2 Corinthians, Volume 40: Second Edition

By Ralph P. Martin

Pastors and students will appreciate this new edition with its up-to-date bibliography and discussion of pertinent issues. In this full revision and update of the book of Second Corinthians, Dr. Ralph P. Martin addresses the scholarly questions about the text of the epistle and the significance of Paul’s thought for Christian living and ministry.

In a penetrating analysis of Paul’s responses to the various crises within the Corinthian congregation, Dr. Martin gives insight into the particular problems of Christianity as expressed in the hedonistic, cosmopolitan setting of Corinth. He shows how Paul’s attempt to clearly distinguish the gospel from Hellenistic Judaism and Hellenistic Jewish Christian ideology results in a moving statement of the Christian message. Rather than the “theology of glory” prevalent in Corinth, Paul articulates his theology of the Cross as a “theology of weakness,” of servanthood and ministry. What was at stake at Corinth, says Dr. Martin, was “nothing less than the essence of the kerygma as in expressed in the way of the cross. . . for proclamation and daily living.” New sections on the Collection and Rhetoric have been added, and the issues of Composition and Social Setting of the letter have been included, along with topics such as the Spirit, the Opponents, Paul's Theology, and the Resurrection in this epistle.

 

The Word Biblical Commentary series offers the best in critical scholarship firmly committed to the authority of Scripture as divine revelation. It is perfect for scholars, students of the Bible, ministers, and anyone who wants a theological understanding of Scripture.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Zondervan
• Release date: Oct 10, 2017
• ISBN: 9780310586296

Ralph P. Martin

Ralph Martin (1925-2013) was a distinguished New Testament scholar who served for many years on the faculty of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. He was the author of numerous studies and commentaries on the New Testament, including Worship in the Early Church, the volume on Philippians in The Tyndale New Testament Commentary series, and 2 Corinthians and James in the Word Biblical Commentary, for which he also served as New Testament editor.

Book preview

Word Biblical Commentary

Volume 40

2 Corinthians

Second Edition

Ralph P. Martin

General Editor: Ralph P. Martin

Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford

New Testament Editor: Lynn Allan Losie

Editorial Board

Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford (2011–)

New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids (2013–)

Past Editors

General Editors

Ralph P. Martin (2012–2013)

Bruce M. Metzger (1997–2007)

David A. Hubbard (1977–1996)

Glenn W. Barker (1977–1984)

Old Testament Editors:

John D. W. Watts (1977–2011)

James W. Watts (1997–2011)

New Testament Editors:

Ralph P. Martin (1977–2012)

Lynn Allan Losie (1997–2013)

Volumes

*forthcoming as of 2014

**in revision as of 2014

The first edition of this commentary paid tribute to a founding editor, Glenn Wesley Barker (1920–1984). Now it is in a similar way that this revised version is dedicated to another member of the editorial team.

IN MEMORIAM

Bruce Manning Metzger

(1914–2007)

Professor Metzger served as General Editor for only a few years, but left his unique stamp on the series. His work as textual scholar, translator, and teacher is valued by all who knew him, joined to his Christian character and unassuming modesty.

PUBLISHER’S NOTE

This second edition of 2 Corinthians was completed by Ralph Martin shortly before his death in 2013. It is only in-house production time that resulted in the commentary being published posthumously. Zondervan Academic deeply appreciates the role that Dr. Martin has played in the Word Biblical Commentary series.

ZONDERVAN

2 Corinthians, Volume 40

Copyright © 1986, 2014 by Ralph P. Martin

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005 295211

ePub Edition August 2017: 978-0310-58629-6

The author’s own translation of the text appears in italic type under the heading Translation.

Any Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this book are offered as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement by Zondervan, nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Contents

Editors’ Preface

Author’s Preface to First Edition

Preface to Revised Edition

Abbreviations

Commentary Bibliography

General Bibliography

Introduction

1. Corinth: City and Church

2. Paul’s Visits to Corinth

3. Correspondence with the Church at Corinth

4. An Analysis of 2 Corinthians

5. An Outline of 2 Corinthians

6. Literary Problems in 2 Corinthians

Excursus: The History of the Composition of 2 Corinthians

Excursus: The Composition of 2 Corinthians (1985–2007)

