Li–air battery's limitations are located near the cathode, which is also where its potential benefits originate. At the cathode, there must be some atmospheric oxygen present, but impurities like water vapor and other pollutants may degrade it. The most important problem is an incomplete discharge brought on by the blocking of the porous carbon cathode by discharge products like lithium peroxide (in aprotic designs).

Catalysts have shown promise in creating preferential nucleation of Li2O2 over Li2O, It cannot be undone in relation to lithium since it has already occurred.

Several different chemical approaches have been explored.

characterized by the electrolyte that they contain.

Because of the lack of knowledge on the electrochemistry of solid states, this discussion will center on aprotic and aqueous electrolytes.

The