C#: A Comprehensive 3-in-1 Guide: From Beginner to Expert, Quickly Master C# Programming Without Prior Experience

By Chloe Annable

Do you want to learn C# Programming quickly and easily?

Are you aspiring to build robust and durable applications, whether you're a beginner or a more experienced developer?

Are you searching for a step-by-step guide that is not only practical but also easy to understand?

If your answer is yes to any of these questions, then "C#: A Comprehensive 3-in-1 Guide: From Beginner to Expert" is the perfect book for you!

This comprehensive guide, bundled into three books, is designed for individuals looking to enhance their job prospects and careers, as well as developers aiming to excel in programming skills and build secure applications, even if they have no prior coding knowledge.

Why choose this guide? Because it offers a unique approach to learning C# that is both dynamic and interactive. Whether you're a complete beginner or someone with more experience, each chapter in this book builds on the previous ones, providing a simple, step-by-step approach to mastering C#.

Theory into Practice Right Now:

You will delve into the theory of C# programming and learn how to apply it immediately. This book doesn't just focus on theory and boring explanations; it provides a dynamic and interactive guide that offers solid practical experience.

Simple Instruction Manual with Practical Experience:

This guide not only serves as a simple instruction manual but also provides a dynamic and interactive experience. You'll gain hands-on practical knowledge that goes beyond theoretical concepts.

Essential Tools and Strategies for All Levels:

Whether you are a complete beginner or someone with more experience, this guide equips you with all the essential tools and best strategies to learn C#. It covers the basics for newcomers and offers advanced knowledge for those seeking to enhance their skills.

With "C#: A Comprehensive 3-in-1 Guide," you will discover:

C# - The Ultimate Beginners Guide To Learn C# Programming Step-by-Step:

 

An introduction to the C# language.
Basic concepts and principles of writing computer programs.
Understanding data types & variables.
How to work with variables.
Different data types supported by C#.
Operators, expressions & when to use them on data.
Understanding console input & output.
Definition of classes & its implementation.
Working with text files.

 

If you want to master C# faster than ever, regardless of your current skills or expertise, look no further. This 3-in-1 guide is your ultimate companion on the journey to becoming an expert C# programmer!

• Language: English
• Publisher: Chloe Annable
• Release date: Jan 7, 2024
• ISBN: 9798224706754

Book preview

C#

A Comprehensive 3-in-1 Guide: From Beginner to Expert, Quickly Master C# Programming Without Prior Experience

Copyright © 2024, Chloe Annable

Copyright © 2024, Chloe Annable

Copyright © 2024, Chloe Annable

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

Published by Chloe Annable

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BOOK 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1:

C# An Overview

CHAPTER 2:

Types and Variables

CHAPTER 3:

Operators and Expressions

CHAPTER 4:

Console Input and Output

CHAPTER 5:

Conditional Statements

CHAPTER 6:

Loops

CHAPTER 7:

Arrays

CHAPTER 8:

Numeral Systems

CHAPTER 9:

C# Methods

CHAPTER 10:

Recursion

CHAPTER 11:

Exception Handling

CHAPTER 12:

Strings and Text Processing

CHAPTER 13:

Defining Classes

CHAPTER 14:

Working with Text Files

CHAPTER 15:

Data Structures

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

BOOK 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:

Introduction - Setup and History of C#

CHAPTER 2:

C# Interfaces

CHAPTER 3:

Namespaces

CHAPTER 4:

Advanced Decision Statements and Flow Control

CHAPTER 5:

Reflection

CHAPTER 6:

Collections

CHAPTER 7:

Indexers

CHAPTER 8:

Generics

CHAPTER 9:

Garbage Collection

CHAPTER 10:

Lambda Expressions and Expression Trees

CHAPTER 11:

Nullable Types

CHAPTER 12:

Anonymous Types

CHAPTER 13:

LINQ

CHAPTER 14:

The Factory and Composite Pattern

CHAPTER 15:

The Observer Pattern

CHAPTER 16:

The Facade Pattern

CHAPTER 17:

Asynchronous Programming

CHAPTER 18:

Game Development

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

BOOK 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1:

Advanced C# Language Features

CHAPTER 2:

Building Class Libraries

CHAPTER 3:

Type Reflection and Late Binding

CHAPTER 4:

Attribute-Based Programming

CHAPTER 5:

CIL and Dynamic Assemblies

CHAPTER 6:

Windows Presentation Foundation

CHAPTER 7:

ASP .NET

CHAPTER 8:

NET Core

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

If Ayou Aare Ataking Aup Aprogramming, Alearning AC# Ais Aone Aof Athe Abest Adecisions Ayou Awill Amake. AKnowledge Aof AC# Ahelps Ayou Alay Athe Aright Afoundation Afor Ayour Acareer Ain Aprogramming. AWith Athis Aknowledge, Ait Ais Aeasier Ato Aadvance Ainto Amodern Aprogramming Alanguages. AYou Awill Aalso Afind Ait Aeasier Ato Alearn Asome Asoftware Adevelopment Atechnologies, Atoo. AThe Aprinciples, Aconcepts, Aand Aknowledge Alearned Ain Athis Abook Aare Auseful Aeven Afor Aprogrammers Awho Ado Anot Awish Ato Aventure Adeeper Ainto AC# Aprogramming. AYou Awill Arealize Athat Amost Aof Athe Aconcepts Aare Across-platform Ain Athat Ayou Acan Astill Aapply Aand Aimplement Athem Ain Aother Alanguages.

