English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario: 15,000 Cognates Vocabulario Identico Ingles/Espanol

By R.G. Chur

The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario is a collection of 15,000 cognates with minidefinitions. The dictionary is designed to enhance the ability to communicate in English and Spanish. An essential vocabulary to communicate is finite and selective. The dictionary includes 1,400 sign language words and 825 Latin prefix/root/suffix definitions. Around 550 common Spanish words and 325 American abbreviations are identified. The English/Spanish Crossover Spelling Code guides the reader to quick recognition of cognate variations in spelling. The two languages share the same alphabet, parts of speech, and Latin ancestry. English and Spanish cognates are visually recognizable and, with vocal practice, identifiable phonetically.

Specialized Vocabulary Lists are included with the dictionary. The top 600 English/Spanish cognates are listed. Sign language, math, and science\medical lists are included. Numbers, common household terms, food terms, automobile words, computer words, common phrases, and safety signs are listed. A lesson plan for the English/Spanish cognate relationship is provided. Study the cognates of English and Spanish. You will learn to read the front page of Hoy or Times. Your ability to read exams, employment applications, military information, legal documents, and business advertisements will improve. The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario is an excellent travel companion.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Trafford Publishing
• Release date: Apr 12, 2012
• ISBN: 9781466908451

R.G. Chur

Mr. Chur enjoys life with his wife, family and friends. His experiences include college – 200+ units, military, postal service, circus roustabout, racetrack bartender, inner-city high school teacher (twenty-five years), lexicographer, poet (Writer’s Digest Award) and novelty artist. Mr. Chur is proud to accomplish nine publications. He is proud of adding 30,000 words to his father’s Civil War novel – Rampant River – published by Trafford Publishing. Mr. Chur asks his readers to help convince dictionary publishers to identify (underline) English/Spanish cognates/cognadoes in future dictionaries. Also, identify sign language words with a star. Triple language acquisition is achieved in the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario available on e-Book. Recently, Mr. Chur published the Diary of a D.U.I. Victim – a diary of his wife’s tragic D.U.I. collision. D.U.I. Crime is 100% Preventable.

Book preview

© Copyright 2012 R.G. Chur.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the written prior permission of the author.

isbn: 978-1-4669-0845-1 (ebook)

Trafford rev. 03/22/2012

7-Copyright-Trafford_Logo.ai

www.trafford.com

North America & international

toll-free: 1 888 232 4444 (USA & Canada)

phone: [phone].png fax: [phone]

Contents

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE ENGLISH/SPANISH CROSSOVER DICCIONARIO

CROSSOVER DICTIONARY DIRECTIONS—SPANISH COGNATES

SIGHT READING

ENGLISH/SPANISH CROSSOVER SPELLING CODE

SIGHT READING GUIDE

ENGLISH/SPANISH PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

DICTIONARY COGNATE PHONETIC GUIDE

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DICTIONARY

ENGLISH—SPANISH CROSSOVER DICCIONARIO

SPECIAL VOCABULARY LISTS

BILINGUAL VOCABULARY

TOP 600 ENGLISH/SPANISH COGNATES

1,400 INGLES/ESPANOL SIGN-LANGUAGE COGNATES

300 ENGLISH/SPANISH MATH COGNATES

350 ENGLISH/SPANISH SCIENCE AND MEDICAL COGNATES

ENGLISH/SPANISH AL SUFFIX LIST—IDENTICAL COGNATES

ENGLISH/SPANISH OR SUFFIX

ENGLISH/SPANISH NUMBER TRANSLATION LIST + DAYS & MONTHS

ENGLISH/SPANISH HOUSE/CASA VOCABULARY LIST

ENGLISH/SPANISH CULINARY TERMS

ENGLISH/SPANISH AUTOMOBILE VOCABULARY LIST

ENGLISH/SPANISH COMPUTER VOCABULARY LIST

ENGLISH/SPANISH PHRASE/FRASE SELECTION

ENGLISH/SPANISH SIGN & SIGNAL LIST

INSTRUCTIONAL ADDENDUM

VOCABULARIO CODE: TRANSFER SPELLING

ENGLISH/SPANISH AL SUFFIX LIST—IDENTICAL COGNATES

TOP 600 ENGLISH/SPANISH COGNATES

1,400 ENGLISH/SPANISH SIGN-LANGUAGE COGNATES

300 ENGLISH/SPANISH MATH COGNATES

350 ENGLISH/SPANISH SCIENCE AND MEDICAL COGNATES

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

Bienvenido! Welcome to an exciting adventure with language. The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario will increase your awareness of the close relationship of English and Spanish. The two languages are like fraternal twins.

