Fast Facts: Deficit di piruvato chinasi per pazienti e sostenitori: Una rara malattia genetica che colpisce I globuli rossi Informazioni + assunzione del controllo = migliore risultato
By R. Grace
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Fast Facts - R. Grace
Che cos’è il deficit di piruvato chinasi?
Il deficit di piruvato chinasi (PK) è una rara malattia genetica che colpisce i globuli rossi. Tutti coloro che soffrono di deficit di PK sono nati con questa malattia, anche se la diagnosi è stata formulata in età adulta. Per capire quali sono gli effetti del deficit di piruvato chinasi, è necessario comprendere il ruolo dei globuli rossi sani e della piruvato chinasi, nonché capire cosa accade ai globuli rossi in presenza di deficit di PK.
Il ruolo dei globuli rossi
I globuli rossi presentano una forma flessibile, detta a disco biconcavo, dall’aspetto di una sfera appiattita. Questa forma flessibile permette alle cellule di farsi strada attraverso gli stretti vasi sanguigni (capillari) mentre forniscono ossigeno all’organismo. I globuli rossi sani possono passare attraverso i capillari più piccoli.
Il ruolo della piruvato chinasi
I globuli rossi producono energia convertendo il glucosio (uno zucchero) in piruvato (un’importante molecola del metabolismo) e in una molecola ad alta energia chiamata adenosina trifosfato (ATP) nel corso di un processo a più fasi chiamato glicolisi.
La piruvato chinasi è un enzima che svolge l’ultima fase di questo processo, ossia converte una proteina chiamata fosfoenolpiruvato in piruvato e ATP. Una minore quantità di piruvato chinasi dà origine a una minore quantità di ATP e così i globuli rossi hanno meno energia.
L’energia generata dalla glicolisi aiuta i globuli rossi sani a preservare la loro forma e flessibilità, nonché a proteggersi da lesioni (danno ossidativo). In presenza di normale quantità di piruvato chinasi, i globuli rossi sono in grado di generare sufficiente ATP per sopravvivere mediamente 120 giorni.
Distruzione dei globuli rossi
La distruzione dei globuli rossi è chiamata emolisi. Normalmente, dopo 120 giorni i globuli rossi vengono distrutti ed eliminati dal circolo dalla milza.
I globuli rossi che non possiedono sufficiente piruvato chinasi non sono in grado di generare l’energia necessaria per preservare la propria forma e vanno più facilmente incontro a rottura rispetto ai globuli rossi sani. Anziché sopravvivere per 120 giorni, i globuli rossi carenti di PK vivono soltanto pochi giorni o poche settimane.
Il processo di distruzione dei globuli rossi (emolisi) causa anemia emolitica (carenza di globuli rossi o basso livello di emoglobina) e ittero cutaneo (aspetto giallastro della pelle), a sua volta causato dalla bilirubina, una