An Aimportant Apoint Aof Anote Awhen Areading Athis Abook Ais Athat Athe Abasic Aconcepts Aand Aprinciples Aof Awriting Acomputer Aprograms Ahave Aremained Aunchanged Afor Amore Athan Aa Adecade. AEven Aas Anew Aprogramming Alanguages Aenter Athe Afray Aand Atechnologies Aadvance, Athe Aprinciples Aof Aprogramming Ahave Aremained Athe Asame. ATherefore, Aas Aa Abeginner, Ayou Ashould Alearn Ato Athink Ainstinctively Afrom Athe Astart. AWhile Alearning Aabout AC# Aprogramming, Ayou Ashould Aalso Astart Athinking Aabout Aalgorithms Aand Asolving Aproblems. AProgramming Ais Aessentially Aabout Amaking Athe Aworld Abetter, Aone Aline Aof Acode Aat Aa Atime.

This Abook Ais Aideal Anot Ajust Afor Abeginners, Abut Aalso Afor Aanyone Awho Ahas Aalready Aventured Ainto Aprogramming, Abut Ais Alooking Ato Ago Afurther. AIt Ais Awritten Ain Aa Amanner Asuch Athat Ayou Awill Astart Afrom Ascratch Aand Agrow Ainto AC#, Amastering Athe Afundamentals Aalong Athe Away. AWhile Ait Amight Anot Aturn Ayou Ainto Aa Asoftware Adeveloper Aor Asoftware Aengineer Aovernight, Ait Awill Ahelp Ayou Alay Athe Afoundation Aupon Awhich Ayou Acan Ascale Aup Ayour Aknowledge Ain Aprogramming Aand Atechnology, Awhich Ayou Acan Athen Ause Ato Amap Athe Away Aforward Afor Ayour Acareer.

For Areaders Awho Acan Aalready Awrite Asome Asimple Alines Aof Acode, Aprograms, Aor Aeven Aif Ayou Ajust Astarted Aa Aprogramming Acourse Ain Aschool, Ado Anot Aassume Aanything. AThis Ais Athe Abest Aattitude Ato Aget Ayou Athrough Athe Aworld Aof

programming. ANever Aunderestimate Aanything Ayou Acome Aacross, Aor Aits Apotential. AWhile Athis Abook Ais Awritten Afor Abeginners, Ayou Awill Alearn Aimportant Askills Aand Aconcepts Athat Amany Aexpert Aprogrammers Ado Anot Ahave.

If Ayou Ahave Asome Aprogramming Aexperience, Ayou Acan Aalso Aread Athis Abook Ain- Adepth Aand Aremind Ayourself Aof Athe Aconcepts Ayou Ahave Alearned. AThis Awill Ahelp Ayou Aadvance Ainto Aobject-oriented Aprogramming Aand Aworking Awith Aalgorithms. AComputer Ascience Aand Aknowledge Ain Aother Ainformation Atechnologies Ais Anot Amandatory Aprior Ato Areading Athis Abook, Abut Awill Ahelp Ayou Acomprehend Athe Acontent Abetter.

One Aof Athe Amost Aimportant Askills Ayou Aneed Ain Aprogramming Ais Athe Adesire Ato Alearn. AThis Ais Awhat Amakes Athe Adifference Abetween Asuccessful Aand Afailed Aprogrammers. AThere Aare Amany Alawyers, Aengineers, Aand Aexperts Ain Aother Afields Awho Ahave Asince Aadvanced Ainto Aprogramming Abecause Aof Atheir Adesire. AYou Awill Aencounter Aseveral Achallenges Ain Ayour Aprogramming Acareer, Aand Awithout Athe Adesire, Ayou Amight Alack Athe Amotivation Ato Apush Athrough Athem. AThis Aalso Aexplains Awhy Athese Adays Ayou Acome Aacross Amany Agood Aprogrammers Aand Adevelopers Ain Athe Aindustry Awithout Aa Adegree Ain Acomputer Ascience. ABasic Acomputer Aliteracy Ais, Ahowever, Aa Amust Ahave.

Using Avariables, Aworking Awith Adata Astructures, Aorganizing Alogical Astatements, Awriting Aconditional Astatements, Aloops, Aand Aarrays Aare Asome Aof Athe Afundamental Aprogramming Askills Ayou Awill Alearn Ain Athis Abook. AThis Aknowledge Aunderpins Aother Acomplex Aconcepts Ayou Awill Alearn Alater Aon Ain Ayour Aprogramming Acareer, Asuch Aas Aexception Ahandling Aand Astring Aprocessing.

C# Ais Ayour Agateway Ato Aobject-oriented Aprogramming, Awhich Ais Aa Aprerequisite Afor Amodern Aprogramming Aand Asoftware Adevelopment. AOver Atime Ayou Awill Ago Aon Ato Awrite Ahigh-quality Aprograms Aand Awrite Acode Ato Asolve Acomplex Aproblems Ain Athe Areal Aworld. AThis Ais Athe Aultimate Acall Afor Aany Aprogrammer: Aalgorithms Aand Asolving Aproblems.