I often reminded my bilingual students that reading English is critical to success in college and chosen occupation. The realization that over twenty-five percent of your vocabulary is identical in English and Spanish increases reading ability and comprehension. Can a good reader correctly match the spelling of an English/Spanish word like stranger/estranjero and determine the intention in context? Study the English/Spanish Crossover Spelling Code and the visual relationship of the English and Spanish spelling of words is apparent.

The dictionary is designed to assist sight-reading in English and Spanish. The mini-definitions are succinct. Additional investigation is necessary to comprehend the etymology and complexity of definition for any particular word. Language is never perfect or predictable. Whenever possible I have used the American Spanish spelling of words and a reasonable relationship in definition.

Twenty-five source books, 2,500 students, a dedicated spouse, and ten years were combined to create the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario. I am grateful to my students and colleagues at Bell High School for contributions and inspiration. And, special thanks to Jessica Swanson for cover design and translation assistance.

Language is a sphinx, an exciting discovery, a treasure. The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario will increase your ability to communicate in two incredible languages, English and Spanish.

Respectfully,

Richard G. Chur

*** Underlined words are cognates. Spelling is recognizable by English and Spanish readers.

*** Subrayar vocabios son cognados. Deletero es reconocible en English y Spanish lectores.

Guide to the Use of the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario

Thousands of common words in the English dictionary are recognizable in the Spanish dictionary. The words with visual and phonetic recognizability in both languages are defined as cognates. The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario identifies 15,000 cognates and substitute cognates designated synocogs. The dictionary is a portable reference tool for people of all levels of fluency in English and Spanish.

The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario is a valuable linguistic tool. The dictionary is designed to intensify visual recognition of words in English and Spanish with similar spelling that share a common meaning. The intension of the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario is to activate the common vocabulary inherent in the two languages to enhance sight reading and communication ability.

In the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario words are listed in three columns. First, the English spelling of the word is listed with the part-of-speech. In the second column, is the Spanish spelling of the word. Not all Spanish words are alphabetically arranged correctly; approximation is conditional to letter alterations like the y to i in words like cymbol/cimbalo and the e beginning on words like student/estudiante. The third list gives a mini-definition of the common English/Spanish cognate.

Synonyms or information words define the cognate. Many of the mini-definitions include cognates. In words with more than one definition a double slash mark (//) separates the definitions. The definition, denotation of the word, is common to the English and Spanish word. The literal definition supercedes slang or secondary interpretation of the word. Brevity, simplicity and common sense connectivity of definition guided the selection of the definition. The connotation, false cognation or secret meaning of a word is not indicated. Any false representation of a word’s meaning is unintentional.

Words that are visually similar like curtain/cortina, recognizable in context, are included in the dictionary. Hundreds of common English words are represented by a Spanish synocog. An example is the word current in English represented by the synocog presente in Spanish. Some Spanish words are included as crossover words because of the need for recognition by the English reader of words like dinero = money, church = iglesia, and daisy = margarita. Naturally, the Spanish reader should incorporate common English words like library into their bilingual vocabulary. Words assimilated by both languages—bravo, amigo, fiesta—are listed.

For reading convenience direct translation is provided for selective words of importance like grandmother/abuela and gray/gris and left/izquierda. Proper names, place names, and words of interest with a common English/Spanish spelling are included in the cognate vocabulary. And, support words like the in English and la in Spanish are identified despite no cognate recognizability. The sight-reader needs to be familiar with repetitive support words in text.

Bilingual readers are familiar with English words like and (sound n) and Spanish words like y (sound e). Mentally, words like por and for and la and the, are interchangeable in print by bilingual readers.

A pronunciation guide exhibits the common sounds of the English/Spanish alphabet. For example the common P sound for English and Spanish is represented by the sound of P in the word Pilot/Piloto. There are twenty-six letters in the English language and twenty-nine letters in the Spanish language. English has forty-four sounds and Spanish has forty-five sounds. Not all sounds match conveniently. However, the cognate dictionary is for visual recognition of words not phonetic recognition.

Current standard dictionaries divide words by syllable usually directly related to prefix/root/suffix components linguistically defined. Comprehending the whole word visually is fundamental to sight-reading. Mentally dividing a word by sound is common. However, the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario emphasizes sight recognition of the word by prefix/root/suffix division. Improvement to the vocalization of the language is secondary to reading the language. Words are not divided into syllable or identified by phonetic representation. Historical data is not recorded. However, the English part-of-speech is indicated and the Spanish cognate is normally the same since the languages share the eight parts-of-speech: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Recognizing word suffixes helps identify the part-of-speech. Verbs in Spanish end in ar. Words in both languages ending in ion, tion, sion, cion are nouns. Ly ending words in English are adverbs and mente ending words in Spanish are adverbs. Basic comprehension of word alteration from verbs to nouns like construct/construction or construir/construccion are comprehensible by the proficient bilingual reader.