Carl N. Toney

7. The Setting of 2 Corinthians in Paul’s Life

8. Features of 2 Corinthians

Excursus: Rhetorical Studies of 2 Corinthians

Carl N. Toney

Excursus: The Social Setting of 2 Corinthians

Mark W. Linder

Excursus: The Opponents of Paul in 2 Corinthians: An Old Issue Revisited

Excursus: Theology and Mission in 2 Corinthians

Text and Commentary

I. Address (1:1–2)

II. The Past Experience of Paul Reviewed (1:3–11)

A. Praise and Encouragements (1:3–7)

B. Paul’s Trial in Asia (1:8–11)

III. Transition to the Letter’s First Theme (1:12–14)

IV. Paul’s Self-Defense of His Travel Plans (1:15–2:13)

A. Travel Plans Reviewed (1:15–22)

B. Paul’s Travel Plans Explained and His Earlier Letter Justified (1:23–2:11)

C. Paul’s Concern for Corinth (2:12–13)

V. The Main Theme: Paul’s Apostolic Ministry (2:14–7:16)

A. The Apostle’s Adequacy for Ministry (2:14–3:6)

B. Life under the Two Covenants (3:7–18)

C. Apostolate, Kerygma, Ministry (4:1–6)

D. Paul’s Ministry: Its Glory and Frailty (4:7–18)

E. The Heavenly Dwelling (5:1–10)

Excursus: Resurrection in 2 Corinthians

Carl N. Toney

F. The Motives for Paul’s Preaching and Living (5:11–15)

G. Living in the New Age (5:16–21)

H. Paul’s Appeal for an Open Heart (6:1–13)

I. The Temple of the Living God (6:14–7:1)

J. The Good Report of Titus (7:2–16)

VI. The Collection (8:1–9:15)

Excursus: Note on the Pauline Collection

Excursus: The Collection in 2 Corinthians (1985–2008)

D. J. Downs

A. Commendation of the Macedonians (8:1–6)

B. The Appeal to the Corinthians (8:7–15)

Excursus: Note on Israel’s Salvation and the Gentiles’ Reconciliation

C. The Mission of Titus (8:16–24)

D. Commendation of the Brothers to Achaia (9:1–5)

Excursus: The Relationship of 2 Corinthians 8 and 9

E. The Collection and the Unity of the Church (9:6–15)

VII. Fresh Troubles in Corinth (10:1–13:10)

A. Paul’s Self-Vindication (10:1–11)

B. The Issue of Paul’s Ministry (10:12–18)

C. The Emissaries Identified and Opposed (11:1–15)

D. Paul’s Fool’s Story (11:16–12:10)

1. Boasting: True and False (11:16–21a)

2. Paul’s Trials (11:21b–33)

3. Paul’s Ecstasy and Its Evaluation (12:1–10)

E. Paul’s Apostolate Justified (12:11–18)

F. Warnings and a Third Visit Promised (12:19–13:10)

VIII. Conclusion (13:11–13)

Excursus: The Spirit in 2 Corinthians in Light of the Fellowship of the Holy Spirit in 2 Corinthians 13:14

Scripture Index

Subject Index

Author Index

Editors’ Preface

The launching of the Word Biblical Commentary brings to fulfillment an enterprise of several years’ planning. The publishers and the members of the editorial board met in 1977 to explore the possibility of a new commentary on the books of the Bible that would incorporate several distinctive features. Prospective readers of these volumes are entitled to know what such features were intended to be; whether the aims of the commentary have been fully achieved time alone will tell.

First, we have tried to cast a wide net to include as contributors a number of scholars from around the world who not only share our aims, but are in the main engaged in the ministry of teaching in university, college, and seminary. They represent a rich diversity of denominational allegiance. The broad stance of our contributors can rightly be called evangelical, and this term is to be understood in its positive, historic sense of a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation and to the truth and power of the Christian gospel.

Then, the commentaries in our series are all commissioned and written for the purpose of inclusion in the Word Biblical Commentary. Unlike several of our distinguished counterparts in the field of commentary writing, there are no translated works, originally written in a non-English language. Also, our commentators were asked to prepare their own rendering of the original biblical text and to use the biblical languages as the basis of their own comments and exegesis. What may be claimed as distinctive with this series is that it is based on the biblical languages, yet it seeks to make the technical and scholarly approach to a theological understanding of Scripture understandable by—and useful to—the fledgling student, the working minister, and colleagues in the guild of professional scholars and teachers as well.

Finally, a word must be said about the format of the series. The layout, in clearly defined sections, has been consciously devised to assist readers at different levels. Those wishing to learn about the textual witnesses on which the translation is offered are invited to consult the section headed Notes. If the readers’ concern is with the state of modern scholarship on any given portion of Scripture, they should turn to the sections on Bibliography and Form/Structure/Setting. For a clear exposition of the passage’s meaning and its relevance to the ongoing biblical revelation, the Comment and concluding Explanation are designed expressly to meet that need. There is therefore something for everyone who may pick up and use these volumes.

If these aims come anywhere near realization, the intention of the editors will have been met, and the labor of our team of contributors rewarded.

General Editors: Bruce M. Metzger†, David A. Hubbard†, Glenn W. Barker†

Old Testament Editors: John D. W. Watts, Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford

New Testament Editor: Ralph P. Martin†

Preface to the First Edition

Paul’s second letter to the Corinthians can claim at least one distinction in the Pauline corpus and in the history of interpretation: it is both the paradise and the despair of the commentator. No other New Testament book, it seems, is in need of such careful exposition; and hands and minds more skilled than the present interpreter’s have confessed that this letter is one of the most difficult writings in the New Testament. It is necessary to set the scene and investigate—as far as this is possible at our distance from apostolic times—the background of Paul’s tempestuous dealings with the Corinthian congregation. Much, however, has to remain speculative in our inquiries, and we can only hope that we have guessed accurately at Paul’s meaning in several parts of the letter, e.g., in the identity of the opposition he encountered at Corinth.