Learning AC#, Ayou Awill Aalso Aneed Ato Afamiliarize Ayourself Awith AMicrosoft’s

.NET Aplatform. AC# Ais Aa AMicrosoft Aproject Awhich Ahas Asince Abeen Aused Aas Aa Aplatform Afor Amost Aof Athe Asuccessful AMicrosoft Aprojects Awe Aare Aaccustomed Ato, Aincluding Awebsites, Adesktop Aapplications, Aweb Aapplications, Aand Aoffice Aand

mobile Aapplications. AAs Aa Ahigh Alevel Alanguage, AC# Afeatures Ain Athe Asame Aleague Aas Athe Alikes Aof AC++ Aand AJava.

Over Athe Ayears, AC# Ahas Agrown Ato Abecome Aone Aof Athe Aleading Alanguages Apreferred Aby Aprogrammers Aand Adevelopers Aall Aover Athe Aworld. AThis Ais Apartly Adue Ato Aits Aversatility Ain Athe Adevelopment Aecosystem, Aand Aalso Abecause Aof AMicrosoft’s Abacking Aas Atheir Ago-to Aplatform Afor Adeveloping Aand Aprogram Aexecution. AThis Ameans Athat Aif Ayou Aever Aplan Ato Awork Ain Aany Aof Athe Acompanies Athat Aare Abacked Aby AMicrosoft, Alearning AC# Awill Agive Ayou Aa Acompetitive Aedge Aover Ayour Apeers. AConsidering AMicrosoft’s Aposition Ain Athe Aworld Aof Atechnology, Ayou Acan Aalso Atake Apride Aknowing Athat AC# Awill Acontinue Ato Areceive Abacking Afrom Aone Aof Athe Apowerhouses Ain Athe Aindustry Afor Ayears Ato Acome.

Compared Ato AC Aand AC++, AC# Ais Aone Aof Athe Aeasiest Amodern Aprogramming Alanguages Ayou Acan Alearn. AMillions Aof Aprogrammers Aall Aover Athe Aworld Acode Ain AC#. AAs Aan Aobject-oriented Aprogramming Alanguage, Ayou Awill Abe Alearning Ahow Ato Awork Awith Areal Aworld Aissues. ACheck Aany Ajob Alisting Awebsite Aand Ayou Awill Afind AC# Aand A.NET Aamong Athe Amost Arequested Askills Aby Aclients Aand Aemployers, Arivaling Athe Alikes Aof AJava Aand APHP.

As Ayou Aventure Ainto Aprogramming, Aremember Athat Aknowing Ahow Ato Aprogram Ais Amore Aimportant Athan Athe Alanguage Ayou Ause. AWhatever Atechnology Aor Alanguage Ayou Aneed, Ayou Awill Amaster Ait Afaster Aif Ayou Aknow Ahow Ato Aprogram, Awhich Ameans Amastery Aof Athe Abasics. AYou Awill Aalso Arealize Athat Aprogramming Ais Aessentially Abuilt Aaround Aspecific Aprinciples Athat Aevolve Agradually Awith Atime. AIt Ais Asuch Aprinciples Athat Awill Amake Aup Athe Acore Aof Athis Abook.

When Areading Athis Abook, Aprepare Ayourself Afor Alots Aof Apractice. AYou Awill Anever Alearn Aprogramming Aby Areading Aalone. AYou Amust Aapply Athe Aknowledge Alearned Ato Asharpen Ayour Askills. AThe Amore Aprogramming Achallenges Ayou Aattempt, Athe Afaster Ayou Awill Alearn Aand Aacquaint Ayourself. AWrite Acode Aall Athe Atime. AThere Ais Ano Abetter Away Ato Alearn AC# Aor Aany Aother Aprogramming Alanguage.

CHAPTER A1:

C# AAn AOverview

From Athe Aonset, Aprogramming Ais Aabout Aworking Awith Acomputers Aat Adifferent Alevels. AYou Aare Agetting Ainto Aa Aworld Aof Aissuing Acommands Aand Aorders Athat Ayour Acomputer Awill Aexecute Athrough Acompilers. AIn Athe Aprogramming Aworld, Athis Ais Areferred Ato Aas Aissuing Ainstructions. AProgramming, Atherefore, Ais Aan Aact Aof Aorganizing Aassignments Aissued Ato Aa Acomputer Athrough Ainstruction Asequences. AThis Ais Awhere Aalgorithms Acome Ain. AAt Aa Alater Astage Ain Ayour Aprogramming Acareer, Ayou Awill Adelve Adeeper Ainto Aalgorithms. AAn Aalgorithm Ais Asimply Aa Asequence Aof Asteps Athe Acomputer Afollows Ato Aaccomplish Aan Aassignment.

