Millets Value Chain for Nutritional Security: A Replicable Success Model from India

By Benhur Dayakar Rao, N G Malleshi, George A Annor and Jagannath Vishnu Patil

This book demonstrates a successful and sustainable model for value addition to millets from production to consumption. Within the work the authors outline practical interventions to revive the demand for millets as a convenient and nutritive option for consumers, whilst presenting a reliable model that can be adapted for the development of other commodities.

Based on practical experience and the output of a National Agricultural Innovation Project, Millets Value Chain for Nutritional Security: A Replicable Success Model from India explores the development of an integrated approach to value addition to millets. All phases of the model are covered, including chapters on:
· nutritional evaluation
· on-farm cultivation
· intervention in food processing
· entrepreneurship development
· commercialization
· popularization and policy sensitization.

The development of successful value chains to revive demand for traditional cereals such as millets plays an important role in ensuring health and nutrition security in India. As such, this book is an invaluable resource for researchers and advanced students in the fields of agriculture, food science and business management, in addition to policy makers, manufacturers and breeders.

• Language: English
• Publisher: CAB International
• Release date: Aug 30, 2016
• ISBN: 9781780648323

Book preview

Millets Value Chain for Nutritional Security

A Replicable Success Model from India

Millets Value Chain for Nutritional Security

A Replicable Success Model from India

B. DayakarRao

Indian Institute of Millets Research (formerly DSR),Hyderabad, India

N.G.Malleshi

Ex-head, Grain Science Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI),Mysore, India

George A. Annor

Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana,Ghana

and

J.V.Patil

Indian Institute of Millets Research (formerly DSR), Hyderabad,India

CABI is a trading name of CAB International

© Benhur Dayakar Rao, N.G. Malleshi, George A. Annor and Jagannath Vishnu Patil 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Dayakar Rao, B. (Benhur), editor.

Title: Millets value chain for nutritional security : a replicable success model from India / editors: B. Dayakar Rao, N.G. Malleshi, George A. Annor, J.V. Patil.

Description: Boston, MA : CABI, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015048063| ISBN 9781780648309 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781780648323 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Millet industry--India. | Millets--Nutritional aspects--India.

Classification: LCC HD9049.M6 M355 2016 | DDC 338.1/731710954--dc23 LCrecord available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015048063

ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 830 9

Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell

Editorial assistant: Emma McCann

Production editor: Tim Kapp

Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India

Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Appendices

List of Abbreviations

List of Abbreviations (in Cluster Analysis)

