A Simple Guide to the Adrenal Gland and Its Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions
By Kenneth Kee
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About this ebook
This book describes The Adrenal Gland and Its Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that are located at the top of the kidneys.
In humans, the right adrenal gland has a triangular shape while the left adrenal gland has a semi lunar shape.
They are mainly accountable for releasing hormones in reaction to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamine such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
They also release androgens.
The adrenal glands can involve kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone secreted in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.
The adrenal glands are sited in the retro-peritoneum superior to the kidneys.
They are located bilaterally.
The combined weight of the adrenal glands in an adult human varies from 7 to 10grams.
They are enclosed by an adipose capsule and renal fascia.
Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which secrete hormones.
The cortex mainly secretes cortisol, aldosterone and androgens while the medulla chiefly secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Unlike the direct innervations of the medulla, the cortex is controlled by neuroendocrine hormones secreted from the pituitary gland which are regulated by the hypothalamus, and by the renin-angiotensin system.
Both of its regions are centers of formation of some vitally important hormones, having specific functions.
Each adrenal gland weighs about 4 g and locates in close proximity to a kidney.
The adrenal glands are sited in the posterior abdomen, between the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm.
They are retroperitoneal, with parietal peritoneum enveloping their anterior surface only.
The right gland is triangular in shape, in contrast with the semi-lunar shape of the left gland.
Perinephric (or renal) fascia enfolds the adrenal glands and the kidneys.
This fascia binds the glands to the crura of the diaphragm.
They are divided from the kidneys by the peri-renal fat.
The adrenal glands exist in close proximity to many other structures in the abdomen:
The adrenal glands comprise an outer connective tissue capsule, a cortex and a medulla.
Veins and lymphatics leave each gland through the hilum, but arteries and nerves go into the glands at numerous sites.
Functionally, the cortex can be categorized into 3 regions (superficial to deep):
1. Zona glomerulosa – forms and secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.
2. Zona fasciculata – forms and secretes corticosteroids such as cortisol.
It also produces a small amount of androgens.
3. Zona reticularis – forms and secretes androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHES).
It also produces a small amount of corticosteroids.
Medulla
The medulla is present in the center of the gland, and is dark brown in color.
It has chromaffin cells, which release catecholamines (such as adrenaline) into the bloodstream in reaction to stress
The causes of adrenal disorders are:
1. Malfunctioning of the pituitary gland, which leads to the inability of the pituitary gland to instruct and control the adrenal gland
2. Tumors in the adrenal gland
3. Infections in the adrenal gland
4. Impact of certain medications or steroids
5. Genetic factors
X-rays, CT, MRI and Ultrasound imaging help diagnose possible tumors and other signs of disease.
The ACTH stimulation test may be done to diagnose some of these disorders.
The treatment of adrenal disorders is aimed at normalizing the adrenal hormone levels in the body.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 The Adrenal Gland
Chapter 2 Adrenal Insufficiency
Chapter 3 Cushing Syndrome
Chapter 4 Phechromocytoma
Chapter 5
Kenneth Kee
Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"
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