In the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario (n) is the abbreviation for noun and verb transitive is (vt), verb intransitive (vi). The abbreviation for preposition (prep) identifies direction words linked to nouns. Colors, numbers, and proportions are often used as adjectives (adj). Identified by abbreviation are connecting words, conjunctions (conj) and exclamatory words, interjections (interj). The abbreviation for prefix is (pre) and suffix (suf) and root (r). l is for Latin and g is for Greek. Abbreviated words are identified by (abbr). A complete list of abbreviations used in the dictionary is provided for easy reference.

825 Latin and Greek prefix-root-suffix definitions are identified in the dictionary. The Spanish language developed from Latin. During the 200’s and 100’s B.C., Roman armies conquered the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the 1500’s, Spanish colonists, conquistadors, and missionaries brought their language to Florida and the South West. Recognition of Latin and Greek roots, prefixes and suffixes indicates a common definition of numerous English and Spanish words. Words like cara = face, mar = sea, and casa = house are included as crossover words.

550 of the most commonly used Spanish words are included in the dictionary with definitions. The indented sp. is the abbreviation to identify the Spanish words.

325 modern abbreviations (abbr) are identified in the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario.

The asterisk (*) in front of a word signifies a common word in English and Spanish adaptable to sign language. 1,400 sign language words comprise a core vocabulary of English/Spanish cognates for effective communication for the hearing impaired.

An article, Sight Reading, defines the purpose of the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario.

The English/Spanish Crossover Spelling Code identifies the common letter variations between the two languages. The code improves the reader’s ability to read English or Spanish.

At the back of the dictionary is a separate list of 600 of the most commonly used words in English and Spanish. Also, 300 math cognates are listed. And, a 350-word science/medical list of English/Spanish cognates. The 1,400 sigh language words are listed. Additional lists of important translations subjects are included—numbers, days and months, al suffix, house, culinary, automobile, computer, signs and phrases.

A collection of sources provided words for the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario. Bilingual composition students contributed thousands of words. Spanish dictionaries—juvenile, synonym, standard—provided word sources. Word lists—1000 Language Sign Words, SAT Vocabulary, Conversion Guides—were searched for English/Spanish cognates.

The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario demonstrates that thousands of words identified as cognates are common to two languages, English and Spanish. The two languages have common alphabetic symbols. The English and Spanish sound of a cognate is expressly different when vocalized; the visual identity of the cognate is easily recognizable. Increase the cognate ratio in your visual vocabulary; crossover words are the foundation of bilingual reading comprehension. Consciously select words to accumulate a singular vocabulary common to English and Spanish readers.

The English and Spanish languages are intricately connected by history. And, new scientific and technological innovations, necessitates the creation of new words, beneficial to both languages. The common vigor and harmony of language strengthens the union of people. Words like fantastic/fantastico, future/futuro, friend/amigo help to define the similitude of the English and Spanish languages. The English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario of modern/moderno vocabulary/vocablario is dedicated to uniting the hearts/corazòns of people by the power of common/comun communication/comunicacion.

CROSSOVER DICTIONARY DIRECTIONS—SPANISH COGNATES

Guide/Guia a el Use/Uso de el

English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario

Thousands/miles the/el comùn words/vocablos in/en the/la English diccionario are/son reconocible en la Spanish diccionario. The/los vocablos with/con visual and/y fonètico reconocimiento en los dos lenguajes son definible as cognates/cognados. The/la English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario identificar 15,000 cognates/cognados y substituto cognados designar synocogs. El diccionario is/es a/un portatil referencia instrumento for/para gente de todo levels de fluidez en English y Spanish.

La English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario es un valioso linguistica instrumento. El diccionario es designable to/para intensificar visual reconocimiento de vocablos en English y Spanish con similar deletero share/reparticiòn a comùn meaning/significado. El intenciòn de el English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario es para activar el comùn vocabulario inherente en los two/dos lenguajes para intensificar Visual Lectura.

En la English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario vocablos son en lista de three/tres columnas. Primero, la English deletero de el vocablo es listo con el parte-de-oraciòn. En el second/segundo columna, contener el Spanish deletero de el vocablo. No all/todas los Spanish vocablos son alfabèticamente arreglar correcto; aproximaciòn es condicional a letra alteraciòn como la y a la i en vocablos como cymbol/cimbalo el la e cominenzo en vocablos like/como student/estudiante. Un third/tercera lista gives/da un mini-definiciòn de el comùn English/Spanish cognado.