There Aare Adifferent Aprogramming Alanguages Ain Athe Amarket Atoday, Awhich Aare Aresponsible Afor Athe Aprograms Awe Ause Aon Aour Acomputers, Asmartphones, Aand Aother Adevices. AEverything Ayou Ause Aonline Ais Awritten Ain Asome Aprogramming Alanguage. AProgramming Alanguages Aare Awritten Ato Acontrol Acomputers Aat Adifferent Alevels. AWe Ahave Alanguages Athat Aare Awritten Ato Ainstruct Acomputers Aat Athe Alowest Alevels. AAn Aexample Aof Athese Ais Aan Aassembler. AWe Aalso Ahave Alanguages Athat Aare Awritten Ato Ainteract Awith Acomputers Aat Asystem Alevel. ASuch Alanguages Ainstruct Athe Acomputer Athrough Athe Aoperating Asystem Arunning. AA Agood Aexample Ais AC. ABeyond Athis Awe Ahave Aprogramming Alanguages Athat Aare Aused Ato Ainteract Awith Acomputers Athrough Aprograms Aand Aapplications. AThese Aare Athe Alanguages Ain Awhich Athe Aprograms Aare Awritten. ASuch Alanguages Aare Aknown Aas Ahigh Alevel Alanguages, Aand Ain Athis Acategory Awe Ahave Athe Alikes Aof AC#, APHP, APython, AC++, ARuby, AJava, Aand AVisual ABasic Aamong Amany Aothers.

Programming Ain Aa Ahigh Alevel Alanguage Alike AC# Ainvolves Ahaving Aaccess Ato, Aand

controlling, Amost Acomputer Aservices, Aeither Athrough Athe Aoperating Asystem Aor Aby Adirectly Aassigning Acomputing Aresources Ato Athe Aservices. ABefore Awe Ajump Ainto AC# Aprogramming, Athis Aoverview Awill Agive Ayou Aa Aglimpse Aof Adifferent Aaspects Aof Asoftware Adevelopment, Ahelping Ayou Aunderstand Athe Aprogramming Aprocess Abetter.

Any Aprogrammer Ayou Acome Aacross Amight Atell Ayou Ahow Atime-conscious Aand Acomplex Atheir Aassignments Aare. AThere Aare Atimes Awhen Ayou Ahave Ato Awork Awith Aother Aprogrammers Afrom Adifferent Adepartments, Aor Aeven Acollaborate Aonline Awith Aprogrammers Ain Adifferent Alocations. ATo Ameet Athe Acollaboration Aneeds, Aprogrammers Ause Adifferent Apractices Aand Amethods Ato Amake Atheir Awork Aeasier. AIn Aany Aof Athe Amethods Aapplicable, Ayou Awill Ago Athrough Athe Afollowing Asteps:

Step A1: AUnderstanding Athe Aassignment Aand Agathering Aall Athe Ainformation Aand Aresources Anecessary

At Athe Aonset, Ayou Aonly Ahave Aan Aidea Aof Athe Aproject Ayou Aare Aabout Ato Awrite. AThe Aidea Aincludes Aa Alist Aof Ainstructions, Arequirements, Aor Athe Akind Aof Ainteraction Aexpected Abetween Athe Acomputer Aand Athe Auser. AThis Ainformation Ais Aproperly Adefined. AAt Athis Apoint Ain Atime, Athere Ais Ano Aprogramming Aexpected Aof Ayou. AIt Ais Aabout Aidentifying Aand Aclearly Adefining Athe Aproblem Aat Ahand.

Step A2: APreparation Aand Aplanning Athe Astructure Aand Adesign Aof Ayour Aprogram

Having Aunderstood Athe Arequirements, Ayour Anext Astep Ais Ato Aprepare Aand Aplan Athe Aprogram Adesign. AYou Acome Aup Awith Aa Atechnical Aplan Athat Awill Aguide Athe Aimplementation Aof Ayour Aproject. AIn Athis Acase, Athe Atechnologies, Aplatform, Aand Aarchitecture Aof Athe Aprogram Aare Adesigned. AThis Ais Athe Afirst Apoint Ain Athe Adevelopment Aprocess Awhere Ayour Acreativity Acomes Ain.

In Athis Astage, Asome Aof Athe Adecisions Ayou Amake Awill Ainclude Athe Atype Aof Aapplication, Afor Aexample Aa Aclient-server, Adesktop Aapplication, Aor Aweb Aapplication. AToday Aa Alot Aof Aclients Aseek Amobile Aapplications Ato Abring Atheir Aproducts Acloser Ato Athe Atarget Aaudience.

You Aalso Ahave Ato Athink Aabout Athe Adevelopment Aarchitecture, Awhether Ayou Aplan Aon Ausing Asingle, Adouble, Aor Amultiple Alayer Aarchitecture Aand Aso Aon. AYou Awill Aalso Athink Aabout Athe Aprogramming Alanguage Awithin Awhich Ayou Awill Awrite Athe

program, Aincluding Athe Alikes Aof AC#, APython, ARuby, Aor AJava.

Having Asettled Aon Athe Aprogramming Alanguage, Ayou Aalso Ahave Ato Athink Aabout Athe Atechnologies Aand Adevelopment Aframeworks. AIn Aterms Aof Atechnologies, Ayou Awill Abe Alooking Aat Aplatforms Alike A.NET, Aa Adatabase Aserver Asuch Aas AMySQL Aor AOracle, Aand Auser Ainterface Atechnologies Alike AASP.NET Aand AFlash. AThere Aare Alots Aof Aother Atechnologies Ayou Acan Aconsider Afor Ayour Aproject, Adepending Aon Ayour Aimplementation Aprocess Aand Athe Aparts Aof Athe Asoftware Asystem Ayou Awish Ato Abuild.

