Hosea-Jonah, Volume 31

By Douglas Stuart

The Word Biblical Commentary delivers the best in biblical scholarship, from the leading scholars of our day who share a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation. This series emphasizes a thorough analysis of textual, linguistic, structural, and theological evidence. The result is judicious and balanced insight into the meanings of the text in the framework of biblical theology. These widely acclaimed commentaries serve as exceptional resources for the professional theologian and instructor, the seminary or university student, the working minister, and everyone concerned with building theological understanding from a solid base of biblical scholarship.

Overview of Commentary Organization

• Introduction—covers issues pertaining to the whole book, including context, date, authorship, composition, interpretive issues, purpose, and theology.
• Each section of the commentary includes:
• Pericope Bibliography—a helpful resource containing the most important works that pertain to each particular pericope.
• Translation—the author’s own translation of the biblical text, reflecting the end result of exegesis and attending to Hebrew and Greek idiomatic usage of words, phrases, and tenses, yet in reasonably good English.
• Notes—the author’s notes to the translation that address any textual variants, grammatical forms, syntactical constructions, basic meanings of words, and problems of translation.
• Form/Structure/Setting—a discussion of redaction, genre, sources, and tradition as they concern the origin of the pericope, its canonical form, and its relation to the biblical and extra-biblical contexts in order to illuminate the structure and character of the pericope. Rhetorical or compositional features important to understanding the passage are also introduced here.
• Comment—verse-by-verse interpretation of the text and dialogue with other interpreters, engaging with current opinion and scholarly research.
• Explanation—brings together all the results of the discussion in previous sections to expose the meaning and intention of the text at several levels: (1) within the context of the book itself; (2) its meaning in the OT or NT; (3) its place in the entire canon; (4) theological relevance to broader OT or NT issues.
  • General Bibliography—occurring at the end of each volume, this extensive bibliographycontains all sources used anywhere in the commentary.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Zondervan
• Release date: Oct 10, 2017
• ISBN: 9780310585879

Douglas Stuart

Douglas Stuart (PhD Harvard) is senior professor of Old Testament at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. He controls the use of fourteen ancient languages and is the author of several books, including Studies in Early Hebrew Meter, Old Testament Exegesis: A Primer for Students and Pastors, and Favorite Old Testament Passages.

Book preview

Editorial Board

Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford (2011–)

New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids (2013–)

Past Editors

General Editors

Ralph P. Martin (2012–2013)

Bruce M. Metzger (1997–2007)

David A. Hubbard (1977–1996)

Glenn W. Barker (1977–1984)

Old Testament Editors:

John D. W. Watts (1977–2011)

James W. Watts (1997–2011)

New Testament Editors:

Ralph P. Martin (1977–2012)

Lynn Allan Losie (1997–2013)

Volumes

*forthcoming as of 2014

**in revision as of 2014

Word Biblical Commentary

Volume 31

Hosea-Jonah

Douglas Stuart

General Editors: Bruce M. Metzger, David A. Hubbard, Glenn W. Barker

Old Testament Editors: John D. W. Watts, James W. Watts

New Testament Editors: Ralph P. Martin, Lynn Allan Losie

ZONDERVAN

Hosea-Jonah, Volume 31

Copyright © 1988 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Previously published as Hosea-Jonah.

Formerly published by Thomas Nelson, now published by Zondervan, a division of HarperCollinsChristian Publishing.

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546

ePub Edition August 2017: 978-0-310-58587-9

The Library of Congress has cataloged the original edition as follows:

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005295211

Brief Scripture quotations in the body of the commentary, when not directly translated from the Hebrew text, are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

Brief Scripture quotations marked in the body of the commentary, when not directly translated from the Hebrew text, are taken from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1946, 1952, 1971 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission.