Sinònimos o informativo vocablos definer el cognado. Numerosos de el mini-definiciòns include/incluye cognados. En vocablos con doble definicòns un doble slash marca (//) separe los definiciòns. El definiciòn, denotaciòn de el vocablo, es comùn en la English y Spanish lenguajes. El literal definiciòn supercedes vulgarismo o secundario interpretaciòn de el vocablo. Brevedad, simplicidad y sentido comùn conexiòn de el definiciòn decidido el selecciòn de el definiciòn. El connotaciòn, falso cognaciòn o secreto definiciòn de el vocablo no es indicado. Falsedad de un vocablo comprensiòn no es intencional.

Vocablos that/que son visualmente similar como curtain/cortina, son recognoscible en contexto, son incluido en el diccionario. Hundreds/centenares de comùn English vocablos son representado by/de un Spanish synocog. An/Un ejemplo es el vocablo current en English representado de el synocog presente en Spanish. Some/Unos Spanish vocablo son incluido as/como un crossover/paso vocablos because/porque de el necesidad por reconocimiento de un English reader/lector de vocoblos como money = dinero, church = iglesia, y daisy = margarita. Naturalmente, el Spanish lector should/debe integre comùn English vocablos como library en their/su bilingue vocabulario. Vocablos asimiliar de los dos lenguajes—bravo, amigo, fiesta—son listo.

Para lectura conveniencia directo traducciòn es presentado por selecto vocablos de importancia como grandmother/abuela y gray/gris y left/izquierda. Propio names/nombres, situaciòn nombres, y vocablos de interès con un comùn English/Spanish deletro son incluìdo en el cognado vocabulario. Y, sustento vocablos como the en English y la en Spanish son identificado a pesar de no cognado reconocimiento. El visual-lector debe ser familiar con repetir support/apoyo vocablos en texto.

Bilingue lectores son familiar con English vocablos como and (sound/sano n) y Spanish vocablos como y (sano e). Mentalmente, vocablos como por y for, y la y the, son interchangeable/intercambiable en imprimir de bilingue lectores.

Un pronunciaciòn guide/guia exhibir el comùn sonos de el English/Spanish alfabètico. Por ejemplo, el comùn P sono para English y Spanish es representado de el sono de P en el vocablo Pilot/Piloto. Hay twenty-six/veinte-seis (26) letras en el English lenguaje y twenty-nine/veinte-nueve (29) letras en el Spanish languaje. English has/tiene forty-four/cuarenta-cuatro (44) sonos y Spanish tiene forty-five/cuarenta-cinco (45) sonos. No todos los sonos comparen conveniente. However/Sin embargo, el cognado dictionario es para visual reconocimiento de vocablos no fonètica reconocimiento.

Presente tipico diccionarios divider vocablos en sibala ordinario directamente relacionado a prefijar/root-base/sufijo componentes linguìstica definir. Comprensiòn de el total vocablo visualmente es fundamento a visual-lectura. Mentalmente, division de un vocablo de sono es comùn. El English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario acentùa visual reconocimiento de el vocablo de prefijar/root-base/sufijo division. Improvement/mejoramiento vocalizaciòn de el lenguaje es secundario a la reading/lectura de el lenguaje. Vocabios no son divida en sibala o identificado de fonètica reconocimiento. Històrico datos no son recorded/registrados. El English parte-de-oraciòn es indicado y el Spanish cognado es normally/ordinariamente idèntico since/desde que el lenguajes share/comparar las eight/ocho (8) partes-de-oraciòn: nombre, adjectivo, pronombre, verbo, adverbio, preposiciòn, conjunciòn, y interjecciòn.

Reconocimiento de vocablo sufijos helps/ayuda a identificar el parte-de-oraciòn. Verbos en Spanish end/fin en ar. Vocablos en both/ambos languajes fin en ion, tion, sion, cion son nombre. Ly sufijos en English son adverbios y mente fin vocablos en Spanish son adverbios. Bàsico compresiòn de vocablo alteraciòn from/para verbos a nombres como construct/construction o construir/construccion son comprensible de el competente bilingue lector.

En el English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario (n) es el abreviatura por nombres y verbo transitivo es (vt), verbo intransitivo (vi). El abreviatura por preposiciòn (prep) identificar direcciòn vocablos adjunto a nombres. Colors, nùmeros, y proporciòns son often/frecuentemente used/gastado como adjetivos (adj). Identificaciòn de abreviatura son conexiòn vocablos, conjunciòns (conj) y exclamaciòn vocablos, interjecciòns (interj). El abreviatura por prefijar es (pre) y sufijo (suf) y root-base (r). l es por Latino y g es por Greek/Griego. Abreviaciòn vocablos son identificar de (abbr). Una completa lista de abreviaciòn used/gastado en el diccionario es providente por accesible referencia.

