Kinematics of the Brain Activities Vol. V: Plasticity, Elasticity and Resonating of the Neural Networks

By Mostafa M. Dini

Plasticity establishes a permanent connectivity of the synapses in
more rigid networks, which when excited, all will communicate
together. Elasticity maintains an instant connectivity between neural
networks by bringing synapses in a suitable communication
distance. The other way of internal communication in brain is
through the nerve fibers when two neural network configurations in
a far distance can resonate together. The integration of these types of
communications is the mean that the brain functions.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Sep 11, 2012
• ISBN: 9781477143841

Mostafa M. Dini

Mostafa M. Dini graduated in Chemical Engineering. His greatest achievements to date go back to working as a conceptual designer for years. His taste is scientific both experimental and theoretical. He likes nature and has tried to live closely to nature. He believes living close to nature brings back peace and love to humanity.

Book preview

Kinematics

Of The Brain

Activities

Plasticity, Elasticity and Resonating of the Neural Networks Vol. V

Mostafa M. Dini

Copyright © 2012 by Fluent Writing Ltd.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012912671

ISBN: Hardcover 978-1-4771-4383-4

Softcover 978-1-4771-4382-7

Ebook 978-1-4771-4384-1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

To order additional copies of this book, contact:

Xlibris Corporation

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111242]

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Chapter I

Brain Activities From Different Aspects

Kinematics of the Brain Activities During Waking and Sleeping

How Thoughts and Dreams Are Created Differently

A Mentation Run

Principles of the Brain Activities

Chapter II

Networks and Elasticity

Neural Network Topology Variations Within the Elasticity Limits of the Brain Layers

Stress-Absorbing Range of Different Layers

Cellular to Layer Stresses

Stress Input and Attention

Electrochemical Reaction, Self-Induction Field and Stress Transfer

Stress Input and Stress Flow Through the Brain

Limitations to Strain-Stress Limits

Chapter III

Entry Stress Ranges; Strain-Stress Characteristics In Different Areas and Areas Time-Behavior Specialty

Different Regions’ Structures Capable to Provide Different Storing and Releasing Properties

Explicit/Implicit Memories, Consciousness and Visibility

Physical Meaning of Consciousness

Spectrum of Memories Saved In Different Magnification Levels

Working Memory and Carrying Substrates

Chapter IV

Brain Functionality

Hierarchical Arrangement of Modules

Hierarchical Model of the Modularity In A Brain Activity

Brain Functional Modeling By Substrate Structures

Neural Connectivity In the Brain

Connectivity and Pattern Communication

Chapter V

How Memory Components Find A Site to Sit On

How Object Perceptions are Segregated, Spread, and Saved In Individual Networks

A Crystallized Pattern of Networks, A Dynamic Pattern and A Continuity Pattern

Emotion Sites In the Amygdala and Functional Memory Over the Cortex

Matching Synapses’ Plasticity, Neural Network Complication, and Stress-Strain Marks

Type of Structure and the Related Memory Functions In the Middle Brain

An Emotion Is An Alarm and Defensive Mechanism to Prevent Tissue Damage

Strain Accumulation and Memory Build Ups

Resonance Between Far-Distance Neural Networks

Chapter VI

The Cerebral Cortex Hosts the Main Pathway, Having Attractors In the Other Parts

Elasticity Versus Plasticity In Brain Layers

Activity Interconnections Because of the Elasticity, Recalling of Characters and Behaviours Because of Plasticity and Resonation

Combination of Static and Dynamic Images In A Brain Activity

Pathway, Stress Forwarding Path Through Networks

Utilization of Pattern Separation and Pattern Completion In Ongoing Brain Activities and Memory Building

Counter Influence of Neuron Networks On Genes and Genes On Neuron Networks

Stress Flow Through A Substrate and Containing Network Changes

Structural Characteristics of the Brain Areas and Substrates and the Specialty

Growth of Neurons Under Strain and Formation of Functional Substrates

Pathway Parameters

Dynamics of the Neuron Networks

Measures In Mentations

Brain Development Along the Life

Chapter VII

Dreams

In Dreams

Types of Dreams

An Emotion Portrait In A Dream

Chapter VIII

More Detailed Principles of the Model

Future Works Based On the Model and Possible Gains

An Integrated Claimed Model

Conclusion

Endnotes

Preface

Continuum mechanics is the physics of continuum material. It branches into the solid mechanics and fluid mechanics.

Elasticity (returning to the rest position after removing the stress source) and plasticity (deforming to a new configuration even after the removal of the stress source) are the two main subjects of the solid mechanics.

In fluid dynamics, two categories of Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are discussed.

Rheology studies materials with both solid and fluid characteristics.

Brain is a continuum material although divided into subdivisions of outer, middle, and inner brain with layers, regions, and areas in each section.

Continuity in brain special is remarkable by neural networks connecting every location of it together.

Kinematics of the activities in the brain considers a semisolid and semi-non-Newtonian fluid as a media for conducting free electrochemical energy through its neural networks with specific properties of elasticity and plasticity.

In neuroscience, although neural networks have found a considerable highlighting in the recent decade, they have been considered generally within a solid brain.

In the layout of the sections in this volume, it is tried to follow the same sequence of contents as the previous volumes, starting by giving a general view of the subject in chapter I; discussing the stress-strain relationship in chapter II, considering a neural network structure for the brain; interpretation of brain functions by the kinematic model in chapter III; brain function based on the functional modules of substrates in chapter IV; how the memories are build up in different areas in chapter V; Structures in different areas and the type of memories store in those areas in chapter VI; and finally, the type of mentations occur during the regeneration period of sleep.