Yet the enterprise is well worth the effort. The value of 2 Corinthians to the people of God, whether clergy or laity, is self-evident, and it has a special claim on the thoughtful pastor who is searching for his or her job description as a minister of the new covenant and an agent of reconciliation—both key terms in this epistle. C. K. Barrett offers the value judgment that this letter contains the fullest and most passionate account of what Paul meant by apostleship, and thus what he regarded as central to ministry. That wise remark is surely an incentive to ministers of the gospel, whether experienced or novices, to seek out the meaning of 2 Corinthians as both a historical document and a vade mecum for their service.

The setting of the letter in Paul’s missionary career and apostolic experience is explored in some detail, and a new proposal is offered to account for the letter’s emphases. The Explanation sections have tried to bring out the pastoral dimension of the letter.

Nor are church people left out in Paul’s writing. Indeed, they occupy a central part in his letter to the congregation at Corinth. The key element in Paul’s relations with this community may well be stated as reconciliation. And that is a timely item on the church’s theological and ecumenical agenda in every age, not least our own.

Ivor H. Jones has some thoughtful words on this subject. Noting that today’s world has little room for the message of reconciliation, human or divine, even though there is obvious need for such, he continues:

Perhaps it is that we have become aware of the great complexity of human relationships and grown suspicious of umbrella words that might shield us from the truth. For example, in modern family life (a situation where reconciliation is still spoken of) we have become aware of the many pressures and tensions which complicate the attempts of any couple to make it up. . . . Reconciliation has reference to real relationships, and real relationships can be bafflingly complex.¹

The last sentence may well stand as a summary of what 2 Corinthians is all about; and it will be the aim of the following commentary to elucidate what those broken relationships between apostle and congregation were, and how Paul sought in persona Christi (as he says, 2:10) to call back these people to the apostolic standards of belief and practice as a way of repairing the breach, so restoring amity and warm friendship. Whether he did succeed we may never know for certain, but that 2 Corinthians does hold a key to open the door to better relationships with God and our fellows cannot be doubted.

After a time of dearth, with the notable exception of such standard works as those by A. Plummer, H. Lietzmann and W. G. Kümmel, C. K. Barrett, J. Héring, and F. F. Bruce, the interest in 2 Corinthians has blossomed with the appearance or announcement of titles that promise to be invaluable to the English-speaking reader and student. I refer to the notice given of translations of D. Georgi’s work on the opponents of Paul in this letter, and R. Bultmann’s Meyer commentary (ed. E. Dinkler), the subject of [his] last lectures before [his] retirement (in 1951), as his preface indicates. Also forthcoming is a work on chapters 8 and 9 by Hans Dieter Betz. Most regrettable of all from my standpoint, the recent publication of Victor Paul Furnish’s II Corinthians as volume 32A in the Anchor Bible series came too late for much use to be made of it, and all I can do is to mention it here. Its mammoth size and comprehensive treatment will be welcomed by all serious researchers.

I am grateful to a cluster of persons who have significantly contributed to this work, stretching back to teachers and colleagues in theological education, notably T. W. Manson at Manchester, for whom reconciliation was a central part of his understanding of Paul. More recently, several student assistants have given support: Richard E. Menninger, who produced an excellent draft of several of the letter’s chapters and did some valuable basic research; J. David Jackson, who helped with editing and proofreading; Michael Milway, whose classroom paper on the literary structure of the epistle sketched the nature of the problem; and Janet M. Gathright, whose skill in preparing the manuscript deserves an accolade and a thank you. George Van Alstine came to my aid with valued proofreading. Patricia Losie and Jeanie Thorndike helped with index making. I tender thanks to all these good folk, though the remaining blemishes must be laid to my account.

Finally, the volume joins its partners in this series with the hope that it may serve the needs of readers and give them some fresh insight into Paul’s weighty and forceful letter (2 Cor 10:10).

Ralph P. Martin

Fuller Theological Seminary

Pasadena, California

Lent 1985

---

1 Jones, Contemporary Cross, 125.

Preface to the Revised Edition

Since the present volume first appeared in 1986, it is obviously in need of a makeover. This is the task of the reviser, who happily is the same person as the one who prepared the first edition. Yet right at the outset of this enterprise, I became aware that the job could not be undertaken in any worthy fashion without help, both divine and human.

The first source of help is mentioned in no perfunctory way since, for an octogenarian, every day and every opportunity are a gift from above. I gladly pay this acknowledgment.

Human assistance has come to me in several ways. Let me, like Marcus Aurelius, reckon up my debts. And in this, as the title page will show, I express my gratitude to a cohort of willing helpers. First on the list is Dr. Carl N. Toney, who has found no assignment too much but, cheerfully, expertly, and with amazing alacrity, has fashioned the first draft into something readable and far richer than I could have made it. He is the coordinator of the revision as well as the author of the final version of the sections on rhetorical criticism, the composition of the epistle, and the resurrection in 2 Corinthians. Doctoral candidate Mark W. Linder has contributed the section on the social setting of 2 Corinthians. A third member of the team is Dr. David J. Downs, now teaching at Fuller Theological Seminary, who has consented to summarize his dissertation to produce a section on the collection in 2 Corinthians as a harbinger of his published work. Mention should also be made of former student Dr. Benjamin Schliesser, who helped to unravel some turgid German expressions. I am in their debt along with the associate editor, Dr. Lynn A. Losie, and copy editor Melanie McQuere.