825 Latino y Griego prefijo/root-base/sufijo definiciòns son identifiar en el diccionario. El Spanish lenguaje evoluciòn es from/desde Latino. During/durante el 200’s y 100’s B.C., Romano militar conquistar el Ibèrico Penìnsula. Beginning/comenzante en el 1500’s, Spanish colonos, conquistadors, y misioneros brought/transporte their/su lenguaje a Florida y el South West. Reconocimiento de Latino y Griego root-base, prefijo y sufijo indicar un comùn definiciòn de numeroso English y Spanish vocablos. Vocablos como cara = face, mar = sea, y casa = house son incluìdo como crossover vocablos.

550 de el most/màs comùnmente used/uso Spanish vocablos son incluìdo en el diccionario con definiciòns. El dentado sp. es el abreviaciòn a identificar el Spanish.

325 moderno abreviaciòns (abbr) son identifados en el Crossover Diccionario.

El asterisco (*) en front/frente de un vocablo significa un comùn vocablo en English y Spanish adaptable a signo lenguaje. 1,400 signo lenguaje vocablos comprise/comprender a core/centro vocabulario de cognados por efectivo comunicaciòn por hearing/oìdo impaired/empeorar.

Un articulo, Visual Lectura, define el propòsito de el Crossover Diccionario.

The English/Spanish Crossover Deletreo Code/Còdigo identificar el comùn letra variaciòns between/en medio de los two/dos lenguajes. El còdigo improves/progresar el lectores habilidad a read/leer English o Spanish.

En el back/atràs de el dictionario es un separado lista de 600 de el comùnmente used/uso vocablos en English y Spanish. Adicionalmente, 300 matemàtico cognates son listado. Y, un 350 vocablo ciencia/mèdico lista de English/Spanish cognates. Adicional listas de importante translations/traducciòn sujetos son incluìdo—numèro, dia y mes, al sufijo, house/casa, culinario, automòvil, computadora, signos y frases.

Un colecciòn de sources/origens provided/provisiòn vocablos por el English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario. Bilingue composiciòn estudiantes contribuir thousands/mils de vocablos. Spanish diccionarios—juvenil, sinònimo, standard/tipico—provided/provisiòn vocablo origens. Vocablo listas—1,000 Signo LenguajeVocablos, SAT vocabulario, Conversiòn Guides/Guias—were/eran searched/eximanado por English/Spanish cognates.

El Crossover Diccionario demostre that/que thousands/mils vocablos identificar cognados son comùn a dos lenguajes, English and Spanish. Los dos lenguajes have/tiene comùn alfabètico sìmbolos. El English y Spanish sano de un cognado es diferente when/cuando vocalizar; el visual identidad de el cognado es easily/fàcilmente recognoscible. Increase/incremento el cognate ratio/ràzon en your/tu visual vocabulario; crossover vocablos son el fundaciòn de bilingue lectura compresiòn. Conscientemente selecto vocablos a acumular un singular vocabulario comùn a English y Spanish lectors.

El English y Spanish lenguajes son intricately/intrincadamente conexo de historia. Y, new/nuevo cientìfico y tecnològico innovaciòns, necesitar el creaciòn de nuevo vocablos, beneficios both/ambos lenguajes. El comùn vigor y armonìa de lenguajes strengthens/fortificar el uniòn de people/gente. Vocablos como fantastic/fantastico, future/futuro, friend/amigo definir el similitud de el English y Spanish lenguajes. El English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario de modern/moderno vocabulary/vocablario es dedicar a unidad el hearts/corazòns de people/gente de el power/poder de common/comun communication/comunicacion.

*** In the dictionary directions the English cognate spelling is translated into the Spanish cognate spelling. The rules of Spanish grammar and sentence syntax are not followed in the Spanish cognate translation. Word choice is selected for common identification between English and Spanish. For example words like vocablo rather than the common Spanish palabra were selected because of mutual recognition in both languages. Support words are translated, English the becomes Spanish el. Words without recognizable translation are identified in English and Spanish—from/desde.

SIGHT READING

Visual Identification of

English/Spanish Cognate Vocabulary

by R.G. Chur

Hundreds of languages, international and native, are represented in America. The languages have sounds and symbols different from English. Spanish, the second most spoken language in America, is the fraternal twin of English, sharing a common genetic blueprint.

600,000 words comprise a standard English dictionary. 300,000 words comprise a standard Spanish dictionary. Picture in your mind two circles intersecting. Fill one circle with English words; fill the second circle with Spanish words. The overlapping center portion of the two circles is filled with thousands of common words recognizable in English and Spanish. Crossover words in English and Spanish are identified as cognates or cognados. Selecting words recognized in both languages simplifies communication between two cultures: English and Spanish.