On Athe Atechnical Afront, Ayou Awill Aalso Ahave Ato Aconsider Athe Adevelopment Aframework Afor Ayour Aproject. ASay Ayou Aare Awriting Aa Aprogram Ain APython; Ayou Amight Awant Ato Aconsider ADjango, Aor ARails Aif Ayou Aare Aprogramming Ain ARuby.

Away Afrom Athe Atechnical Aaspects Aof Athe Aproject, Athink Aabout Athe Acomposition Aof Ayour Adevelopment Ateam. AHow Amany Adevelopers Aare Apart Aof Athe Aproject, Aand Ahow Aconfident Aare Ayou Athat Atheir Askills Awill Asuit Athe Aproject Adevelopment Arequirements?

Step A3: AThe Aimplementation Astage A(writing Athe Aprogram)

This Ais Athe Aprogramming Astage. AYou Awrite Athe Aprogram Ain Aline Awith Athe Aarchitecture, Adesign, Aand Aclient Ainstructions. AYou Awill Awrite Athe Asource Acode Afor Athe Aprogram. AMost Aof Athis Abook Ais Awritten Awith Aa Aview Aof Ahelping Ayou Amaster Athis Aimportant Astage Ain Acreating Ayour Aproject.

Step A4: AProduct Atesting Aand Atrials

Testing Aand Atrials Ais Aan Aimportant Astage Aonce Ayou Ahave Awritten Athe Aprogram. AThe Aidea Ahere Ais Ato Aascertain Awhether Aall Athe Aprogram Arequirements Aare Amet Aaccordingly. AWhile Ayou Acan Atest Ayour Aprogram Amanually, Ait Ais Aalways Aadvisable Ato Aautomate Atests. AAutomated Atests Aare Asmall Aprograms Awritten Ato Amake Athe Atrial Aprocess Aseamless Aand Aefficient.

Quality Aassurance Aengineers Aoften Awork Awith Aprogrammers Ain Athis Astage Ato Aidentify Aand Afix Abugs Ain Athe Aprogram. ANote Athat Ain Athis Astage, Athe Aobjective Ais Ato Aidentify Adefects Ain Ayour Acode, Aand Afor Athe Amost Apart, Ayou Awill Anot Awrite Anew Acode.

Step A5: ADeployment

After Apassing Athe Atesting Aand Atrials Astage, Athe Aprogram Amoves Ato Adeployment. AIn Athis Astage, Athe Aproduct Agoes Ainto Aexploitation. AThe Acomplexity Aof Athe Aprogram Aand Anumber Aof Apeople Ait Aserves Adetermine Ahow Afast Athis Aprocess Awill Abe, Aand Athe Acosts Ainvolved. AIn Amost Acases, Ayou Awill Acreate Aa Asmall Aprogram Aknown Aas Aan Ainstaller. AInstallers Aensure Aeasy Aand Afast Ainstallation Aof Athe Aprogram.

Once Athe Aprogram Ais Adeployed Asuccessfully, Athe Anext Astep Ais Ato Atrain Ausers Aon Ahow Ato Ause Ait Aeffectively. AThis Ais Awhere Adeployment Aexperts Acome Ain. ADeployment Aexperts Ainclude Asystem Aadministrators, Asystem Aengineers, Aand Adatabase Aadministrators. AWhile Ayou Adon’t Aneed Ato Awrite Anew Acode Aat Athis Astage, Ayou Acan Atweak Aand Aconfigure Athe Aexisting Acode Aaccordingly Ato Aensure Ait Ameets Athe Aclient Arequirements Afor Asuccessful Adeployment.

Step A6: AMaintenance Aand Asupport

It Ais Aprudent Ato Aexpect Aerrors Aand Aproblems Aat Adeployment. ASuch Aproblems Aarise Afrom Adifferent Afactors, Aespecially Aat Aconfiguration Aand Asoftware Aerrors. AMore Aoften, Aproblems Aarise Abecause Auser Arequirements Achange, Amaking Ait Aalmost Aimpossible Afor Athe Aprogram Ato Ameet Athe Aclient Aneeds Abecause Aas Acurrently Aconstituted, Athe Aprogram Acan Ano Alonger Aperform Athe Atasks Afor Awhich Ait Awas Acreated.

It Adoes Anot Amatter Ahow Agood Athe Aproject Ais, Amaintenance Aand Asupport Aare Aneeded Athroughout Athe Alife Aof Athe Aproject. AThe Anature Aof Asupport Aoften Adepends Aon Athe Akind Aand Aextent Aof Achanges Amade Ato Athe Aproject, Aand Athe Anumber Aof Apeople Ainvolved Ain Athe Amaintenance Aand Asupport Aprocess.