A word of explanation is called for as to the format to be followed. The text of the earlier commentary has been worked over to correct a few slips; to update some of the abbreviations, such as BDAG; and to change the punctuation to ensure a smoother reading. The first attempt of writing the commentary took me nearly a decade to prepare, and, on review, I am not inclined to meddle with the text. Further reflections, however, have given me and my fellow helpers a chance to look at the Pauline letter again. The fruit of this review has been to add these additional notes and supply the new bibliography with occasional comments and annotations. Several excursuses have been added to enrich the present volume.

This revision is an attempt to make our study of Paul’s challenging—and in some respects enigmatic—letter more serviceable. If this effort has in any way been successful, it is to the credit of my helpers, as indicated, and to the opportunities provided by extended visits to the libraries at Fuller and the Claremont School of Theology as well as the Dr. Williams’s Library, London, Tyndale House, Cambridge, and the International European Baptist Seminary, Prague, and finally by the secretarial assistance at Azusa Pacific University, Haggard Graduate School of Theology, courtesy of Barbara Hayes.

Ralph P. Martin

Abbreviations

A. General Abbreviations

B. Abbreviations for Translations and Paraphrases

C. Abbreviations of Commonly Used Periodicals, Reference Works, and Serials

D. Books of the Bible, the Apocrypha

Old Testament

New Testament

Apocrypha

E. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

F. Apostolic Fathers

Ignatius

Polycarp

G. Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts

H. Philo

I. Josephus

J. Orders and Tractates in Mishnaic and Related Literature

K. Other Rabbinic Works

L. Other Ancient Materials

Aristotle

Cicero

Hippolytus

John Chrysostom

Quintilian

Abbreviations in the Notes section come from the apparatus in Novum Testamentum Graece, Nestle-Aland, 26th edition.

Commentary Bibliography

Alford, H. ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΠΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ. In The Greek Testament. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Rivingtons, 1857. Allo, E. B. Saint Paul: Seconde épître aux Corinthiens. 2nd ed. EBib. Paris: Gabalda, 1956. Arthur, J. P. Strength in Weakness: 2 Corinthians Simply Explained. Darlington, UK: Evangelical Press, 2004. Bachmann, P. Der zweite Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. ZKNT. Leipzig: Deichert (Scholl), 1918. Barclay, W. The Letters to the Corinthians. Rev. ed. Daily Study Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975. Barnett, P. W. The Message of 2 Corinthians: Power in Weakness. Bible Speaks Today. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1988.———. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997. Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. HNTC. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Beasley-Murray, G. R. 2 Corinthians. In The Broadman Bible Commentary. Vol. 11. Nashville: Broadman, 1971. Beet, J. A. II Corinthians. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1882. Belleville, L. L. 2 Corinthians. IVP New Testament Commentary. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996. Bengel, J. A. Gnomon Novi Testamenti. Ed. E. Bengel and J. C. F. Steudel. 3rd ed. 3 vols. Tübingen: Fues, 1836. ET: Gnomon of the New Testament, trans. A. Faussett, 3 vols. (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1877). Bernard, J. H. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. In The Expositor’s Greek Testament. Ed. W. R. Nicoll. Vol. 3. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1897. Best, E. Second Corinthians. Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox, 1987. Betz, H. D. 2 Corinthians 8 and 9: A Commentary on Two Administrative Letters of the Apostle Paul. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985. Boor, W. de. Der zweite Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. Wuppertal: Brockhaus, 1972. Bray, G., ed. 1-2 Corinthians. ACCS. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1999. Bruce, F. F. 1 and 2 Corinthians. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971. Bryant, H. Commentaire Biblique sur les épîtres de Paul: 2e aux Corinthiens. Villeurbaunne: Comprendre les Ecritures, 1990. Bultmann, R. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. Ed E. Dinkler. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976. ET: The Second Letter to the Corinthians, trans. R. A. Harrisville (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985). Calvin, J. The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians and the Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. Trans. T. A. Smail. Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964. Carrez, M. La deuxième Épître de Saint Paul aux Corinthiens. CNT, 2nd ser. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1986. Danker, F. W. II Corinthians. ACNT. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1989. Denney, J. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. The Expositor’s Bible. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1894. Di Franco, M. Seconda lettera ai Corinzi: Nuova versione, introduzione e commento. Libri Biblici. Nuovo Testamento. Milan: Paoline, 2002. Donald, W. M., and F. G. C. Greathouse. I and II Corinthians. Beacon Biblical Commentary. Kansas City: Beacon Hill, 1968. Emmerling, C. A. G. Epistola Pauli ad Corinthios. Leipzig: Barth, 1823. Evans, E. The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians. The Clarendon Bible. Oxford: Clarendon, 1930. Fallon, F. T. 2 Corinthians. New Testament Message. Wilmington, DE: Glazier, 1980. Filson, F. V. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. In IB. New York: Abingdon, 1953. Furnish, V. P. II Corinthians. AB. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984. Garland, D. E. 2 Corinthians. New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1999. Godet, G. La seconde épitre aux Corinthiens. Neuchâtel: Attinger, 1914. Goudge, H. L. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. WC. London: Methuen, 1927. Grässer, E. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. ÖTK. Würzburg: Echter, 2002. Grogan, G. 2 Corinthians: The Glories and Responsibilities of Christian Service. Focus on the Bible 26. Fearn, Scotland: Christian Focus, 1996. Hafemann, S. J. 2 Corinthians. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Hanson, R. P. C. 2 Corinthians. TBC. London: SCM Press, 1967. Harris, M. J. 2 Corinthians. In The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Ed. F. E. Gaebelein. Vol. 10. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976. 301–406.———. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005. Héring, J. The Second Epistle of Saint Paul to the Corinthians. Trans. A. W. Heathcote and P. J. Allcock. London: Epworth, 1967. Hodge, C. An Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. New York: Armstrong & Son, 1891. Repr., Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1959. Hughes, P. E. Paul’s Second Epistle to the Corinthians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962. Hughes, R. K. 2 Corinthians: Power in Weakness. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2006. Keener, C. S. 1-2 Corinthians. New Cambridge Biblical Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Kennedy, J. H. The Second and Third Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians. London: Methuen, 1900. Kistemaker, S. J. Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997. Klauck, H.-J. 2 Korintherbrief. NEchtBNT 8. Würzburg: Echter, 1986. Kruse, C. G. The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. TNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987. Lambrecht, J. Second Corinthians. SP. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1999. Lang, F. Die Briefe an die Korinther. NTD. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986. Lietzmann, H. An die Korinther I, II. HNT 9. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1909. 5th ed., with supplement by W. G. Kümmel. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1969. Malina, B. J., and J. J. Pilch. Social-Science Commentary on the Letters of Paul. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2006. Manzi, F. Seconda lettera ai Corinzi: Nuova versione, introduzione e commento. Libri Biblici. Nuovo Testamento. Milan: Paoline, 2002. Martin, R. P. "2 Corinthians." In NLT Study Bible. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale, 2008.———. 2 Corinthians. Cornerstone Commentary. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 2009. Matera, F. J. II Corinthians: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003. McCant, J. W. 2 Corinthians. Readings: A New Biblical Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1999. Menzies, A. The Second Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians. London: Macmillan, 1912. Meyer, H. A. W. Kritisch exegetisches Handbuch über den zweiten Brief an die Korinther. 3rd ed. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1856. Naylor, P. 2 Corinthians. 2 vols. Evangelical Press Study Commentary. Darlington, UK: Evangelical Press, 2002. Plummer, A. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1915. Prime, D. Let’s Study 2 Corinthians. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 2000. Sampley, J. P. The Second Letter to the Corinthians. In The New Interpreter’s Bible. Vol. 11. Nashville: Abingdon, 2000. 3–180. Schelkle, K. H. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. Düsseldorf: Patmos, 1964. ET: The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, trans. K. Smyth (London: Burns & Oates, 1969). Schlatter, A. von. Paulus, der Bote Jesu: Eine Deutung seiner Briefe an die Korinther. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Calwer, 1969. Schmiedel, P. W. Die Briefe an die Thessalonicher und an die Korinther. Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament. Freiburg im Breisgau: Mohr, 1891. Scott, J. M. 2 Corinthians. NIBCNT. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. Shillington, V. G. 2 Corinthians. Believers Church Bible Commentary. Scottdale, PA: Herald, 1997. Spencer, A. B. 2 Corinthians. The People’s Bible Commentary. Oxford: Bible Reading Fellowship, 2001. Strachan, R. H. The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians. MNTC. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935. Talbert, C. H. Reading Corinthians: A Literary and Theological Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians. New York: Crossroad, 1987. Rev. ed., Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2002. Tasker, R. V. G. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. TNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958. Thrall, M. E. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. 2 vols. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994, 2004.———. The First and Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians. CBC. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1965. Wan, S. K. Power in Weakness: Conflict and Rhetoric in Paul’s Second Letter to the Corinthians. New Testament in Context. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2000. Watson, N. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Epworth Commentaries. London: Epworth, 1993. Wendland, H. D. Die Briefe an die Korinther. NTD. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1964. Wilson, G. B. 2 Corinthians. A Digest of Reformed Comment. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1979. Windisch, H. Der zweite Korintherbrief. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1924. Witherington, B. Conflict and Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995. Wolff, C. Der zweite Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. THKNT. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1989. Wright, N. T. Paul for Everyone: 2 Corinthians. London: SPCK, 2002. Zeilinger, F. Krieg und Friede in Korinth: Kommentar zum 2. Korintherbrief des Apostels Paulus. 2 parts. Vienna: Böhlau, 1992.

General Bibliography

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ET: Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ: His Life and Work, His Epistles and Teachings: A Contribution to a Critical History of Primitive Christianity, trans. A. Menzies (London: Williams and Norgate, 1876). Becker, J. Paulus: Der Apostel der Völker. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1989. ET: Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles, trans. O. C. Dean, Jr. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1993). Belleville, L. L. Reflections of Glory: Paul’s Polemical Use of the Moses-Doxa Tradition in 2 Corinthians 3:1–18. JSNTSup 52. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991. Betz, H. D. Der Apostel Paulus und die sokratische Tradition: Eine exegetische Untersuchung zu seiner Apologie 2 Korinther 10–13. BHT 45. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1972.———. Paul’s Apology: II Corinthians 10–13, and the Socratic Tradition. Ed. W. Wuellner. Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture, Colloquy 2, 1970. Berkeley: Center for Hermeneutical Studies, 1975. Betz, O., M. Hengel, and P. Schmidt, eds. Abraham unser Vater: Juden und Christen im Gespräch über die Bibel. AGJU 5. Leiden: Brill, 1963. Beyer, K. Semitische Syntax im Neuen Testament. Vol. 1. SUNT 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962. Bieringer, R., ed. The Corinthian Correspondence. BETL 125. Leuven: Leuven UP, 1996. Bieringer, R., and J. Lambrecht, eds. Studies on 2 Corinthians. BETL 112. Leuven: Leuven UP, 1994. Black, D. A. Paul, Apostle of Weakness: Astheneia and Its Cognates in the Pauline Literature. New York: Lang, 1984. Blanton, T. R. Constructing a New Covenant: Discursive Strategies in the Damascus Document and Second Corinthians. WUNT 2.233. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2007. Bornkamm, G. The New Testament: A Guide to Its Writings. Trans. R. H. and I. Fuller. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1973.———. Paulus. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1969. ET: Paul, trans. D. M. G. Stalker (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).———. Die Vorgeschichte des sogenannten zweiten Korintherbriefes. SAH Phil.-hist. Klasse. 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Repr., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963.———. Theology of the New Testament. Trans. K. Grobel. 2 vols. London: SCM Press, 1951, 1955. Burke, T. J., and J. K. Elliott, eds. Paul and the Corinthians: Studies on a Community in Conflict. FS M. E. Thrall. NovTSup 109. Leiden: Brill, 2003. Carson, D. A. From Triumphalism to Maturity: An Exposition of 2 Corinthians 10–13. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984. Collange, J.-F. Enigmes de la deuxième épître de Paul aux Corinthiens: Etude exegetique de 2 Cor. 2:14–7:4. SNTSMS 18. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1972. Conzelmann, H. 1 Corinthians. Trans. J. W. Leitch. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1965. Crafton, J. A. The Agency of the Apostle: A Dramatistic Analysis of Paul’s Response to Conflict in 2 Corinthians. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1991. Cullmann, O. The New Testament: An Introduction. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968. Dahl, N. A. Studies in Paul: Theology for the Early Christian Mission. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1977. Dana, H. E., and J. R. Mantey. A Manual of Grammar of the Greek New Testament. New York: Macmillan, 1955. Davies, W. D. The Gospel and the Land: Early Christianity and Jewish Territorial Doctrine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Debanné, M. J. Enthymemes in the Letters of Paul. LNTS 303. London: T&T Clark, 2006. Deissmann, A. Bible Studies. Trans. A. Grieve. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1903.———. Light from the Ancient East. Trans. R. M. Strachan. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1927. DeSilva, D. A. Credentials of an Apostle: Paul’s Gospel in 2 Corinthians 1–7. BIBAL Monograph Series 4. N. Richland Hills, TX: BIBAL Press, 1998. Dibelius, M. A Fresh Approach to the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1936. Dodd, C. H. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. MNTC. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1932. Downs, D. J. The Offering of the Gentiles: Paul’s Collection for Jerusalem in Its Chronological, Cultural, and Cultic Contexts. WUNT 2.248 Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2008. Dunn, J. D. G. Jesus and the Spirit: A Study of the Religious and Charismatic Experience of Jesus and the First Christians as Reflected in the New Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975. Eastman, B. The Significance of Grace in the Letters of Paul. StBL 11. New York: Lang, 1999. Ellis, E. E. Christ and the Future in New Testament History. NovTSup 97. Leiden: Brill, 2000.———. Prophecy and Hermeneutic in Early Christianity: New Testament Essays. WUNT 2.18. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1978. Engels, D. Roman Corinth: An Alternative Model for the Classical City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Enslin, M. S. Christian Beginnings: The Literature of the Christian Movement. New York: Harper, 1956. Fee, G. D. God’s Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994.———. Pauline Christology: An Exegetical-Theological Study. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2007. Feine, P., J. Behm, and W. G. Kümmel. Introduction to the New Testament. Trans. A. J. Mattill, Jr. Nashville: Abingdon, 1966. Fitzgerald, J. T. Cracks in an Earthen Vessel: An Examination of the Catalogues of Hardships in the Corinthian Correspondence. SBLDS 99. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. Flew, R. N. Jesus and His Church: A Study of the Idea of the Ecclesia in the New Testament. London: Epworth, 1938. Fridrichsen, A. The Apostle and His Message. Uppsala: Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1947. Fuller, R. H. A Critical Introduction to the New Testament. London: Duckworth, 1966. Georgi, D. Die Gegner des Paulus im 2 Korintherbrief: Studien zur religiösen Propaganda in der Spätantike. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1964. Revised ET: The Opponents of Paul in Second Corinthians: A Study of Religious Propaganda in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986).———. Die Geschichte der Kollekte des Paulus für Jerusalem. TF 38. Hamburg-Bergstedt: Reich, 1965. Revised ET: Remembering the Poor: The History of Paul’s Collection for Jerusalem (Nashville: Abingdon, 1992). Gnilka, J. Der Philipperbrief: Auslegung. HTKNT 10. Freiburg: Herder, 1968.———. Theologie des Neuen Testaments. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1994. Goguel, M. Introduction au nouveau Testament. Vol. 4.2: Les épîtres pauliniennes. Paris: Leroux, 1926. Gooder, P. R. Only the Third Heaven? 2 Corinthians 12:1–10 and the Heavenly Ascent. LNTS 213. London: T&T Clark, 2001. Goulder, M. D. Paul and the Competing Mission in Corinth. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2001. Grant, R. M. A Historical Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. Guthrie, D. New Testament Introduction. 3rd ed. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1970.———. New Testament Introduction: The Pauline Epistles. 2nd ed. Chicago: InterVarsity Press, 1963. Güttgemanns, E. Der leidende Apostel und sein Herr. FRLANT 90. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966. Haenchen, E. The Acts of the Apostles. Trans. B. Noble and G. Shinn et al., completed by R. McL. Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1971. Hafemann, S. J. Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel: The Letter/Spirit Contrast and the Argument from Scripture in 2 Corinthians 3. WUNT 2.81. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1995.———. Suffering and Ministry in the Spirit: Paul’s Defense of His Ministry in II Corinthians 2:14–3:3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.———. Suffering and the Spirit: An Exegetical Study of II Cor. 2:14–3:3 within the Context of the Corinthian Correspondence. WUNT 2.19. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1986. Hainz, J. Ekklesia: Strukturen paulinischer Gemeinde-Theologie und Gemeinde-Ordnung. BU 9. Regensburg: Pustet, 1972.———. Koinonia: Kirche als Gemeinschaft bei Paulus. BU 16. Regensburg: Pustet, 1982. Hall, D. R. The Unity of the Corinthian Correspondence. JSNTSup 251. London: T&T Clark, 2003. Harrison, E. F. Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964. Harvey, J. D. Listening to the Text: Oral Patterning in Paul’s Letters. ETS Studies 1. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Heckel, U. Kraft in Schwachheit: Untersuchungen zu 2 Kor 10–13. WUNT 2.56. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1993. Hengel, M. Acts and the History of Earliest Christianity. Trans. J. Bowden. London: SCM Press, 1979. Holmberg, B. Paul and Power: The Structure of Authority in the Primitive Church as Reflected in the Pauline Epistles. ConBNT 11. Lund: Gleerup, 1983. Horrell, D. G. The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence: Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement. Studies of the New Testament and Its World. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996. Hunter, A. M. Introducing the New Testament. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1957. Jewett, R. A Chronology of Paul’s Life. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.———. Paul’s Anthropological Terms: A Study of Their Use in Conflict Settings. AGJU 10. Leiden: Brill, 1971. Jones, I. H. The Contemporary Cross: A Study for Passiontide—A Theme and Four Biblical Variations. London: Epworth, 1977. Joubert, S. J. Paul as Benefactor: Reciprocity, Strategy and Theological Reflection in Paul’s Collection. WUNT 2.124. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2000. Käsemann, E. Die Legitimität des Apostels: Eine Untersuchung zu II Korinther 10–13. ZNW 41 (1942) 33–71. Repr. in Die Legitimität des Apostels: Eine Untersuchung zu II Korinther 10–13 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1956). Kennedy, J. H. The Second and Third Epistles of St Paul to the Corinthians. London: Methuen, 1900. Klauck, H.-J. Ancient Letters and the New Testament: A Guide to Context and Exegesis. Waco, TX: Baylor UP, 2006. Kleinknecht, K. T. Der leidende Gerechtfertigte: Die alttestamentlich-jüdische Tradition vom leidenden Gerechten und ihre Rezeption. WUNT 2.13. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1984. Koester, H. Einführung in das Neue Testament: Im Rahmen der Religionsgeschichte und Kulturgeschichte der hellenistischen und römischen Zeit. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1980. ET: Introduction to the New Testament, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982). Kramer, W. Christ, Lord, Son of God. Trans. B. Hardy. SBT 50. London: SCM Press, 1966. Kreitzer, L. Second Corinthians. NTG. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1996. Kruse, C. G. Paul, the Law and Justification. Leicester: Apollos, 1996. Kümmel, W. G. Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Founded by P. Feine and J. Behm. 17th ed. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1973. ET: Introduction to the New Testament, trans. A. J. Mattill, Jr. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1966); rev. ed. trans. H. C. Kee (Nashville: Abingdon, 1975). Kuschnerus, B. Die Gemeinde als Brief Christi: Die kommunikative Funktion der Metapher bei Paulus am Beispiel von 2 Kor 2–5. FRLANT 197. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002. Lindgård, F. Paul’s Line of Thought in 2 Corinthians 4:16–5:10. WUNT 2.189. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2005. Lohmeyer, E. Der Briefe an die Philipper, an die Kolosser und an Philemon. Ed. W. Schmauch. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1956. Lohse, E., ed. Verteidigung und Begründung des apostolischen Amtes (2 Kor 10–13). Rome: St. Paul-outside-the-Walls, 1992. Long, F. J. Ancient Rhetoric and Paul’s Apology: The Compositional Unity of 2 Corinthians. SNTSMS 131. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Luedemann, G. Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles: Studies in Chronology. Trans. F. S. Jones. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. Lührmann, D. Die Offenbarungsverständnis bei Paulus und in paulinischen Gemeinde. WMANT 16. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1965. Lyons, G. Pauline Autobiography: Toward a New Understanding. SBLDS 73. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985. Malherbe, A. J. Paul and the Popular Philosophers. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989. Manson, T. W. St. Paul in Ephesus: (4) The Corinthian Correspondence. BJRL 26 (1941–1942) 327–41. Repr. in Studies in the Gospels and Epistles, ed. M. Black (Manchester: Manchester UP, 1962) 210–24. Marshall, P. Enmity in Corinth: Social Conventions in Paul’s Relations with the Corinthians. WUNT 2.23. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1987.———. Invective: Paul’s Enemies in Corinth. In Perspectives on Language and Text. FS F. I. Andersen, ed. E. W. Conrad and E. G. Newing. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1987. 359–73. Martin, R. P. Approaches to New Testament Exegesis. In New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Principles and Methods. Ed. I. H. Marshall. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977. 220–51.———. Carmen Christi: Philippians 2:5–11 in Recent Interpretation and in the Setting of Early Christian Worship. SNTSMS 4. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1967. 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.———. Colossians and Philemon. NCB. London: Oliphants, 1974. Repr., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.———. The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians. Rev. ed. TNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986.———. The Family and the Fellowship: New Testament Images of the Church. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.———. A Hymn of Christ: Philippians 2:5–11 in Recent Interpretation and in the Setting of Early Christian Worship. 3rd ed. of Carmen Christi. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997.———. New Testament Foundations: A Guide for Christian Students. Vol. 2, The Acts, The Letters, The Apocalypse. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.———. The Opponents of Paul in 2 Corinthians: An Old Issue Revisited. In Tradition and Interpretation in the New Testament. FS E. E. Ellis, ed. G. F. Hawthorne and O. Betz. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987. 279–89 (reprinted here as an excursus in the Introduction).———. Philippians. NCB. 1976. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980. Repr., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2000.———. Reconciliation: A Study of Paul’s Theology. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Academie Books, 1989. Repr., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1997.———. The Setting of 2 Corinthians. TynBul 37 (1986) 3–19.———. The Spirit and the Congregation: Studies in 1 Corinthians 12–15. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984. Repr., Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1997.———. The Spirit in 2 Corinthians in Light of the ‘Fellowship of the Holy Spirit’ in 2 Corinthians 13.14. In Eschatology and the New Testament. FS G. R. Beasley-Murray, ed. W. H. Gloer. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1988. 113–28 (reprinted here as an excursus on 13:11–13).———. Theology and Mission in 2 Corinthians. In The Gospel to the Nations. FS P. T. O’Brien, ed. P. Bolt and M. Thompson. Leicester, UK: Inter-Varsity Press, 2000. 63–82 (reprinted here as an excursus in the Introduction).———. Worship in the Early Church. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1964. Repr., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.———. The Worship of God: Some Theological, Pastoral and Practical Reflections. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982. Marxsen, W. Introduction to the New Testament. Trans. G. Buswell. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968. McNeile, A. H. Introduction to the New Testament. Rev. by C. S. C. Williams. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953. Meeks, W. A. The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul. New Haven: Yale UP, 1983. Meggitt, J. J. Paul, Poverty and Survival. SNTW. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998. Metzger, B. M. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. Michaelis, W. Einleitung in das Neue Testament. 2nd ed. Bern: Berchthold Haller, 1954. Moffatt, J. An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament. 3rd ed. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1918. Moule, C. F. D. An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971. Moulton, J. H. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 1, Prolegomena. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1908. Vol. 2, Accidence and Word-Formation, with W. F. Howard. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1920. Vol. 3, Syntax, by N. Turner. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1963. Vol. 4, Style, by N. Turner. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1976. Munck, J. Paulus und die Heilsgeschichte. Aarhus: Universitetsforlaget; Copenhagan: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1954. ET: Paul and the Salvation of Mankind, trans. F. Clarke (London: SCM Press, 1959). Murphy-O’Connor, J. Paul: A Critical Life. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.———. Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1995.———. St. Paul’s Corinth: Texts and Archaeology. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1983.———. The Theology of the Second Letter to the Corinthians. NT Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. Nickle, K. F. The Collection: A Study in Paul’s Strategy. SBT 48. London: SCM Press, 1966. Norden, E. Agnostos Theos: Untersuchungen zur Formengeschichte religiöser Rede. Leipzig: Teubner, 1913. Repr., Stuttgart: Teubner, 1956. O’Brien, P. T. Introductory Thanksgivings in the Letters of Paul. NovTSup 49. Leiden: Brill, 1977. Ollrog, W.-H. Paulus und seine Mitarbeiter: Untersuchungen zu Theorie und Praxis der paulinischen Mission. WMANT 50. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1979. 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