The sound of English/Spanish cognates, although spelled similar, can cause confusion when spoken by linguistic opposites. Listen to a conversation between English speakers. Listen to a conversation between Spanish speakers. Despite the fact that thousands of words are spelled almost identical, with the same meaning in both languages, the pronunciation of the words is often radically different. However, the words in written text are easily comprehensible provided the reader has viewed, touched, tasted, heard or smelled the object symbolized with letters. The sound of a bell or the spoken word bell does not give the mind an image of a bell. The bell must be seen or touched to establish a mental picture and the picture is symbolized by the combination of letters b-e-l-l.

Vocabulary is learned by sight as well as sound. After seeing the picture of a cat, the mind associates the image with the combination of symbolic letters c-a-t representing the image of the cat. The English alphabet of twenty-six symbols represents over forty-four sounds and the Spanish alphabet of twenty-nine symbols is responsible for more than forty-five sounds. The word cat becomes an instant mental image, a bobcat in the forest or the neighbor’s feline on the fence. The sound of the word is incidental in reading the word; the mental verification of the word’s sound slows the pace of reading. Sounds associated with the printed word cat automatically engage mentally: meow, purr, growl.

The Spanish speaker pronounces every syllable in the word vacacion and gives sound to the connecting vowels. In English the syllables in vacation are pronounced without giving individual sound to every vowel. The Spanish vowels are short. English has long vowel sounds. The cadence or metrical rhythm is different in the two languages. However, the suffix ion indicates ‘state of’ or ‘condition’ in English and Spanish regardless of pronunciation. Identical suffix spelling is common in the two languages but not always evident. For example, words with an ly ending do not exist in Spanish; mente substitutes for the ly suffix—rapidly/rapidamente.

Words have unique sounds characterized by the English or Spanish variation of the phonetic alphabet despite the fact that the letters symbolically representing the sounds are identical. The visual or sight-reader gains sophistication and recognizes phonetic nuances and mentally adapts, recognizing that the symbolic letters ph or f can perform the same phonetic function. Phone or fone conjure up the same image in the mind—telefone or cellphone! In context the spelling pone would be understandable. "Pone the number 911, emergency!"

The individualized pronunciation and dialect of native speakers compound the difficulty of audio comprehension of identically spelled cognates in English and Spanish.

However, the similarity of the English and Spanish alphabets makes sight identification of thousands of words simple; the English/Spanish Crossover Spelling Code improves sight identification despite variations in spelling. The corresponding part-of-speech identities in English and Spanish words is an additional aid to comprehending the words meaning and purpose. And, the prefix-base-suffix identities are generally linquistically connected.

Audio recognition of words from an unfamiliar language is limited. Sentence structure differs, the tendency in Spanish is to put the longer member of the sentence or the emphasized part last. Spanish words use accent marks—the tilde to indicate nasalization, and the dieresis to show separation of vowel sounds—the stress symbols influence pronunciation and occasionally definition. The sound of words can cause confusion; the tone of the voice and the rise and fall of volume characterize individual speech. Pronunciation and dialect by individual English and Spanish speakers alter the sound of words.

Vision is the dominant learning tool for most students. Hearing is second. Touch is third; dominant kinetic learners are rare. Naturally, all three learning tools are involved in the learning process. Language experts estimate that approximately twenty-five percent of the words in the Spanish dictionary are recognizable in English by the competent sight-reader. The eye easily adapts to slight variation in spelling between English and Spanish and the mind identifies the word image. In context the sight-reader accepts variations in traditional spelling just as the sight-reader accepts the phonetic spelling of words in the dictionary. And, the sight-reader is not disturbed by the lack of an accent mark in dont or above the o in the cion Spanish suffix.

The eye searches for image, the word symbolizes that image. The eye does not care if ion is replaced by sion or cion or tion. Although the sound ion is not vocally meaningful, in print the suffix is recognized to mean ‘state of’ or ‘condition’. Information can be comprehended as informacion-data. Communication translates visually to comunicacion—to converse. Visual cognition rapidly identifies comparative letter patterns and correctly postulates mental comprehension. Vacation is acceptable as vacacion—getaway. And, word recognition is enhanced in context. "The family won a dream vacation/vacacion." Regardless of the spelling variation the reader sees a mental image or symbol for vacation/vacacion—golf club, cruise ship, no cooking.

The mind recognizes familiar words common in usage. The sight-reader does not have to commit excess mental energy to recognize a familiar alphabetic arrangement of letters. Language evolved from symbolic/pictorial representation as well as phonetic symbolism. The or la are immediately understood by the sight-reader without auditory analysis. Words like and or y are seen as symbolic plus signs, translation to sound is unnecessary. Visual identification of repetitive support words of limited significance is automatic.

