Heart, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

By Kenneth Kee

This book describes Heart, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
The heart is the core of the cardiovascular system.
It is a muscular pump of interconnected, branching muscle fibers sited between the lungs with two-thirds of the region to the left of the midline of the body.
It is enveloped by a white fibrous sac called the pericardium which has 2 layers between which is a lubricating fluid permitting the movement of the heart as it contracts and expands.
The inner lining of the sac acts as the outer lining of the heart and is termed the epicardium.
The heart wall has a middle layer termed the myocardium which comprises thick bands of involuntary striated muscular tissue accountable for the heart to pump blood.
A third layer termed the endocardium is a thin layer of flat cells lining the heart valves and the inner cavities of the heart.
The human heart has 4 chambers which are the 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricles.
The atria are the reception chambers and the ventricles are the discharge chambers
Deoxygenated blood moves through the heart in one direction, entering through the superior vena cava into the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle before being propelled out through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries into the lungs.
The oxygen is taken in from the air sacs of the lungs.
It enters from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle before exiting through the aortic valve to the aorta
The heart beat comprises the alternate contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles.
The heart beat can be heard in a stethoscope as 2 sounds “lub-dub”, the first resulting from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and contraction of the ventricles, the second shorter and snapping sound resulting from the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
The pumping action of the heart is one of contraction or systole and relaxation or diastole.
This is accompanied by a brief rest period.
The rhythm necessitates a balance of calcium, sodium and potassium in the heart muscle.
A normal resting heart rate for adult varies from 60 to 100 beats a minute.
Life and death of a heart muscle cell
My name is Heart Man the cardiac muscle cell.
I was born in the body from a stem cell during the development of the embryo.
During development, myoblasts (the muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles linked with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles.
The myoblasts migrate to the heart to form myocardial cells.
We heart cells contain myofibrils which are long chains of sarcomeres the contractile units of muscle cells.
The arrangement of actin and myosin is similar to skeletal striated muscle.
Most of us are Y shaped and are shorter and wider than skeletal muscle cells.
The branching of the our cells help us to communicate with our fellow heart cells easily
Unlike multinucleated skeletal cells, we only have only one or two nuclei.
We also have a high mitochondrial density allowing us to produce ATP quickly making us highly resistant to fatigue
There are 2 types of cells within the heart:
Myocardiocytes
Cardiac pacemaker cells.
We myocardiocytes make up the atria and ventricles
My co-worker Pacermaker Cell carries the impulses responsible for the beating of the heart
Intercalated disks are located between our cardiac muscles cells synchronizing muscle contraction
The heart beats nonstop about 100,000 times every day
I, the cardiac muscle, am nearly completely reliant on oxygen to function
Without oxygen we will die.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Heart
Chapter 2 Functions
Chapter 3 Life Cycle
Chapter 4 Diseases
Chapter 5 Myocar

• Language: English
• Publisher: Kenneth Kee
• Release date: Feb 24, 2019
• ISBN: 9780463004128

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

Book preview

Heart,

Functions, Diseases,

A

Simple

Guide

To

The Condition,

Diagnosis,

Treatment

And

Related Conditions

By

Dr Kenneth Kee

M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

Dedication

This book is dedicated

To my wife Dorothy

And my children

Carolyn, Grace

And Kelvin

This book describes Heart, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

(What You Need to Treat Heart, Functions, Diseases)

This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Introduction

I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

Chapter 1

The Heart

What is the heart?

The heart is the central part of the cardiovascular system.

It is a muscular pump of interconnected, branching muscle fibers sited between the lungs with two-thirds of the region to the left of the midline of the body.

Its upper part or base is at the level of the second rib while lower portion or apex directs downwards and to the left staying on the diaphragm at the level of the fifth rib.

It is enveloped by a white fibrous sac called the pericardium which has 2 layers between which is a lubricating fluid permitting the movement of the heart as it contracts and expands.

The inner lining of the sac acts as the outer lining of the heart and is termed the epicardium.

The heart wall has a middle layer termed the myocardium which comprises thick bands of involuntary striated muscular tissue accountable for the heart to pump blood.

A third layer termed the endocardium is a thin layer of flat cells lining the heart valves and the inner cavities of the heart.

The human heart has 4 chambers which are the 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricles.

The atria are the reception chambers and the ventricles are the discharge chambers

Deoxygenated blood moves through the heart in one direction, entering through the superior vena cava into the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle before being propelled out through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries into the lungs.

The oxygen is taken in from the air sacs of the lungs.

It enters from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle before exiting through the aortic valve to the aorta

The heart beat

The heart beat comprises the alternate contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles.

The heart beat can be heard in a stethoscope as 2 sounds lub-dub, the first resulting from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and contraction of the ventricles, the second shorter and snapping sound resulting from the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

The pumping action of the heart is one of contraction or systole and relaxation or diastole.

This is accompanied by a brief rest period.

The rhythm necessitates a balance of calcium, sodium and