Touchpad Modular Ver. 1.1 Class 6

By Team Orange

Computer Science Textbook Designed for Joyful Learning

KEY FEATURES
- National Education Policy 2020
- Tech Funda: This section provides a practical information or tip to the students.
- Clickipedia: This section provides interesting computer facts.
- In The Lab: This is a lab activity to develop practical skills. (Subject Enrichment)
- Explore More: This section contains supplement topics for add-on knowledge.
- QR Code: Scan the QR Code given on the first page of each chapter to start chapter animation.
- Project Work: This is an assessment to challenge the students to apply the concepts learnt.
- DIGITAL RESOURCES

DESCRIPTION
Touchpad MODULAR (Version 1.1) series based on Windows 7 and MS Office 2010 is designed carefully keeping in mind the overall growth of the children. We have divided this book into modules and provided the student with focused content. The simple and step-by-step approach used in this book makes the content very easy to understand for the students.

The students will face a global competition once they step out of the school so they should be updated with the latest technologies like Artificial Intelligence which holds a promising future in the times to come. The best way to learn is, to do it through fun filled activities. To make content interesting through the course of the book we have included key features like Student Corner, Tech Funda, Clickpedia, Comp Caution, Exercise, In the Lab (Subject Enrichment), Teacher’s Corner, Periodic Assessment, Test Sheet, Project Work, Explore More, Keyboard Shortcuts and Glossary.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN
You will learn about:
- Fundamentals of computers
- ICT Tools
- Computational Thinking
- PowerPoint 2016
- Computer Languages
- Windows 7
- Basic-256
- Internet and E-mail
- Presentation

WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR
Grade - 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Classification of Computers and Computer Languages
2. Windows 7
3. Introduction to MS PowerPoint 2010
4. Working with MS PowerPoint 2010
5. Enhancing a Presentation
6. Advanced Features of MS PowerPoint 2010
7. Introduction to BASIC-256
8. Internet and E-Mail
9. Project Work
10. OGO Cyber Sample Questions
11. Explore More (PowerPoint 2016)
12. Keyboard Shortcuts (MS PowerPoint)
13. Glossary

• Language: English
• Publisher: Orange Education Pvt Ltd
• Release date: Dec 13, 2021
• ISBN: 9789390475803

Book preview

01

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER LANGUAGES

As you know that a computer is an electronic device used in different places for different purposes such as managing accounts in schools and reading at home. You have also learned about computer program and programming in the previous class. In this chapter, you will learn about the different types of computers and computer languages.

Categories of Computers

There are mainly four categories of computers: Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe computer and Supercomputer. Let us learn about them.

Microcomputer

A microcomputer is a type of computer that has one microprocessor as its processing unit. It is a small and less expensive digital computer. This type of computer is made to be used by single user at a time. Microcomputer is also called as Personal Computer (PC). Some examples of microcomputer are desktop, laptop and tablet.

Minicomputer

A minicomputer is a type of computer that is bigger, more expensive, and more powerful than a microcomputer. It can contain one or more microprocessors as its processing unit.

This type of computer is mainly used for scientific and engineering computations. A minicomputer has the capability to serve a number of users simultaneously. It is also known as small or midsize server computer. Some common examples of minicomputers are PDP-11, PDP-8, HP-3000, etc.

Minicomputer

Mainframe Computers

Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are very large, fast, powerful and more expensive than the minicomputers. They can have multiple microprocessors as their processing unit. Some mainframe computers are so big that they require as much large space as that of a room.

Mainframe computers are generally used in big organisations where large amount of data is used such as banks. Examples of mainframe computers are IBM zSeries, IBM 4381, ICL 39, etc.

Supercomputers

Supercomputers

Supercomputers are the largest and fastest of all types of computers. Even some supercomputers require much space as that of a floor of a building. The cost of supercomputer is very high. They can process very large amount of data quickly.

They are used in very big organisations and government departments to do tasks such as weather forecasting and rocket launching. PARAM was India’s first supercomputer developed in 1991. Some other examples of supercomputers are PACE, Titan, Sunway TaihuLight, Pratyush, Mihir, etc.

Computer Languages

A computer language is the medium by which instructions are transmitted to the computer to perform a specific task. It is a set of words, symbols and codes that the computer can understand. It is used to write the computer programs.

A computer program is a set of instructions written in a programming language. The process of writing a program is called programming. People who write the programs are called programmers. There are a number of programming languages worldwide. Some languages were developed for specific computers, others were developed for specific uses such as scientific or business applications. Computer languages are classified into two major categories:

Low-Level Language (LLL)

A low-level language is a programming language that is machine dependent. A program written in machine dependent language runs only on one particular type of computer. This type of programs are not easily portable to other type of computers. There are two categories of low-level languages which are Machine language and Assembly language.

Machine Language

Machine language is the only language understood by the computer. It is also known as first generation language (1GL). Machine language is very difficult for programmers to use because it only consist of two digits, 0 and 1, called binary digits or bits. Where, the bit '0' represents the OFF state and the bit '1' represents the ON state.

Assembly Language

To overcome the inconvenience of machine language, an assembly language was developed. It is also known as second generation language (2GL). It is the language in which program codes are written in the form of alphanumeric symbols called ‘Mnemonics’ instead of 0 and 1. In the assembly language, a programmer writes abbreviations such as A for addition, C for compare, L for load, and M for multiply. Because of this feature, it is also known as ‘Symbolic Language‘.

High-Level Language (HLL)

High-level language is a programming language that enables a programmer to write programs that are machine independent. This type of languages are considered as high-level languages because they are closer to human languages and away from machine languages. The main advantages of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write and maintain. There are three main categories of high-level languages which are third generation languages, fourth generation languages and natural languages.

Third Generation Languages (3GL)

In third generation languages (3GL), the programmer writes a series of English like words that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it.

Many third generation languages also use arithmetic operators such as * for multiplication and + for addition. These English like words and arithmetic notations make it easy for a programmer to write the programs. Some early procedural 3GL are BASIC, PASCAL, C and FORTRAN. Some other advanced object-oriented 3GL are C++, Java, and C#.

Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)

The fourth generation languages also use English like statements. They specify what the program should accomplish without explaining how. A 4GL is fast and requires less time and effort on the part of the programmer. In fact, 4GLs are so easy to use and programmers with very little programming background can develop programs. Examples of 4GL are SQL, Perl, Python, etc.

Natural Languages (5GL)

The fifth-generation languages, also known as natural languages are the programming languages