In fact, research suggests that only the first and last letters of any word are sufficient clues to identify the meaning of a badly mixed up letter combination. (In fcat, rsaecreh sgugsets taht olny the frist and lsat lteter of any wrod are siuficenft cuels to ientifdy the mnaeing of a bdlay mexid up lteters cobmianiotn.) This is because the human mind does not read every letter by itself, but the word as a whole.

The word general/heneral/jeneral viewed on a list might give the reader a recognition problem. However, the word in context— "The heneral lead troops into battle." —is easily understood. The reader sees a star, symbolizing the image of a general. The sight-reader uses their mental audio library of identifiable and comparable sounds when converting visual information. Phonetic skills help the sight-reader understand comparable but sometimes confusing letter compatibility like in the words dike and dique. The English k (ck) equals the Spanish c (qu)—park/parque.

The similarity of the English and Spanish alphabets makes sight-reading comprehension simple. Visual cognition quickly identifies comparative word patterns and correctly postulates mental comprehension. The memory can be trained to identify spell-change in the crossover words in the English and Spanish languages. Naturally the native speaker is most comfortable with traditional spelling. However, the English spelling of words is recognized by the sight-reader and mentally translated to image despite the Spanish addition of a letter like compact/compacto and exact/exacto or the removal of a double letter as characterized by the Spanish spelling of words like suggestion/sugestion and discussion/discusion. The loss of the English e in fragile does not disturb the sight-reading of the Spanish word fragil. The Spanish reader easily adjusts to the English alphabetical variation.

Considering the common words from Latin ancestral roots in the English and Spanish languages, in a typical conversation one in four words are recognizable in both languages. The cognate ratio can be increased when conversing in English or Spanish. By consciously including the thousands of similar and same words, 100% communication with common words is possible between English and Spanish conversationalists. Eventually, the pronunciation will meld between English and Spanish cognates. And, hopefully the visual recognition will standardize. Perhaps someday the Spanish reader will accept the English suffix ly to replace mente. And, the English text can drop the double letter in Spanish words like sufix.

The memory can be trained to identify letter alterations in the cognate vocabulary/vocabulario of the English and Spanish languages. The visual recognition of a number of common letter variations in spelling between the languages can simplify the acquisition of words in both languages. A good reader can correctly match the spelling of an English/Spanish word like stranger/estranjero and determine the meaning in context. Follow the English/Spanish Spelling Code and the visual relationship of English and Spanish spelling of words is apparent.

********* English/Spanish Spelling Code *********

To recognize word variation like committee/comite or possible/posible the reader must be knowledgeable of the fact that double letter consonants are eliminated in most Spanish words.

English words with tion are translated to cion in Spanish—vocation/vocacion and action/accion.

In many English verbs the Spanish endings ar, ir, er are found—invent/inventar and compete/competir and concede/conceder.

The English ph becomes an f in many Spanish words like phrase/frase.

The English x equals the Spanish j—example/ejemplo.

The English th equals the Spanish t—author/autor.

The English ce equals the Spanish z—race/raza.

The English y equals the Spanish i—system/sistema.

The English ou equals the Spanish o and u—soup/sopa—course/curso.

The English y equals the Spanish ia and io—company/compania—remedy/remedio.

The English e equals the Spanish ia and io—notice/noticia—silence/silencio.

The English al equals the Spanish o—eternal/eterno.

The English ous equals the Spanish oso—famous/famoso.

In English words like student, the Spanish add an e to the beginning of the word –estudiante.

The silent e at the end of English words like fragile or hostile is deleted on Spanish equivalents—fragil and hostil.

The double mm in English becomes nm in Spanish—immediate/inmediato.

The English v changes to Spanish b in words like pavilion/pabellon.

The English j becomes a y in Spanish—inject/inyectar.

Watch for the variation in the ending of words. The ly ending in English becomes mente in Spanish—rapidly/rapidamente. The ity in English words like university become a dad ending in Spanish—universidad. The tor ending in English words changes to dor in Spanish words—educator/educador.

Most words that end in al are alike in English and Spanish—animal/animal, hospital/hospital, final/final.

Most words that end in or are alike in English and Spanish—color/color, vigor/vigor, error/error.

The Spanish o ending indicates masculine words and the Spanish a ending indicates feminine words. English words are neutral unless gender is implied in meaning.

********** *********** ***********

Words that crossover from one culture to another often develop divergent meanings. Connotation and dialect variations alter the word’s definition. Words in Spanish with hidden meaning are designated as false cognates. In modern society a word’s meaning often evolves, new false cognates appear and others disappear. Some words in the English/Spanish Crossover Diccionario of cognates may have several meanings or hidden meanings not represented in the definition presented. Any misrepresentation of a word’s meaning is unintentional.