The author’s own translation of the text appears in italic type under the heading Translation.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

To Hannah and Maria

Hos 11:3, 4

Table of Contents

Author’s Preface

Editorial Preface

Abbreviations

General Bibliography

General Introduction

Prophetic Dependency on Pentateuchal Blessings and Curses

The Canonical Order of Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, and Jonah

Hosea

Bibliography

Introduction

Hosea and the Covenant

The Basic Message of Hosea

Form, Structure, and Style

The Isolation of Poetry in Hosea

The Historical Setting

Hosea the Prophet and His Family

Hosea’s Audience

The Text of Hosea

Unity and Integrity

Assumptions about Dates

Some Notable Vocabulary

Pericope Divisions in Hosea

Translation and Commentary

The Title and the Time (1:1)

The Children’s Names Presage Judgment (1:2–9)

Israel’s Restoration in Jezreel’s Great Day (2:1–3 [1:10–2:1])

Divorce Proceedings with a Surprise Ending (2:4–17 [2–15])

Images of Restoration (2:18–25 [16–23])

Israel Loved and Therefore Chastened (3:1–5)

Yahweh’s Case against Israel (4:1–19)

An Unclean People Summoned to Judgment (5:1–7)

Wrath, Return, Restoration (5:8–7:1aγ)

Ephraim Mixed Up among the Nations (7:1aδ–16)

Israel Reaps the Storm for Its Sin (8:1–14)

From Festival Days to Punishment Days (9:1–9)

Ephraim Rejected, Exiled, Unloved (9:10–17)

The End of Cult, King, and Capital (10:1–8)

War against the Wicked Ones (10:9–15)

Israel in and out of Egypt (11:1–11)

Israel a Deceiver (12:1 [11:12]–13:1)

I Will Destroy You, Israel (13:2–14:1 [13:16])

A Promise for the Remnant That Will Return (14:2–9 [1–8])

Challenge to the Wise Reader (14:10 [9])

Joel

Bibliography

Introduction

Joel’s Era

Structure

Style

Joel’s Message

Joel and the Covenant

Joel and Yahweh’s Sovereignty

Judah and Jerusalem

The Democratization of the Spirit

The General Nature of the Distress

The Day of Yahweh

Eschatology and Silence on Judah’s Sins

The Identity of the Invaders

The Text of Joel

Previous Scholarship in Joel

Translation and Commentary

A Simple Title (1:1)

A Call to Lament (1:2–20)

Excursus: Literal or Figurative Locusts?

Sounding the Alarm in Zion (2:1–17)

Restoration and the Outpouring of the Spirit (2:18–3:5 [2:18–32])

Judgment against Israel’s Enemies (4:1–21 [3:1–21])

Amos

Bibliography

Introduction

Amos’ Era

The Man Amos

Amos’ Style

The Structure of the Book

Amos’ Message

Amos and the Covenant

History in Amos

Amos and Yahweh’s Sovereignty

The Foreign Nations

Amos the Geographer

Amos and Economics

Judicial Corruption

Idolatry and Immorality

The Unity of North and South

Exile

Previous Research on Amos

Translation and Commentary

The Title and Time (1:1)

Yahweh the Lion Sends Desolation (1:2)

Judgment for International and Israelite Atrocities (1:3–2:16)

Covenantal Accountability (3:1–2)

A List of Inseparables (3:3–8)

The Annihilation of the Opulent (3:9–4:3)

Past Punishments Only a Sampling (4:4–13)

A Lament for Fallen Israel (5:1–17)

The Woeful Day of Yahweh (5:18–27)

The First Shall Be First (6:1–7)

Complete Defeat to Come (6:8–14)

Visions of Doom and an Official Response (7:1–8:3)

Hypocrisy: Punishments Fitting the Crime (8:4–14)

No Escape from the Almighty’s Wrath (9:1–10)

Restoration, Rebuilding, Replanting (9:11–15)

Obadiah

Bibliography

Introduction

Past Scholarship on Obadiah

Date

Edom in Biblical History

Authorship

Text

The Message

Translation and Commentary

Edom and the Future of Israel (1–21)

