Cancers In Children Demystified: Doctor’s Secret Guide

By Dr. Ankita Kashyap and Prof. Krishna N. Sharma

"Unlock the secrets to demystifying childhood cancer with the compassionate and comprehensive guide, "Cancers in Children Demystified: Doctor's Secret Guide." This enlightening book takes you on a journey through the world of childhood cancer, providing a deep understanding of its causes, risk factors, and the common types that affect young lives.

The holistic approach to preventing childhood cancer is at the heart of this guide, encompassing the role of nutrition, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and the importance of vaccinations. Empower children and families to take proactive steps in preventing cancer.

Explore the landscape of childhood cancer treatment options, including traditional approaches and complementary therapies, while understanding the integrative approach to providing the best care for young patients. The book emphasizes the importance of supportive care for children with cancer and long-term follow-up in their survivorship journey.

Coping with childhood cancer is not just a challenge for the young patients but also their families. This book offers emotional coping strategies for children and their parents, guidance on supporting siblings, and practical support to help families navigate this difficult journey together.

Life after childhood cancer is celebrated with a focus on physical and emotional well-being, social relationships and support, educational and career planning for survivors, and advocacy efforts to give back to the community.

Discover inspiring stories of childhood cancer survivors who have triumphed over adversity, found purpose and meaning, celebrated milestones, and supported others on their journey. Learn about the hope for the future through advances in childhood cancer research.

The book provides a comprehensive directory of resources and support, including organizations, online communities, financial assistance, educational support, and additional resources and helplines.

Understand the critical role of palliative care in providing comfort and emotional support for children with cancer and their families. Learn about end-of-life care and bereavement support and how palliative care can be integrated into childhood cancer treatment.

Advocacy and policy initiatives for childhood cancer are explored, emphasizing the importance of fundraising, improving access to quality care, legislative efforts, and global collaborations to combat childhood cancer.

Explore the future directions in childhood cancer research and treatment, with insights into advances in targeted therapies, personalized medicine, early detection and prevention strategies, supportive care innovations, and collaborative research efforts.

The book also focuses on promoting resilience and well-being in childhood cancer, addressing psychological well-being, building resilience, integrating holistic therapies, and creating a supportive environment for young patients and their families.

Finally, embrace the power of hope and positivity in childhood cancer, with stories of triumph, cultivating a positive mindset, finding joy in the journey, supporting each other, and moving forward with hope and positivity.

"Cancers in Children Demystified" is an indispensable resource for understanding, coping with, and advocating for a world where childhood cancer no longer holds young lives in its grasp."

• Language: English
• Publisher: Virtued Press
• Release date: Oct 23, 2023
• ISBN: 9798223996149

Dr. Ankita Kashyap

Dr. Ankita Kashyap stands as a trailblazing figure in Azamgarh, holding the title of the first female MD (Medicine) in the city. She is a General Physician, Author, World Record Holder, and TEDx Speaker of considerable renown. Her medical prowess is reflected in her roles as Head of Department at Maha Mrityunjay Hospital and as a Consultant at Medicure Medical Center, both in Azamgarh. Dr. Ankita's extensive experience is further highlighted by her previous positions as a Senior Resident at prestigious institutions and her engaging Visiting Faculty stints at St. Louis University, Cameroon; and Victoria University, Uganda. Beyond her medical expertise, Dr. Ankita is a literary force with over 100 books to her name, earning her the accolade of best-selling author.

Book preview

Chapter 1: Understanding Childhood Cancer

Causes of Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancer is known to be significantly influenced by genetic factors. Some juvenile tumours, including retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumour, are largely caused by inherited gene abnormalities. These mutations can enhance a person's vulnerability to cancer and are handed down from parents to their offspring. For instance, retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer that primarily affects young children, is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. Similar to Wilms tumour, which is a kidney cancer that mostly affects children, mutations in the WT1 gene have been associated to its occurrence. Individuals who are at a high risk of inherited gene mutations can be identified by genetic testing and counselling, which can then assist direct the right measures.

Environmental variables are also very important in the development of childhood cancer. Cancer risk can be markedly raised by exposure to specific compounds, whether they are consumed by pregnant women or are present in environmental contaminants. For instance, prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure has been connected to a higher risk of juvenile leukaemia. Similar to this, radiation exposure from nuclear fallout and medical imaging operations has been linked to a number of paediatric malignancies, including leukaemia and brain tumours. Environmental contaminants and pesticides, as well as industrial pollutants, have been linked to the emergence of paediatric cancer. It is crucial to spread awareness of these environmental elements and promote laws that reduce the risks of exposure.

Additionally, certain compounds that may help to cause juvenile cancer have been found through research. For instance, leukaemia has been associated with the chemical molecule benzene, which is present in gasoline, tobacco smoke, and several industrial operations. Similar to adults, children are more likely to develop secondary cancers if they are exposed to specific chemotherapy drugs used to treat previous tumours. Studies have also revealed a link between electromagnetic fields, such as those produced by power lines and electrical equipment, and childhood cancer. While additional research is required to demonstrate a clear causal association, it may be wise to limit exposure to these drugs and areas.