Learn the English/Spanish Crossover Spelling Code to recognize the English/Spanish cognates. Using words in common/comun to both languages improves mutual/mutuno communication/comunicacion skills. Select words consciously. Share the common bond between two magnificent/magnifico languages.

ENGLISH/SPANISH

CROSSOVER SPELLING CODE

Vocabulario Code: Transfer Spelling

The memory can be trained to identify letter alterations in the cognate vocabulary/vocabulario of the English and Spanish languages. The visual recognition of a number of common letter variations in spelling between the languages can simplify the acquisition of words in both languages.

To recognize word variation like committee/comite or possible/posible the reader must be knowledgeable of the fact that double letter consonants in English words are eliminated in like Spanish words.

English words with tion are translated to cion in Spanish—vocation/vocacion and action/accion.

In many English verbs the Spanish endings ar, ir, er are found—invent/inventar and compete/competir and concede/conceder.

The English ph becomes an f in many Spanish words like phrase/frase.

The English x equals the Spanish j—example/ejemplo.

The English q equals the Spanish c—question/cuestion.

The English th equals the Spanish t—author/autor.

The English ce equals the Spanish z—race/raza.

The English y equals the Spanish i—system/sistema.

The English ou equals the Spanish o and u—soup/sopa—course/curso.

The English y equals Spanish ia and io—company/compania—remedy/remedio.

The English e equals the Spanish ia and io—notice/noticia—silence/silencio.

The English al equals the Spanish o—eternal/eterno.

The English ous equals the Spanish oso—famous/famoso.

In English words like student, the Spanish add an e to the beginning of word—estudiante.

The silent e at the end of English words like fragile or hostile is deleted on Spanish equivalents—fragil and hostil.

The double mm in English becomes nm in Spanish—immediate/inmediato.

The English v changes to the Spanish b in words like pavilion/pabellon.

The Spanish y becomes a j in English—inyector/inject.

Watch for the variation in the ending of words. The ly ending in English becomes mente in Spanish—rapidly/rapidamente. The ity in words like university become dad ending in Spanish—universidad. The tor ending in English words changes to dor in Spanish words—educator/educador.

Most words that end in al are alike in Spanish and English—animal/animal, hospital/hospital, final/final.

Most words that end in or are alike in Spanish and English—color/color, vigor/vigor, error/error.

The Spanish o ending indicates masculine words and the Spanish a ending indicates feminine words. English words are neutral unless gender is implied in meaning.

SIGHT READING GUIDE

Sight Reading Rules

1)   Read under proper lighting in a quiet, environment.

2)   Recognize the word as a symbolic representation of an image or action.

3)   Read with a goal in mind: pleasure, information, inspiration, relaxation.

4)   Avoid reading handicaps: finger or pen guide, repeat reading, sub-vocalizing.

5)   Do not sub-vocalize. Visualize the image represented by the word.

6)   Use context clues or a dictionary to identify puzzling words. Determine how the writing is organized. Determine the purpose of the text.

7)   Common support words—the/la—and/y—is/ese—for/por—require minimal mental attention. Filter out unimportant information.

8)   Syllables are formed by a combination of consonants and a vowel. A vowel must be present to form a syllable. Linguistic identity is defined by syllable.

9)   Good readers predict, visualize, ask questions, interpret, sum up, make a connection, wonder, express feelings, apply context clues, reread.

10)   Read with a question in your mind. Make connection to prior knowledge.

11)   Study Speed Reading to increase your reading skill level.

12)   Read regularly. Reading is a mental exercise that improves the mind’s health.

Question Words in English and Spanish

ENGLISH/SPANISH

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

Sound of the Alphabet Letters in Spanish

DICTIONARY COGNATE

PHONETIC GUIDE

Identical English and Spanish sound is represented by the words listed beside each letter.

Phonetic Explanatory Notes

In Spanish h is silent. The Spanish h sounds like g in English.

In Spanish ll sounds like y in yes—illama.

In Spanish x gives the j sound—Mexico. Nahuatl language makes the x sound.

In Spanish q has a u next to it—queso.

In Spanish the j sound is like the h sound in house.

In Spanish the u sounds like the oo in boo.

In Spanish the x sounds like cs (ks)—exact.

There are no ly ending suffixes in Spanish.

There are no short vowels in Spanish.

Spanish accent marks alter the sound and sometimes the meaning of a word.

English/Spanish Alphabetical Variations

Spanish has three consonants not found on the English alphabet. They are ch, ll, and n. Their pronunciation corresponds roughly to the English pronunciation of ch in church, lli in million, and ny in canyon.

*** The five vowel sounds in Spanish maintain a constant sound in all Spanish words.

***The five vowel sounds in English have variable sounds in many words.

Diphthongs

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN

THE DICTIONARY