Introduction

Fundamentally, similar to time and length as basic dimensions responsible for dynamic and static parameters in the nature, temporal and spatial dimensions can be defined in longitudinal and spatial directions for the activities in the brain. Brain provides the same number of basic dimensions for patterns as nature provides for things. If structure, movement, and relationship between them (function) are the three basic concepts in the nature, then images (character) and motor outputs (behavior), and linking function between those are the overall brain principles; while neural plasticity, elasticity and the correlation between them are the fundamental elements of those activities. The functional aspect in the brain can be extracted from kinematics of the brain activities through the setting of the neural networks under strain. Psychologically, emotion conveys an equivalent meaning as the neural networks settings under strains. However, as one cannot concentrate on the functional aspect of the things in nature, it is difficult to focus on the functional aspect of patterns in the brain and easier to follow the brain activities by the appearing characters and behavioral images (static and dynamic aspects of the patterns). In kinematics of the brain activities, memory structures, memory links (as behavior) and governing interactions (emotions or reasoning) are the main subjects to be studied. All these activities appear in streams of dreaming, feeling and thinking and any other flow of thoughts and images. Memory building as the process of the input pattern separation and the involved emotion or reasoning as the higher plasticized connections with the other memories and new pattern integrations are the fundamentals for any brain activity. Memories are the well-plasticized neural networks, and brain outputs are the result of chains of neural networks elasticity behavior. To connect and relate plasticity and elasticity together, there is a spontaneous mechanism which provides vitality to the brain. Plasticity has a variable range; elasticity also has a variable range. When those variables in combination provide continuity between plasticity and elasticity, like a rubber, its structure can be changed slightly and absorb tensions as well, but within a limit of strains; and beyond that limit the tissues will yield to rupture. However, brain as a self-regulating system whenever external straining sources are quiet internally utilizes the strain-confined locations as the internal inputs to activate approaching a balance state. This spontaneous mechanism is applied all over the brain, as a complex and a self-regulating system indicating with the strain waves. Straining within a linear limit and immediate releasing, accidental overstraining and following periodical releases or reconfiguration of synapses are the natural behavior of this complex system approaching the equilibrium bifurcation points to find structural stability. Approaching the equilibrium bifurcation points to find structural stability consists of a loop of inputs, processing, and outputs with many feedback loops, checking internal and external resources. In all these phenomena, not only neurons and their connections are involved, but their detail configurations of the firing gates are also involved. Consequently, firing fractals and patterns undergo changes and create changing images. If the linear strains and releases are not highlighted, overstrains and following major reliefs are accompanied by pains and reliefs as the basic emotions. As a result, emotion links the static and dynamic images which are cited over neural networks through the firing patterns, and preserve a continuity of the strains and reliefs. Similar to a mathematical function which can be utilized for different media parameters, an emotion or reasoning logics as a functional operator join several static and dynamic images together. For example, some general functions can be applied in the different fields of mass; heat or momentum transfers and even electricity currents. In brain also, similar operators either emotion or reasoning logics may run a variety of static and dynamic images.

Those images governed by the same emotion are symbols for each other because activation of anyone evokes the same emotion and recalls the same emotion-family images.

Emotions and logics work as a pattern screener to build or to recall a memory by adopting the firing gates configuration in synapses and the resulting firing patterns. Static images, depending on the carrying neural network flexibility, have a range of variation; as well as dynamic images have similarly a range of variation. Overlapping of these two variations defines the emotion attached to those static and dynamic images.

The overlapping variations indicate the dependency of the static and dynamic aspects of a firing pattern, as well as the independency of their combination from other images. If the shared variation goes beyond an elasticity limit, the related tissues overstrain, and the emotion will explode to release overstrain and save the tissue from rupturing; otherwise the overstrain will damage the tissue, and in its extremes, the adjacent vein may rapture and a stroke happens.

In short, there are three categories of parameters in the brain: memory structures, thought currents and emotions or logics. If the two first parameters are the static and dynamic characters of the brain, emotion and logic are the kinematics parameters of the brain.

Brain is a complex and self-regulating system working spontaneously and therefore is vital and controls the vitality of the body. Emotions and logics develop, evolve, and increase in numbers during the life.

Chapter I

Brain Activities From Different Aspects

Physics, biology, neuroscience and psychology are the main domains for the brain activity studies. Synchronized firing clouds fractals and their changes; firing gates distributions and changes; synapses/axon network configurations and vibrations; neuron fibres network configurations and convolutions; synapses networks curvatures and waving in layers; brain layers folds and stress flow are the physical aspects of affecting the brain activities.

Cellular Na+/K+ exchange and spiking; gene maps and functionality; underlying chemical and catalytic reactions, formation and decomposition are some of the biological processes in the brain.

Motivation, perception, cognition, reasoning, memory building and remembering; attention and the emotional awareness are some of the psychological processes which occur in the brain.

The different processes in different above domains should somehow support each other fundamentally. The kinematics model is the subject which explains how the brain activities in the physical domain are related.

Kinematics of the Brain Activities During Waking

and Sleeping

The revelations of Devout and Learn’d

Who rose before us, and as Prophet burn’d,

Are all but Stories, which, awoke from Sleep

They told their comrades and to sleep return’d.

Omar Khayyam

With