Foreword

Preface

Executive Summary

Acknowledgements

1 Production and Utilization of Millets

1.1 Production of Millets

1.1.1 Global production

1.1.2 Indian production

1.2 Utilization of Millets

1.2.1 Global utilization of millets

1.2.2 Utilization of millets in India

1.3 Government Policies that Determine Millets Production in India

1.3.1 Minimum Support Price

1.3.2 Public Distribution System

1.4 Development Programmes for Millets in India

1.4.1 Macro Management in Agriculture

1.4.2 Initiative for Nutrition Security through Intensive Millets Promotion

1.4.3 Rainfed Area Development Programme

1.4.4 National Food Security Mission’s coarse cereals component

1.5 The Need for a Value Chain Model of Millets in India

1.6 Overview of Millets Value Chain Development in Various Countries

2 Gaps in and Scope of the Value Chain in Millets

2.1 Gaps in Production, Utilization and Marketing of Millets

2.2 An Innovative Value Chain Model: the NAIP’s ‘Millets Value Chain Project’

2.2.1 Objectives of the project

2.2.2 Role of partners

2.2.3 Interventions

2.2.4 Technical profile-contours of the value chain

3 Nutritional and Health Benefits of Millets

3.1 Nutritional Overview: Millet vs Major Cereals

3.2 Nutritional Profiles of Millets

3.2.1 Nutritional profile of sorghum

3.2.2 Nutritional profile of pearl millet

3.2.3 Nutritional profile of finger millet

3.2.4 Nutritional profile of foxtail millet

3.2.5 Nutritional profile of proso millet

3.2.6 Nutritional profile of kodo millet

3.2.7 Nutritional profile of barnyard millet

3.2.8 Nutritional profile of little millet

3.3 Health Benefits of Millets

3.3.1 Anti-diabetic properties

3.3.2 Reduction of oxidative stress

3.3.3 Anti-cancer properties

3.3.4 Anti-hypertensive and ­cardiovascular disease prevention

3.3.5 Coeliac disease

3.3.6 Obesity

3.3.7 Coronary heart disease

3.3.8 Other benefits

3.4 Nutritional Evaluation of Food Products from Millets

3.4.1 Nutritional composition of ­sorghum products

3.4.2 Glycaemic index and ­glycaemic load of sorghum products

3.4.3 Effect of sorghum diet on glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profile in diabetics

3.4.4 Amino acid profile of sorghum products

3.4.5 Effect of sorghum diet on ­nutritional status of school children

3.4.6 Determination of protein ­ efficiency of sorghum

3.5 Impact of Sorghum Grain ­Processing on Nutritional Composition

3.5.1 Effect of grain processing on nutrient composition of sorghum ­products

3.5.2 Assessment of sorghum semi-­processed products based on nutrient superiority for marketability

3.6 Conclusion

4 Value Chain: On-Farm Production Interventions

4.1 Identification of Genotypes for Specific End Products

4.1.1 Analysis of physical attributes of sorghum genotypes

4.1.2 Analysis of biochemical attributes of sorghum genotypes

4.1.3 Identification of high protein digestibility and amino acid profiles in sorghum genotypes

4.1.4 Variability and correlation analysis for biochemical grain quality traits in sorghum genotypes

4.1.5 Shelf-life studies of rabi sorghum grain cultivars

4.2 End Product-Specific Sorghum Cultivation through Backward Integration: a Pilot Project

4.2.1 Sorghum yield in kharif season

4.2.2 Sorghum yield in rabi season

4.2.3 Economics of improved sorghum cultivars in kharif season

4.2.4 Economics of improved sorghum cultivars in rabi season

4.2.5 Comparative yield and economics of kharif and rabi sorghum

4.2.6 Factorization of income from on-farm sorghum production

4.3 Conclusion

5 Value Chain: Processing Interventions

5.1 Background and Scope

5.2 Recent Millet Food Processing Initiatives by ICAR

5.3 Why is Processing Intervention Needed in Sorghum?

5.4 Structure of the Sorghum Grain

5.5 Sorghum Processing

5.5.1 Sorghum milling technology

5.5.2 Wet milling for starch extraction

5.5.3 Sorghum dehulling/decortications

5.5.4 Effect of parboiling on milling and cooking quality

5.5.5 Standardization of particle size for different products

5.5.6 Formulation of designer semolina for enhanced resistant starch

5.5.7 Development and standardization of sorghum-rich multigrain flour

5.5.8 Intervention on sorghum flours

5.5.9 Storage studies on sorghum rich multigrain flour in different packages

5.5.10 Enhancing shelf life of sorghum flour and multigrain flour

5.6 Development of Sorghum Products

5.6.1 Roti, mudde and peda

5.6.2 Sorghum bakery products

5.6.3 Fermented sorghum products

5.6.4 Sorghum malt products

5.6.5 Sorghum lassi

5.6.6 Sorghum flakes

5.6.7 Pop sorghum and sorghum puffs

5.6.8 Sorghum extruded products

5.6.9 Fat-free sorghum crunches

5.6.10 Instant mixes

5.6.11 Formulation of masala for the preparation of sorghum flakes and pops

5.6.12 Standardization of flavourings for sorghum pasta

5.6.13 Sensory properties of cooked sorghum foods for daily consumption

5.7 Conclusion

6 Value Chain: Interventions Related to Consumer Acceptability, Entrepreneurship, Commercialization, Promotion and Policymaking

6.1 Consumer Acceptability and Market Feasibility of Newly Developed Sorghum Products

6.1.1 Sampling and methodology

6.1.2 Sorghum-rich multigrain atta

6.1.3 Sorghum biscuits

6.1.4 Sorghum vermicelli

6.1.5 Sorghum semolina (for uppit)

6.1.6 Sorghum semolina (for sira)

6.1.7 Sorghum flakes

6.1.8 Conclusion

6.2 Entrepreneurship Development in Millet Product Technologies

6.2.1 Entrepreneurship development at farm level

6.2.2 Entrepreneurship Development Programmes for women, rural ­entrepreneurs and urban start-up ­entrepreneurs

6.2.3 Entrepreneurship Development Programmes in various states

6.3 Commercialization of Sorghum Product Technologies on a Pilot Scale

6.3.1 Branding, labelling and packaging

6.3.2 Launching of eatrite brand by IIMR

6.3.3 Commercialization of the sorghum product technologies

6.4 Sensitization of Policymakers

6.4.1 Organizing national and ­international conferences

6.4.2 Formation of a taskforce for promotion of millets

6.5 Promotion of Value Added Healthy and Convenient Sorghum Product Technologies

6.5.1 Communication strategies

6.6 Conclusion

7 Impact Assessment of Value Chain on Millet Foods

7.1 Impact Assessment on Various Stakeholders in Value Chain ­Development of Sorghum

7.1.1 Farmers – impact of end ­product-specific sorghum cultivation

7.1.2 Processors – processing diversification and product development

7.1.3 Entrepreneurs – entrepreneurship development

7.1.4 Policymakers

7.1.5 Consumers

7.1.6 Conclusion

7.2 Business Plan for Sorghum Value-Added Product Technologies

7.2.1 Opportunity for developing value-added sorghum products

7.2.2 Seasonality vs quality of sorghum

7.2.3 Backward integration and supply chain management

7.2.4 Prospective districts where ­backward linkages as well as production can be taken up

7.2.5 Structure of organization and phases of development

7.2.6 Product launch

7.2.7 Market and competitor analysis

7.2.8 State-wise potential markets for launching sorghum products

7.2.9 Industry size estimation

7.2.10 SWOT analyses of sorghum food products

7.2.11 Product-wise SWOT analysis

7.2.12 Production plan

7.2.13 Financial plan

7.2.14 Marketing plan

7.2.15 Alternative strategies for selling the products

7.2.16 Risk factors

7.2.17 Social impact

8 Value Chain of Millets: Lessons to Learn and Prospects for the Future

8.1 Constraints and Challenges in the Value Chain of Millets

8.1.1 Production constraints

8.1.2 On-farm technological ­backstopping

8.1.3 Clustering of farmers

8.1.4 Primary and secondary processing of sorghum

8.1.5 Shelf life remains a challenge

8.1.6 Policy

8.1.7 Inadequate promotional awareness on health aspects

8.1.8 Conclusion

8.2 Scope for Replication, ­Upscaling, Horizontal Expansion and Export Avenues

8.2.1 Upscaling and replication

8.2.2 Horizontal expansion within India

8.2.3 Export avenues

8.3. The Future of Demand Creation for Millets: a Sustainable Approach

Appendices

Index

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Appendices

List of Abbreviations