Jonah

Bibliography

Introduction

Jonah The Prophet

Authorship

Date And Setting

Canonization

Message And Purpose

Form And Structure

Style

Unity And Integrity

Historicity

Sources for the Story

Text

The Importance of Jonah 4:2

Translation and Commentary

Jonah Rebels against Yahweh’s Revelation (1:1–3)

Storm and Sacrifice at Sea (1:4–16)

Jonah Rescued by Yahweh’s Grace (2:1–11)

A Second Beginning (3:1–3a)

Preaching and Repentance at Nineveh (3:3b-10)

Excursus: The Sign of Jonah (Matt 12:39–41; Luke 11:29–32)

God Teaches Jonah about Anger and Compassion (4:1–11)

Indexes

Author’s Preface

There are all sorts of biblical commentaries. Their diversity reflects a wide range of philosophies about what a commentary should be. Particularly significant is the need to choose what should be said from what could be said.

The sheer amount of information from the ancient world and from the history of scholarship on the Bible that is relevant to a biblical commentary is greater than can be included in any commentary. To include all would distort the overall picture for the reader—by mixing the truly central with the tangential. Increasingly, therefore, commentaries represent distillations rather than compendia. A commentary must be judged, then, on how well the author has selected and summarized data, and how well that selection and summary help the author illumine the meaning of the text. Does the author demonstrably understand the book/passage/sentence/phrase/term on which he or she is writing?

This is not to say that thoroughness makes no difference in the effectiveness of a commentary. It is of great help to have comprehensive bibliographical references. Length and depth are hardly irrelevant. Certainly, the choice of format is crucial to efficient exposition. And clear style obviously helps the reader. But what really counts? Is it not the fact that the commentator has convincingly understood the text?

The ultimately worthwhile commentary tends toward relentless attention to the evident themes of the text. As an example, consider Mays’s scholarly commentary on Hosea. At half the length of some others, with fewer visible proofs of research, it is nonetheless more valuable. Why? Because Mays more often understands what’s going on in Hosea, and he more often explains it well to the reader.

The preacher relying on Mays would probably preach most of the themes of the book accurately. I acknowledge my great indebtedness to the work of Mays, as well as that of Wolff, Freedman, and Andersen and many others, while convinced that among all the options available to date, Mays’s commentary makes a special contribution simply because it most often explains Hosea best. In a related vein, I believe that Kuhnigk’s realization that Hos 4 depends on Deut 32 (from which the present volume expands to detail more generally the prophetic dependence on the Mosaic covenant curses and restoration blessings) is an insight more valuable for appreciating prophetic creativity than many volumes of modern scholarly speculation have been on the subject.

Not a few lengthy commentaries take great pains to give ample space to summaries of the views of other major commentaries, with whom the author is supposedly in dialogue. Since such dialogue is terribly difficult to carry on fairly and consistently without short-changing others’ arguments, I have consciously restricted my summaries of other commentators’ views, trying instead to maximize productive use of the space allotted to me by dwelling directly on explaining for the reader what I think the biblical text is saying.

As for discussions of language, text, literary form, source analysis, parallels of likely relevance or other issues, the reader will see plenty of attention paid to these matters in this volume. But above all else, such issues must serve the interests of theology—the end of the process. I have made it a commitment to discuss at whatever length necessary the essential theological meaning of a passage as it relates to the theology of the Scriptures as a whole. The reader deserves to see (1) directly relevant data; and (2) a convincing clarification of the data’s implications for understanding the theology of the text. All else is sauce; those things are the meat.

A related question that must be asked is: What are commentaries in practice actually for—who uses them, and for what purpose? They should not serve only to address topics of current interest in critical circles, nor should they be so selective as to weight the discussion toward those issues that the commentator wants to bring to light, regardless of their theological merit. What a commentary must do—and the only firm justification for its existence—is constantly and carefully help its readers know what God has said and what they are supposed to do about it.

