Vortex Engine: Creating a fire tornado into turbines for more energy

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Vortex Engine

The idea of a vortex engine, also known as an atmospheric vortex engine (AVE), was separately conceived by both Norman Louat and Louis M. Michaud. Its primary objective is to replace the use of enormous physical chimneys with a smaller, less costly structure that generates a vortex of air. The AVE is responsible for inducing ground-level vorticity, which ultimately leads to the formation of a vortex that is analogous to a naturally occurring landspout or waterspout.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Vortex engine

Chapter 2: Engine

Chapter 3: Jet engine

Chapter 4: Turbine

Chapter 5: Power station

Chapter 6: Solar updraft tower

Chapter 7: Mesocyclone

Chapter 8: Brayton cycle

Chapter 9: Solar thermal energy

Chapter 10: Solar thermal collector

Chapter 11: Energy tower (downdraft)

Chapter 12: Index of meteorology articles

Chapter 13: List of energy resources

Chapter 14: Airborne wind energy

Chapter 15: Engine efficiency

Chapter 16: Unconventional wind turbines

Chapter 17: Energy tower (disambiguation)

Chapter 18: Atmospheric convection

Chapter 19: Fan (machine)

Chapter 20: Secondary flow

Chapter 21: Glossary of meteorology

(II) Answering the public top questions about vortex engine.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of vortex engine in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of vortex engine' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of vortex engine.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 15, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Vortex Engine Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Vortex Engine: Creating a fire tornado into turbines for more energy, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Vortex Engine, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Vortex Engine.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Vortex Engine, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Vortex Engine, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Vortex Engine. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

The idea of a vortex engine, also known as an atmospheric vortex engine (AVE), was separately conceived by both Norman Louat and Louis M. Michaud. Its primary objective is to replace the use of enormous physical chimneys with a smaller, less costly structure that generates a vortex of air. The AVE is responsible for inducing ground-level vorticity, which ultimately leads to the formation of a vortex that is analogous to a naturally occurring landspout or waterspout.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Vortex engine

Chapter 2: Engine

Chapter 3: Jet engine

Chapter 4: Power station

Chapter 5: Power station

Chapter 6: Mesocyclone

Chapter 7: Brayton cycle

Chapter 8: Solar thermal energy

Chapter 9: Compressed-air vehicle

Chapter 10: Energy tower (downdraft)

Chapter 11: Index of meteorology articles

Chapter 12: List of energy resources

Chapter 13: Airborne wind energy

Chapter 14: Tethered balloon

Chapter 15: Unconventional wind turbines

Chapter 16: Tethered Aerostat Radar System

Chapter 17: Atmospheric convection

Chapter 18: Fan (machine)

Chapter 19: Secondary flow

Chapter 20: Energy development

Chapter 21: Glossary of meteorology

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 1: Vortex engine

The idea of a vortex engine, also known as an atmospheric vortex engine (AVE), was originally presented by Norman Louat. The goal of this concept is to replace massive physical chimneys with a vortex of air that is formed by a structure that is shorter and less costly. The AVE is responsible for inducing ground-level vorticity, which ultimately results in a vortex that is analogous to a landspout or waterspout that occurs naturally.

According to the claims made in Michaud's patent, the most important application is that the air flow through the louvers at the base will drive low-speed air turbines. These turbines will generate twenty percent more electric power from the heat that is typically wasted by conventional power plants. That is to say, the bottoming cycle is the suggested primary application for the vortex engine, and it is intended for use in big power plants that need cooling towers.

The purpose of the application that Louat proposes in his patent claims is to provide a more cost-effective replacement for a traditional solar updraft tower. In this particular use, the heat is supplied by a huge area of ground that is heated by the sun and covered with a translucent covering that, in the manner of a greenhouse, traps hot air. Deflecting vanes that are positioned at an angle relative to the tangent of the outer radius of the solar collector give rise to the formation of a vortex. According to Louat's calculations, the diameter of the solar collector would have to be at least 44 meters in order for it to be able to gather useful energy. One further suggestion along these lines is to do away with the see-through cover. Heated air or water from the earth's surface would be used in this plan to drive the chimney vortex, and the warm water or air would come from the ocean. When seen from this angle, the application has a striking resemblance to a dust devil and features an air turbine at its very core.

This technique was also created by Ninic and Nizetic, two Croatian researchers who work at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Naval Architecture at the University of Split. They began their work on it in the year 2000.

(this pertains mostly to the patent held by Michaud)

During operation, the vortex uses centripetal force to push heavier, colder air from the environment (37), which results in the formation of a huge, low-pressure chimney filled with hot air (35). To power its air movement, it makes use of around twenty percent of the waste heat produced by a power station. Depending on the weather, a big station may build a virtual chimney that is anywhere from 200 meters to 15 kilometers high. This allows for the effective venting of waste heat from power plants into the cooler upper atmosphere with little structural requirements.

To initiate the formation of the vortex, a diffuse heater (83) is momentarily activated, and the turbines (21) are electrically driven to act as fans. This pushes air that has been heated just slightly into the vortex arena (2). Because of the increased likelihood of the air mixing with the cold ambient air and a subsequent decrease in efficiency, the temperature difference between the two types of air can only be very little. It's possible that flue gases, turbine exhaust, or perhaps some tiny natural gas heaters are providing the heat.

The pressure in the stadium begins to increase (35). This causes a vortex to emerge due to the increased flow of air (33, 34) that is drawn via the directing louvers (3, 5). (35). In the first phases, the exterior louvers are opened in order to provide for the least amount of restriction to the outside airflow (31). (25). The vast majority of the heat energy is first used toward kicking off the vortex.

During the subsequent phase of the start-up process, the heater (83) may be switched off, and louvers might be used to circumvent the turbines (21). (25). At this time, heat coming from an external engine at a low temperature is what drives the updraft and vortex via the use of a typical crossway cooling tower (61).

The speed of the vortex is going to rise as the air is going to escape the louvers (3, 5) more quickly. Because of the air's motion, the air inside the vortex is subjected to centrifugal forces, which result in a decrease in pressure and a further constriction of the vortex. The vortex's speed will continue to grow as it becomes narrower because the conservation of momentum will push it to spin faster. The speed of the air as it exits the louvers (33, 34) and the breadth of the arena both contribute to the overall speed of the spin (2). A quicker and more concentrated vortex is produced by a larger arena and a faster louver speed.

The crossway cooling tower (61) provides the source of the heated air (33, 34), which then travels through two rings of directing louvers (3, 5, height exaggerated for clarity) before entering the concrete vortex arena (2). (35). The low-pressure end of the vortex is hermetically sealed by the top ring of louvers (5), which creates a thick, somewhat fast-moving air curtain (34). This results in a significant rise in the pressure differential that exists between the center of the vortex (33) and the surrounding air (31). This, in turn, results in an improvement in the power turbines' overall efficiency (21).

Large quantities of air are directed nearly straight into the low-pressure end of the vortex by the bottom ring of louvers, which have three blades each. Because the air coming from the bottom ring of louvers (3) spins more slowly, and therefore has lower centripetal forces and a greater pressure at the vortex, the lower ring of louvers (3) are essential for achieving large mass flows.

Electric motor-generators are powered by air-driven turbines (21) situated inside constrictions at the intake of the cooling tower (61). Only in the last phases of the start-up process do the generators begin to work, which is caused by the formation of a significant pressure differential between the base of the vortex arena (33) and the air in the surrounding environment (31). At the moment, the bypass louvers (25) are in their closed positions.

Because they protect the low-velocity air-motion (33) at the base of the arena and smooth out turbulent airflow, the wall (1) and bump (85) are able to keep the base of the vortex (35) in place even while the surrounding winds are blowing. For the vortex to be contained when the wind speed and direction are typical, the height of the wall (1) must be between five and thirty times that of the louvers (3, 5).

The projected maximum speed of the vortex base (33) is close to 3 meters per second (10 feet per second). This was done to control both the wear and tear on the arena (2) as well as safety concerns. The resultant vortex ought to more closely resemble a vast, sluggish dust devil made of water mist than a powerful tornado. It's possible that in less populated places, greater speeds will be allowed so that the vortex may persist in locations with stronger ambient winds.

As the engine starts up, the majority of the nameless numbered components are an arrangement of internal louvers and water pumps designed to control air velocities and temperature.

Early research indicated that it was not quite apparent whether or not this could be made to operate owing to the disturbance of the vortex caused by cross winds.

According to the patent application that Michaud filed for, the idea was first prototyped using a gasoline-powered 50 cm fire-swirl..

Through a seed funding from OCE's Centre for Energy, the wind-tunnel laboratory at the University of Western Ontario is investigating the dynamics of a one-meter version of Michaud's vortex engine.

The term « Vortex Engine » also refers to a new kind of internal combustion engine.

{End Chapter 1}

Chapter 2: Engine

A mechanism that is intended to transform one or more sources of energy into mechanical energy is referred to as an engine or a motor.

Potential energy, also known as the energy that may be harvested from the Earth's gravitational field and used to generate hydroelectric power; heat energy, also known as geothermal energy; chemical energy; electric potential; and nuclear energy are all examples of available energy sources (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion). Heat is produced as an intermediate source of energy by a number of these processes; hence, heat engines are of particular significance. Some naturally occurring mechanisms, such as atmospheric convection cells, are responsible for converting heat from the surrounding environment into motion (e.g. in the form of rising air currents). Mechanical energy is particularly important in the transportation sector, but it also plays an important part in a wide variety of industrial operations, including as cutting, grinding, crushing, and mixing.

Several different thermodynamic mechanisms are used by mechanical heat engines to transform heat into work. The internal combustion engine is perhaps the most common example of a chemical heat engine. In this type of engine, heat generated from the combustion of a fuel causes rapid pressurization of the gaseous combustion products in the combustion chamber. This causes the gaseous combustion products to expand, which in turn drives a piston, which in turn rotates a crankshaft. A reaction engine, such as a jet engine, generates thrust by expelling reaction mass in line with Newton's third law of motion. This is in contrast to internal combustion engines, which generate thrust by burning fuel.

In addition to heat engines, there are three more types of motors: electric motors, pneumatic motors, and clockwork motors in wind-up toys. Electric motors transform electrical energy into mechanical motion; pneumatic motors utilize compressed air; and clockwork motors in wind-up toys employ elastic energy. Molecular motors, such as myosins found in muscles, are responsible for the production of forces and, eventually, motion in biological systems. These motors are powered by chemical energy (a chemical engine, but not a heat engine).

Air is used as a component of the fuel reaction in chemical heat engines, which are referred to as airbreathing engines. There are super-oxidizers that are suitable for use in rockets, such as fluorine, which is a more powerful oxidant than oxygen itself. Alternatively, the application needs to obtain heat through non-chemical means, such as by means of nuclear reactions. Chemical heat engines that are designed to operate outside of the Earth's atmosphere, such as rockets and deeply submerged submarines, are required to carry an additional fuel component known as the oxidizer.

Exhaust gases are produced by all heat engines that are chemically fuelled.

The least polluting engines merely release water.

In most cases, strict zero emissions implies that there are no emissions of any kind other than water and water vapor.

According to a rigorous definition, the only heat engines that can achieve zero emissions are those that burn only pure hydrogen (as the fuel) and pure oxygen (the oxidizer), a particular kind of rocket engine).

If hydrogen is burned together with air, the product is known as hydrogen oxide (all airbreathing engines), a side reaction occurs between atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric nitrogen resulting in small emissions of NOx, which has negative effects even when consumed at very low doses.

If a hydrocarbon is used as fuel, such alcohol or gasoline, it will produce hydrocarbon smoke, large quantities of CO2 are emitted, a strong greenhouse gas.

Hydrogen and oxygen from air can be reacted into water by a fuel cell without side production of NOx, However, this is not a heat engine but rather an electrochemical engine.

The term engine originates from the Old French word engin, which is derived from the Latin word ingenium, which is also the origin of the word ingenious. The knowledge of how to create pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets, and battering rams, was sometimes regarded as a military secret and was referred to as siege engines. Examples of these types of weaponry include catapults, trebuchets, and battering rams. The term engine might be abbreviated to gin, as in cotton gin. The term engine was used to refer to the majority of the mechanical devices that were developed during the Industrial Revolution; the steam engine is a famous example. On the other hand, the first steam engines, such the ones invented by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines but pumps. In this sense, a fire engine in its original form was nothing more than a water pump, and horses were used to bring the engine to the scene of the fire. The gasoline and diesel engines that are used in automobiles are two types of engines that are examples of engines that exert a torque. Turboshafts are another kind of engine. Rockets and turbofans are two kind of engines that are examples of those that create thrust.

When the internal combustion engine was first developed, it was referred to as a motor in order to differentiate it from the steam engine, which was the predominant kind of propulsion in use at the time, providing power to locomotives and other types of vehicles such as steam rollers. The word motor comes from the Latin verb moto, which meaning to put in motion or to keep motion. The English word motor stems from this Latin verb. Therefore, a device that gives motion is called a motor.

In proper English use, the terms motor and engine are interchangeable. However, the name rocket motor is used in rocketry, despite the fact that rocket motors need fuel.

A heat engine may also function as a prime mover, which is the component of a machine that converts the kinetic energy of a fluid's flow or changes in pressure into mechanical energy.

The club and the oar are both examples of lever-based machinery, and they date back to ancient times. In antiquity, more complicated engines were powered by human power, animal power, water power, wind power, and even steam power. Human power was concentrated through the use of simple engines like the capstan, the windlass, or the treadmill, as well as through the utilization of ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements; this power was typically transmitted with the forces being multiplied while the speed was slowed down. In ancient Greece, they were used in the construction of cranes and on board ships. In ancient Rome, they were utilized in the construction of mines, water pumps, and siege engines. The authors who lived at that period, such as Vitruvius, Frontinus, and Pliny the Elder, describe these engines as being ubiquitous; thus, their development may have occurred far further back in history. By the first century of the Common Era (AD), cattle and horses were being used to drive mills, which were comparable to machinery that were driven by people in previous periods.

At the first century B.C., according to Strabo, a mill that was powered by water was constructed in the city of Kaberia, which was located in the kingdom of Mithridates. Over the course of the next several centuries, the use of water wheels in mills extended across the Roman Empire. Some of them were rather complicated; they included aqueducts, dams, and sluices to control the flow of water and maintain its level, as well as systems of gears or toothed-wheels built of wood and metal to control the rate at which the water turned. More elaborate and sophisticated miniature machines, such as the Antikythera Mechanism, employed intricate trains of gears and dials to operate as calendars or anticipate celestial occurrences. These devices were also known as microlithics. A saw for cutting stone that was propelled by water is mentioned in a poem written by Ausonius in the fourth century AD. Many of these wind and steam driven devices were related with religion, such as animated altars and automated temple doors. Hero of Alexandria is credited with the invention of many of these machines in the 1st century AD, including the Aeolipile and the vending machine.

Dams were a source of water power that was utilized by medieval Muslim engineers to supply extra power to watermills and water-raising machines. Gears were also used in mills and water-raising machines that were built by these engineers. In the Islamic world of the middle ages, technological advancements like these made it feasible to mechanize numerous industrial operations that had previously been done by hand labor.

In the year 1206, al-Jazari outfitted two of his water-raising devices with a system that consisted of a crank and a conrod. Taqi al-Din provided a description of a steam turbine apparatus that was quite basic.

China is credited as being the birthplace of the solid rocket motor in the 13th century. This primitive version of internal combustion engine was powered by gunpowder and was incapable of delivering continuous power. However, it was helpful for pushing weapons at fast speeds towards foes in combat and for pyrotechnics. This idea quickly swept throughout Europe once it was first developed.

The Watt steam engine was the first kind of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure slightly above atmospheric to move the piston with the assistance of a partial vacuum. The engine was named after James Watt, who invented it. The Watt steam engine, which was developed irregularly from 1763 to 1775, was a significant milestone in the progression of the steam engine. It was an improvement on the design of the Newcomen steam engine, which was built in 1712. Matthew Boulton, James Watt's business partner, was largely responsible for the design being identified with steam engines since it offered a significant improvement in terms of how efficiently fuel was used. It allowed for the quick establishment of efficient semi-automated industries on a scale that had not been previously possible in locations where there was a lack of access to waterpower. Later developments resulted in the invention of steam locomotives, which led to a massive growth of the railway industry.

With regard to the piston engines powered by internal combustion, These were examined in France in 1807 by de Rivaz as well as by other researchers on their own, by the Niépce brothers.

Carnot made some theoretical progress on them in the year 1824.

Between the years 1853 and 1857, Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci developed and patented an internal combustion engine that operated on the free-piston concept. It is possible that this engine was the first 4-cycle engine.

In 1877, the Otto cycle was capable of delivering a far greater power to weight ratio than steam engines, and it functioned considerably better for a wide variety of transportation applications, including automobiles and aviation.

The development of Karl Benz's first vehicle, which went on to achieve commercial success, contributed to an increased interest in compact but powerful engines. The lighter gasoline internal combustion engine that works on a four-stroke Otto cycle has been the most successful for light vehicles, whilst the more efficient Diesel engine is utilized for trucks and buses. The Otto cycle is an internal combustion engine that employs four strokes. On the other hand, in recent years, turbo Diesel engines have grown more popular, particularly outside of the United States, even for very tiny automobiles. This trend has continued even in the United States.

In 1896, A patent was awarded to Karl Benz for his creation of the first engine to have pistons that were horizontally opposed to one another.

Because of his design, he was able to develop an engine in which the pistons travel in horizontal cylinders and simultaneously hit top dead center, Therefore, automatically balancing each other out in terms of their respective rates of momentum.

Because of the form of these engines and the reduced profile they provide, they are often