In addition to genetic and environmental influences, their interaction can also have an impact on a child's risk of acquiring cancer. According to research, people who are genetically predisposed to developing cancer may be more susceptible to environmental carcinogens. For instance, if exposed to environmental variables known to cause the development of a certain cancer, a kid with an inherited genetic mutation linked to that cancer may be more prone to acquiring that cancer. In order to identify those at high risk and develop specialised preventive measures, it is essential to understand these gene-environment interactions.

It's crucial to understand that environmental exposures, genetic variables, and specific drugs are not the only causes of paediatric cancer. Instead, they are complex in nature and frequently involve a mix of various factors. Furthermore, a variety of personal and societal factors, including financial position, access to healthcare, and dietary preferences, are likely to have an impact on the development of paediatric cancer. To get a thorough understanding of the factors that lead to childhood cancer, future research efforts should concentrate on figuring out the intricate relationships between these various elements.

In conclusion, there are many different factors that contribute to the development of paediatric cancer, including genetics, environmental exposures, exposure to certain drugs, and interactions between genes and the environment. Formulating successful prevention and intervention methods requires an understanding of these causes. The prevalence of juvenile cancer can be decreased by lowering environmental pollution, limiting exposure to certain substances, genetic testing and counselling, and supporting healthy lifestyles. We may make tremendous progress in demystifying and reducing this disease, ultimately increasing the wellbeing of our youngest and most vulnerable population, by collectively tackling the multifaceted nature of childhood cancer causes.

Risk Factors for Childhood Cancer

Children's cancer risk factors have been identified by paediatric oncology, which has achieved significant advancements in recent years. Despite the fact that not all kids with these risk factors will acquire cancer, being aware of them can assist direct our efforts in early identification and prevention.

The presence of the disease in the family is one of the major risk factors for childhood cancer. According to research, a child's risk of getting cancer increases if they have a close member who has had the disease, such as a parent or sibling. Certain genetic alterations that are inherited from parents in various situations might dramatically raise a child's risk of developing cancer. Because of this, parents who have a history of cancer in their family should speak with a genetic counsellor to determine their child's risk and look into possible preventative treatments.

A higher risk of paediatric cancer has also been connected to specific genetic disorders. For instance, compared to their classmates without the syndrome, children with Down syndrome are more likely to acquire leukaemia. Additional genetic disorders like Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis have also been linked to an increased risk of certain childhood malignancies. By correctly screening for certain genetic diseases, early interventions and improved risk management can be made possible.

Exposure to dangerous substances like radiation and chemicals is another significant risk factor that requires consideration. Children are more likely to get cancer when exposed to radiation, particularly during medical procedures like X-rays and CT scans. While some medical disorders require these procedures for diagnosis and treatment, it's important to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure wherever feasible.

A higher risk of paediatric cancer has also been related to exposure to several substances, including pesticides, industrial pollutants, and tobacco smoke. We can take measures to lessen our children's exposure, even though it is practically difficult to completely eliminate exposure to all potentially dangerous substances. This entails utilising organic and pesticide-free items, making sure that our homes have adequate ventilation, and abstaining from smoking around youngsters.

It is crucial to recognise the impact of lifestyle choices on childhood cancer in order to fully comprehend the effects of these risk factors. Although it would seem strange to link lifestyle choices to a condition that primarily affects young people, research has shown that particular routines and behaviours can influence the development of cancer even in children.

For example, inadequate diet and inactivity have been found to be risk factors for a number of cancer types, including those that afflict youngsters. A diet that is heavy on processed and sugary foods and light on fruits, vegetables, and healthy grains can raise your chance of developing cancer. Similar to how a sedentary lifestyle and little exercise can increase the chance of obesity, which is a proven risk factor for many cancer types.

Furthermore, a child's general health is significantly influenced by stress and mental stability. The immune system can be weakened by ongoing stress and trauma, which raises the risk of developing cancer. I fervently support integrating stress-reduction methods like mindfulness, meditation, and counselling into children's daily lives as a health and wellness coach. By encouraging emotional health, we can create resilience and advance general mental health in addition to lowering the risk of cancer.

This chapter's conclusion examines the risk factors for childhood cancer and emphasises the significance of comprehending and reducing these risks. We may make decisions that support our children's health and wellbeing if we are aware of their family history, genetic disorders, exposure to radiation or chemicals, poor lifestyle choices, and mental health. My dream is to equip parents and caregivers with the knowledge and tools they need to foster a caring environment that lowers the risk of childhood cancer and fosters a lifetime of health and happiness.

Common Types of Childhood Cancer

1. Leukemia:

A form of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood is called leukaemia. It is the most prevalent type of cancer in kids. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia are the two main kinds of leukaemia that commonly affect youngsters (AML).

Symptoms: The kind and stage of the disease can affect the leukaemia symptoms. Fatigue, pale skin, recurrent infections, bruising, bleeding, swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, and weight loss are typical symptoms.

Diagnosis: Several tests are carried out to identify leukaemia, including blood tests, bone marrow aspirations, and lumbar punctures. These tests assist in identifying the type, subtype, stage, and potential spread of the leukaemia.

Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation are frequently used in the treatment of childhood leukaemia. Radiation therapy may be used to target particular locations after the initial course of treatment, which is typically chemotherapy. When alternative treatments are unsuccessful, stem cell transplantation may be explored.

2. Brain Tumors:

The second most typical form of cancer in youngsters is brain tumours. They can grow in many brain regions and can either be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The three most typical kinds of paediatric brain tumours are medulloblastomas, gliomas, and ependymomas.

Symptoms: Depending on the tumor's location and size, children's brain tumour symptoms might range widely. Headaches, nausea and vomiting, seizures, balance and coordination issues, visual issues, personality abnormalities, and developmental delays are some of the more typical symptoms.

Diagnosis: Brain tumours are frequently diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, including MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to identify the kind and grade of the tumour.

Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are all available treatment modalities for brain tumours. The type, size, and location of the tumour all affect the treatment strategy. Surgery is frequently the initial step, then chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to kill any cancer cells that may still be present.

3. Neuroblastoma:

Typically occurring in children under the age of five, neuroblastoma is a cancer that mostly affects the adrenal glands. Additionally, nerve tissue in the pelvis, chest, abdomen, and spine may experience it.

Symptoms: A lump or mass in the abdomen, chest, or pelvis, bone discomfort, a fever, weight loss, anaemia, or overall irritability may be common signs of neuroblastoma.

Diagnosis: Tests are used to diagnose neuroblastoma, including blood and urine assessments, imaging assessments like CT and MRI scans, and occasionally a biopsy. These assessments aid in figuring out the severity and stage of the illness.

Treatment: Depending on the stage of the disease, neuroblastoma treatment may combine surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and supportive care may also be included in the specific treatment strategy, which is customised for each individual case.

4. Wilms Tumor:

Nephroblastoma, commonly known as the Wilms tumour, is a form of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between the ages of three and four. Although it normally affects only one kidney, it can also harm both of them.

Symptoms: An abdominal lump or swelling that causes no pain is the most prevalent sign of a Wilms tumour. High blood pressure, stomach ache, blood in the urine, and fever are some more symptoms that could exist.

Diagnosis: Imaging tests such an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI are used to diagnose Wilms tumours. To confirm the diagnosis and establish the tumor's stage, a biopsy may be carried out.

Treatment: Surgery to remove the tumour and the afflicted kidney is typically the first step in the treatment of Wilms tumour. To target any leftover cancer cells and lower the chance of recurrence, chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be applied either before or after surgery.

In conclusion, knowledge of the typical forms of childhood cancer is essential for early detection, prompt diagnosis, and effective treatment. Leukemia, brain tumours, neuroblastoma, and Wilms tumour symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment options might all differ, but because to medical advances and a multidisciplinary approach to care, children with these malignancies now have much better prognoses. We continue to work toward effective therapies and better outcomes for kids with cancer with the help of healthcare workers, medical professionals, and family support.

Early Detection and Diagnosis

A vital component of preserving a child's general health is routine checkups. They are particularly crucial for spotting any possible cancerous symptoms. Your child's paediatrician will perform a comprehensive physical examination at these checkups and may recommend particular tests to evaluate your child's health and growth. The paediatrician can build a baseline for your child's health thanks to these regular visits and spot any changes or abnormalities early on.

Parents and other adults who are responsible for children must exercise caution and pay close attention to their needs. The presence of persistent or uncommon symptoms should not be disregarded, even when some of the symptoms may be related to common paediatric disorders. Knowing the cancer warning signals can help with early identification and diagnosis. Some frequent symptoms of cancer include unexpected weight loss, exhaustion, fever, unexplained discomfort, lumps or masses, and changes in the colour or texture of the skin. These warning signs may vary depending on the kind of cancer.

The outcome of a child's cancer journey can be significantly changed by recognising these warning signals and receiving medical care right away. Early detection enables the implementation of medical therapies prior to the cancer's further progression, boosting the likelihood of a successful treatment and raising overall survival rates.

Regular check-ups and knowledge of warning signals are important, but there are other risk factors that should also be taken into account. Making educated decisions regarding their child's health can be facilitated by parents and other caregivers being aware of these risk factors. A weakened immune system, genetic susceptibility, and exposure to specific environmental contaminants are some of the known risk factors for childhood cancer. It is crucial to go over these issues with your child's doctor and take the necessary precautions to minimise any hazards.

When a child displays cautionary indicators or symptoms that could point to the presence of cancer, it is critical to seek medical care very away. There are specialised diagnostic procedures for several paediatric malignancies that can help with an early diagnosis. Blood tests, imaging tests like X-rays and ultrasounds, and biopsies to study tissue samples are a few examples of typical diagnostic procedures.

The interval between seeing warning symptoms and starting diagnostic tests is very important. The earlier tests are performed, the quicker a diagnosis can be made, enabling prompt treatment and management plans to be implemented.