I have kept in mind that preachers are the single biggest group of commentary buyers and users, and that they are best served by commentaries that emphasize lasting theological concerns in proper balance with people’s immediate, practical, personal or corporate questions. Whether or not I have succeeded in meeting my own standards of usefulness is a question the reader must decide.

My warmest thanks go to the editors and publishers of the Word Biblical Commentary, who have committed themselves to produce a series that is bound to have wide impact and lasting usefulness. To my secretaries Tina Howard, Carrie Powell, Barbara De Nike, and Dorrie Smith, who typed and retyped manuscript drafts; and to my research assistants Chuck Carter, Dan Webb, Rikki Watts, and Mark Chapman, who read and reread them, I express my lasting appreciation.

DOUGLAS STUART

South Hamilton, Massaschusetts

November 1987

Editorial Preface

The launching of the Word Biblical Commentary brings to fulfillment an enterprise of several years’ planning. The publishers and the members of the editorial board met in 1977 to explore the possibility of a new commentary on the books of the Bible that would incorporate several distinctive features. Prospective readers of these volumes are entitled to know what such features were intended to be; whether the aims of the commentary have been fully achieved time alone will tell.

First, we have tried to cast a wide net to include as contributors a number of scholars from around the world who not only share our aims, but are in the main engaged in the ministry of teaching in university, college, and seminary. They represent a rich diversity of denominational allegiance. The broad stance of our contributors can rightly be called evangelical, and this term is to be understood in its positive, historic sense of a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation, and to the truth and power of the Christian gospel.

Then, the commentaries in our series are all commissioned and written for the purpose of inclusion in the Word Biblical Commentary. Unlike several of our distinguished counterparts in the field of commentary writing, there are no translated works, originally written in a non-English language. Also, our commentators were asked to prepare their own rendering of the original biblical text and to use those languages as the basis of their own comments and exegesis. What may be claimed as distinctive with this series is that it is based on the biblical languages, yet it seeks to make the technical and scholarly approach to a theological understanding of Scripture understandable by—and useful to—the fledgling student, the working minister, and colleagues in the guild of professional scholars and teachers as well.

Finally, a word must be said about the format of the series. The layout, in clearly defined sections, has been consciously devised to assist readers at different levels. Those wishing to learn about the textual witnesses on which the translation is offered are invited to consult the section headed Notes. If the readers’ concern is with the state of modern scholarship on any given portion of Scripture, they should turn to the sections on Bibliography and Form/Structure/Setting. For a clear exposition of the passage’s meaning and its relevance to the ongoing biblical revelation, the Comment and concluding Explanation are designed expressly to meet that need. There is therefore something for everyone who may pick up and use these volumes.

If these aims come anywhere near realization, the intention of the editors will have been met, and the labor of our team of contributors rewarded.

General Editors: David A. Hubbard

Glenn W. Barker†

Old Testament: John D. W. Watts

New Testament: Ralph P. Martin

Abbreviations

PERIODICALS, REFERENCE WORKS, AND SERIALS

HEBREW GRAMMAR

NOTE: Hebrew (sin) is differentiated by pointing from (shin) only when ambiguity might otherwise result.

TEXTUAL NOTES

BIBLICAL AND APOCRYPHAL BOOKS

MISCELLANEOUS

General Bibliography

COMMENTARIES ON SEVERAL MINOR PROPHETS

(including one or more of Hosea-Jonah in combination with other books)

Allen, L. C. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.

Augé, R. Profetes Minores. La Bília, versió dels textos originals i commentari XVI. 1957.

Bergren, R. V. The Prophets and the Law. Hebrew Union College Monographs 4. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1974.

Bewer, J. A. The Book of the Twelve Prophets. Harper Bible. New York: Harper and Row, 1949.

Bleeker, L. H. K. and G. Smit. De Kleine Propheten. Text en Uitleg. 3 vols. