Automatic Image Annotation: Fundamentals and Applications

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Automatic Image Annotation

The process of automatically assigning metadata to a digital image in the form of captioning or keywords is referred to as automatic image annotation. This procedure is carried out by a computer system. This use of computer vision techniques is utilized in image retrieval systems to organize and locate photographs of relevance from inside a database. These systems are typically found in digital libraries.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Automatic image annotation

Chapter 2: Information retrieval

Chapter 3: Image retrieval

Chapter 4: Content-based image retrieval

Chapter 5: Bag-of-words model in computer vision

Chapter 6: Object detection

Chapter 7: Learning to rank

Chapter 8: List of datasets for machine-learning research

Chapter 9: Multilinear principal component analysis

Chapter 10: Annotation

(II) Answering the public top questions about automatic image annotation.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of automatic image annotation in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of automatic image annotation' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of automatic image annotation.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Jul 6, 2023

Book preview

Chapter 1: Automatic image annotation

The term automatic image annotation refers to the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata to a digital image, such as a caption or keywords. Images that are of interest can be quickly located and sorted through databases using this application of computer vision techniques.

This technique can be thought of as a multi-class image classification with a huge number of categories, potentially as big as the vocabulary. When trying to automatically annotate new images, machine learning techniques typically use image analysis in the form of extracted feature vectors and the training annotation words. Machine translation techniques were then developed to attempt to translate the textual vocabulary with the 'visual vocabulary,' or clustered regions known as blobs. Initially, methods learned the correlations between image features and training annotations. Classification methods, relevance models, and other related works followed these initial initiatives.

Automatic image annotation has the upper hand over content-based image retrieval (CBIR) because it allows for more intuitive query formulation. Users of CBIR are currently tasked with either finding example queries or searching by image concepts like color and texture. Some aspects of the images used as examples may distract the user from the idea they should be considering. Manually annotating images for traditional image retrieval methods like those used in libraries is labor-intensive and time-consuming, especially considering the size and growth of existing image databases.

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Chapter 2: Information retrieval

In computing and information science, information retrieval (IR) is the action of locating and selecting a set of resources from an information system that meet a specific information need. Content-based indexing, such as full text indexing, can be used for searches. Searching for information in a document, searching for documents, searching for metadata that describes data, and searching for databases of texts, images, or sounds all fall under the umbrella of information retrieval.

Information overload can be mitigated with the help of automated information retrieval systems. Access to books, journals, and other documents is just the beginning of what an IR system can do for you. The most well-known IR applications are web search engines.

When a user or searcher inputs a query into the system, the process of retrieving the requested information begins. Queries are structured expressions of information needs, such as search strings in online search engines. In information retrieval, a query does not always result in a uniquely identified item. It's more likely that multiple objects will match the query, though their relative importance may vary.

The term object refers to anything that can be found as a record in a data store. The database is used to answer user queries. Results returned from information retrieval may or may not match the query, unlike traditional SQL queries of a database, so results are typically ranked. Information retrieval search differs significantly from database search in that results are ranked. Rather than storing the actual documents themselves, an IR system will often use document surrogates or metadata to represent the documents.

In most cases, IR systems will assign a numerical score to each object in the database based on how closely it matches the query. The user is then presented with the highest-rated