The Adevelopment Acycle Aof Aevery Aprogram Ainvolves Athe Asix Asteps Aabove. ABeyond Athat, Ayou Ahave Athe Adocumentation Astage Awhich Abasically Asums Aup Aall Athe Astages Aabove. ADocumentation Ais Aimportant Ain Athat Ait Aconnects Aall Athe Asteps, Aand Ais Auseful Ain Adevelopment Aand Aprogram Asupport. AThis Astage Ais Aperformed Aby Adevelopers Aand Aother Aexperts Ainvolved Ain Abuilding Athe Aprogram.

At Athis Apoint, Ayou Acan Aalready Asee Athat Athere Ais Amore Ato Aprogramming Athan Awriting Acode. ALet’s Amove Aon Aand Awrite Aour Afirst AC# Aprogram. AFrom Ahere, Awe Acan Adelve Adeeper Aand Alearn Amore Aalong Athe Away. AA Atypical AC# Aprogram Alooks Alike Athis:

class AHello AWorld

{

static Avoid AMain(string[] Aargs)

{

System.Console.WriteLine(Hello AWorld);

}

}

This Ais Aa Asimple Ainstruction Ato Aprint AHello AWorld Aat Aoutput. AIt Ais Astill Atoo Aearly Ain Athe Adevelopment Acycle Ato Aexecute Athe Aprogram, Abut Awe Awill Ause Athis Aexcerpt Ato Ahelp Ayou Aunderstand Athe Aprogram Astructure.

From Athe Ainstruction Aabove, Ayou Acan Adeduce Athe Afollowing Athree Aimportant Alogical Aparts Aof Athe Aprogram:

AClass Adefinition AHello AWorld;

This Ais Athe Afirst Aline Aof Athe Aprogram, Adefining Athe Aclass AHello AWorld. AThe Asimplest Aclass Adefinition Awill Aalways Ainclude Athe Akeyword Aclass, Afollowed Aby Athe Aname Aof Athe Aclass. AThe Aclass Ain Aour Aexample Ais AHello AWorld, Awhose Acontents Aare Aenclosed Ain Aa Ablock Aof Acode Awithin Acurly Abrackets A{}.

AMethod Adefinition AMain();

The Athird Aline Aof Athis Aprogram Adefines Athe Amethod Awith Athe Aname AMain(). AThis Ais Awhere Athe Aprogram Abegins. AAll Aprograms Awritten Ain AC# Amust Astart Afrom Athis Amethod, Afollowed Aby Athe Asignature A(title) Abelow:

static Avoid AMain(string[] Aargs)

This Ais Ahow Awe Adeclare Amethods Ain AC#. AMethods Ashould Abe Astatic Aand Avoid, Aand Ainclude AMain Aand Ain Athe Alist Aof Aparameters, Ahave Aonly Aone Aparameter Aof Athe Atype Aarray. AIn Athe Aexample Aabove, Awe Ahave Athe Aparameter Aargs, Athough Awe Acan Aomit Ait Asince Ait Ais Anot Amandatory. AWe Acan, Atherefore, Asimplify Athe Acode Aabove Aas Afollows:

static Avoid AMain()

Take Anote Aof Athe Ainstructions Aabove Abecause Aif Aany Aof Athem Aare Anot Amet, Ayour Aprogram Awill Anever Aexecute. AThe Aprogram Amight Astill Acompile, Abut Asince Athe Astarting Apoint Ais Anot Aproperly Adefined, Ait Awill Anot Aexecute.

AMethod Acontents AMain().

When Awriting Aprograms Ain AC#, Ayou Ainclude Athe Acontent Aof Aevery Amethod Aafter

the Asignature, Aenclosed Awithin Athe Acurly Abrackets. AAs Ayou Acan Asee Aabove, Awe Ahave Aused Athe Asystem Aobject ASystem.Console Aand Athe Amethod AWriteLine() Ato Aprint Athe Amessage AHello AWorld. AIn Athis Amethod, Ayou Acan Awrite Aany Amanner Aof Aexpressions, Aand Athey Awill Abe Acompiled Aand Aexecuted Ain Athe Asequence Aorder Ayou Aassign Ato Athem. AWe Awill Adiscuss Amore Aof Athese Aconcepts Aas Awe Ago Adeeper Ainto Athe Abook.

Going Aforward, Ayou Amust Aalso Akeep Ain Amind Athat AC# Ais Aa Acase-sensitive Alanguage. ATherefore, Awhen Awriting Acode Ain AC#, Abe Acareful Awith Ayour Aupper Aand Alower Acase Acode. AIn AC#, Astatic Aand AStatic Ado Anot Amean Athe Asame Athing. AThis Arule Aapplies Ato Aall Aaspects Aof Ayour Aprogram, Aincluding Aclass Anames, Avariable Anames, Aand Akeywords.

This Abrings Aus Ato Aformatting Arules. AThere Aare Aa Afew Asimple Aguidelines Ayou Ashould Aalways Aremember Awhen Aformatting Acode Ain AC#:

AllAmethodAnamesAmustAbeginAwithAaAcapitalAletter

AllAvariableAnamesAmustAbeginAwithAaAlowercaseAletter

AllAclassAnamesAmustAbeginAwithAaAcapitalAletter

Methods Amust Abe Aindented Awithin Aclass Adefinitions Ausing Athe ATab Acharacter Aon Ayour Akeyboard.

The Amethod Acontents Amust Abe Aindented Awithin Athe Amethod Adefinition

You Amust Aplace Athe Aopening Acurly Abracket A{ Aon Aits Aown Aline, Aand Aunder Athe Aclass Aor Amethod Ato Awhich Ait Arefers.

You Amust Aplace Athe Aclosing Acurly Abracket A} Aon Aits Aown Aline, Aand Adirectly Aunder Athe Arelevant Aopening Abracket, Ausing Athe Asame Aindentation.

Code Aindentation, Aas Aused Ain Athe Apoint Aabove Ais Aanother Aimportant Arule Ayou Amust Aadhere Ato Awhen Awriting Acode Ain AC#. AWhen Awriting Asome Anew Acode Ainside Aanother Aset Aof Acode, Ayou Amust Aindent Ait Ato Athe Aright Ausing Aa Asingle ATab. AFor Aexample, Aif Ayou Aare Anesting Aa Amethod Awithin Aa Aclass, Athe Amethod Aindents Afurther Ato Athe Aright Afrom Athe Aclass.

When Acoding Ain AC#, Aeach Aprogram Amust Ahave Aat Aleast Aone Aclass Adefinition. AEvery Aclass Ais Afurther Adefined Ain Aa Adifferent Afile, Awith Athe Afile Aname

corresponding Ato Athe Aclass Aname. AThey Amust Aalso Ahave Aa A.cs Aextension. AFrom

the Aexample Awe Aused Aabove, Awe Ahave Athe Aclass AHelloWorld, Aand Afor Athat Areason, Athe Afile Ais Asaved Ain Aa Afile Anamed AHelloWorld.cs.

C# Aand AThe A.NET APlatform

Microsoft Areleased Athe Afirst Aversion Aof AC# Aunder Athe A.NET Aplatform. AThis Aplatform Awas Abuilt Ato Aenhance Athe Asoftware Adevelopment Aplatform Afor Athe AWindows Aecosystem Athrough Amanaged Acode Aand Athe Avirtual Amachine Aconcept. AC# Ais Aa Ahigh-level Aobject-oriented, Ageneral Apurpose Aprogramming Alanguage. AWhile Athe AC# Asyntax Ais Asimilar Ato AC++ Aand AC, Amost Aof Atheir Afeatures Aare Anot Asupported Ain AC#. AThe Aidea Abehind Athis Ais Ato Amake Aprogramming Ain AC# Acleaner Aand Aeasier.

Programs Awritten Ain AC# Aare Acompiled Athrough Athe AC# Acompiler, Ain Athe Aprocess Acreating Aassemblies. AAssemblies Aare Afiles Athat Ashare Asimilar Anames Awith Athe Aprogram, Abut Ahave Aa Adifferent Aextension. AYou Acan Aidentify Aassemblies Awith Athe Aextensions A.dll Aor A.exe. AFor Aexample, Aif Awe Acreate Aa AHello AWorld Aprogram Aand Acompile AHelloWorld.cs, Ayou Awill Asee Aa Afile Aname AHelloWorld.exe Aor AHelloWorld.dll. AThere Aare Alots Aof Aother Afiles Athat Acan Abe Acreated Ain Athe Aprocess.

Why Ais Athe A.NET Aframework Aimportant? AYou Aget Aan Aerror Amessage Awhen Ayou Atry Ato Arun AC# Acode Aon Aa Acomputer Awithout Athe A.NET Aframework Ainstalled. AOther Athan Athat, Aone Aof Athe Abenefits Aof Athe A.NET Aframework Ais Aits Aautomatic Amemory Amanagement. AThis Ais Auseful Ato Aprogrammers Abecause Awithout Ait, Ayou Awould Ahave Ato Amanually Aallocate Amemory Ato Aobjects, Aand Adetermine Athe Aappropriate Atime Ato Arelease Athe Amemory Afrom Aobjects Athat Ano Alonger Arequire Asuch Aresources. AIt Ais Asafe Ato Asay Athat Awith Athe Aautomatic Amemory Amanagement Afeature, A.NET Ahelps Ato Aimprove Athe Aquality Aof Aprograms Aand Aat Athe Asame Atime, Aenhance Ayour Aproductivity.

The A.NET Aframework Ahas Aa Aunique Acomponent Aknown Aas Athe Agarbage Acollector. AThis Ais Aan Aautomated Amemory Acleaning Asystem Athat Achecks Awhen Amemory Aapportioned Ato Adifferent Avariables Ais Anot Ain Ause, Aand Areleases Ait, Amaking Ait Aavailable Afor Aother Aobjects Athat Amight Aneed Athat Amemory.

Another Abenefit Aof Athe A.NET Aframework Ais Athat Ayou Acan Aeasily Aexchange Acode Awith Aother Aprogrammers, Aas Along Aas Athey Acode Ain Aany Aof Athe A.NET Asupported Alanguages. ATherefore, Agiven Athat Ayou Aare Acoding Ain AC#, Ayou Acan Ause Acode

written Aby Aother Aprogrammers Awho Awrite Ain AF#, AManaged AC++ Aor AVB.NET. AAll Athis Ais Apossible Abecause Aall A.NET Alanguages Ause Asimilar Ainfrastructure Afor Aexecution, Adata Atypes, Aand Aassemblies.

The A.NET Aframework Aruns Aeffortlessly Abecause Aof Athe Acommon Alanguage Aruntime A(CLR). AThis Ais Athe Aenvironment Awithin Awhich Amanaged Acode Ais Aexecuted Ain AC#. AIt Ais Abecause Aof Athe ACLR Athat Ayou Acan Aexecute A.NET Aprograms Aon Adifferent Aoperating Asystems Aand Ahardware Asystems. AThe ACLR Ais Aessentially Aa Avirtual Amachine. AIt Atherefore Asupports Amemory Aaccess, Ainstructions, Aregistries Aand Ainput-output Aoperations. AThrough Athe ACLR, Ayou Aare Aable Ato Aexecute A.NET Aprograms Ausing Athe Acompetencies Aof Athe Aoperating Asystem Aand Aprocessor.

What Awe Arefer Ato Aas Athe A.NET Aplatform, Atherefore, Ais Aa Acombination Aof Athe ACLR, AC# Aprogramming Alanguage, Aand Aa Ahost Aof Alibraries Aand Aauxiliary Ainstruments.

CHAPTER A2:

Types Aand AVariables

When Acoding Ain AC#, Adata Atypes Aand Avariables Aare Aimportant Aconcepts Ayou Amust Aunderstand. AUnderstanding Atheir Acharacteristics Amakes Ait Aeasier Ato Adiscern Athe Aappropriate Ainstances Awhere Ayou Acan Ause Athem Awithout Ayour Aprogram Ayielding Aunsavory Aresults. AWhen Ait Acomes Ato Avariables, Ayou Aneed Ato Aknow Athe Aunique Afeatures Aand Ahow Ato Adeclare Aeach Avariable Acorrectly Ain Ayour Acode. AOther Athan Athat, Ayou Amust Aalso Aknow Ahow Ato Aassign Avalues Ato Avariables.

In Aprogramming, Ayou Awill Aoften Ause Arandom Avalues Awhose Aproperties Acan Achange Awhile Ain Aexecution. AYou Acan, Afor Aexample, Acreate Aa Aprogram Athat Ameasures Athe Abody Amass Aindex A(BMI). AObviously, Asince Athe Acalculations Adepend Aon Athe Aindividual’s Amass Aand Aheight, Ayou Acan Aexpect Adifferent Aentries Afrom Aeach Auser. ATherefore, Awhen Awriting Athe Aprogram, Ayou Ado Anot Aknow Athe Avalues Athat Aeach Auser Awill Aintroduce Aat Ainput, Aso Athe Abest Aoption Ais Ato Awrite Aa Aprogram Athat Acan Aprocess Aall Apossible Avalues Ausers Acan Aenter.

Each Atime Asomeone Aenters Aeither Athe Amass Aor Aheight Avalues Ato Adetermine Atheir ABMI, Athey Aare Atemporarily Astored Ain Athe Acomputer’s ARAM. AIt Ais Asuch Avalues Athat Achange Aat Aexecution Adepending Aon Athe Auser’s Ainput Athat Awe Acollectively Arefer Ato Aas Avariables.

Data ATypes

Data Atypes Arefer Ato Aa Arange Aof Avalues Athat Ashare Asimilar Acharacteristics. AFor Aexample, Athe Abyte Adata Atype Arefers Ato Aintegers Awithin Athe Arange Aof A0 Aand A255. AData Atypes Aare Aidentified Aaccording Ato Atheir Anames, Asize A(memory Aallocation)

and Adefault Avalues. AIn AC#, Athe Abasic Adata Atypes Aare Aalso Aknown Aas Aprimitive Adata Atypes Abecause Athey Aare Abuilt-in. AThey Aare Ahard-coded Ainto Athe AC# Alanguage Aat Athe Afundamental Alevels. ALet’s Alook Aat Athe Aprimitive Adata Atypes Abelow:

Integer ATypes

These Atypes Arefer Ato Ainteger Avalues Aand Aare Aas Afollows:

Asbyte

These Aare Asigned A8-bit Aintegers, Ameaning Athat Athey Acan Aonly Ahandle Aup Ato A256 Avalues A(2⁸), Aincluding Anegative Aand Apositive Avalues. AFrom Athe Adefault Avalue A0, Athe Aminimum Aand Amaximum Avalues Astored Aby Asbyte Acan Abe Aexpressed Aas Afollows:

SByte.MinValue A= A-128 A(-2⁷)

SByte.MaxValue A= A127 A(2⁷-1)

Abyte

Unlike Asbyte, Athese Aare Aunsigned A8-bit Aintegers. AThey Acan Aalso Ahandle Aup Ato A256 Ainteger Avalues. AHowever, Abytes Acannot Abe Anegative Avalues. AThe Adefault Abyte Avalue Ais A0, Aand Athe Aminimum Aand Amaximum Avalues Astored Ain Abytes Acan Abe Aexpressed Aas Afollows:

Byte.MinValue A= A0

Byte.MaxValue A= A255 A(2⁸-1)

Ashort

These Aare Asigned A16-bit Ainteger Avalues. AThe Adefault Avalue Afor Athe Ashort Atype Ais A0, Awhile Athe Aminimum Aand