This ripping yarn delves into the history of tumor necrosis factor in relation to rheumatoid arthritis with emphasis on the original studies that set the stage for the use of TNF inhibition in RA.  Intro :11 What we’ll cover here :16 Recap of Part 1 1:25 What I discovered when doing this episode 1:22 What this episode won’t address 2:40 Let the tale begin 3:12 A look at matrix metalloproteinases 3:32 A breakthrough in understanding RA 6:28 Two key players: Dr. Mark Feldman and Dr. Ravinder Maini 6:53 The first cytokine research conducted in RA: IL-1 8:00 The next cytokine: Tumor necrosis factor 11:16 What do we know about cytokine production within the joint? 14:33 IL-6 and TGF-beta 19:16 A bit about IL-10 23:57 *Visit Healio.com/rheum for daily news and updates* How do we choose which cytokines to block to make improvements in RA? 25:16 What about in vivo data? 29:45 The history of infliximab 34:00 Infliximab is approved for RA treatment 45:13 TNF in RA: from bedside, to bench then back to bedside 46:06 It’s important to recognize the researchers who discovered these pathways 46:18 Remember the scientists next time you prescribe a TNF inhibitor 47:05 Read the latest news and commentary on Healio.com/rheumatology and Follow us on Twitter @HealioRheum and @HRheuminations for updates 47:34 We’d love to hear from you! Send your comments/questions to rheuminationspodcast@healio.com. Follow us on Twitter @HRheuminations @AdamJBrownMD @HealioRheum References: Brennan FM, et al. J Autoimmun. 1989;2 Suppl:177-186. Brennan FM, et al. Lancet. 1989;2:244-247. Butler MD, et al. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1995;6:225-230. Chu CQ, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:1125-1132. Dayer JM, et al. J Exp Med. 1985;162:2163-2168. Di Giovine FS, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 1988;47:768-772. Feldmann, M. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:364-371. Feldmann M, Maini SR. Immunol Rev. 2008;223:7-19. Fontana A, et al. Rheumatol Int. 1982;2:49-53. Haworth C, et al. Eur J Immunol. 1991;21:2575-9. Houssiau FA, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:784-8. Keffer J, et al. EMBO J. 1991;10:4025-4031. Kulkarni AB, Karlsson S. Am J Pathol. 1993;143:3-9. Kuruvilla AP, et al. PNAS. 1991;88:2918-2921. Maini RN, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:1552-1563. Malaviya AN, Mehra NK. Indian J Med Res. 2018;148:263–278. McInnes IB, Schett G. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:429-442. Mitchison NA, Medawar PB. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol]. 1964;https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1964.0093. Pettipher ER, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:8749-8753. The Beautiful Cure: The Revolution in Immunology and What It Means for Your Health, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2018. Williams RO, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:9784-9788. Xu WD, et al. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:876-882.