This episode delves into the history of the hygiene hypothesis. What do we know about different exposures changing risk for asthma and allergies, and do these exposures have the same protection for autoimmunity? ·       Intro 0:12 ·       In this episode 0:18 ·       Hygiene hypothesis 0:33 ·       Allergic rhinitis (or Hay fever) 2:32 ·       Pollen and the allergy skin test 8:58 ·       Exposure and cleanliness 10:22 ·       Allergic rhinitis and Cree Native Americans 11:51 ·       Appendicitis 13:10 ·       Family size and asthma 14:36 ·       Rural versus urban populations 17:41 ·       Dust 18:31 ·       Children, day care and infections 22:43 ·       The “old friends” theory 28:29 ·       Farming and allergies 30:07 ·       The Amish and the Hutterites 33:02 ·       Mice, dust and asthma 34:47 ·       Thanks for listening 37:40 Disclosures: Brown reports no relevant financial disclosures. We’d love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to Dr. Brown at rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum. References: Emanuel MB. Clin Exp Allergy. 1988;doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02872.x. Flohr C, et al. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03346.x. Genuneit J. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01312.x. Karvonen AM, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.035. Perkin MR, et al. Front Allergy. 2022;doi:10.3389/falgy.2022.1051368. Rantala AK, et al. Epidemiol. 2020;doi:10.1097/EDE.000000000001163. Sangrador CO, et al. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2018;doi:10.1016/j.aller.2018.03.006. Stein MM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1508749. Strachan DP. BMJ. 1989;doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259. Weber J, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;doi:10.1164/rccm.201410-1899OC.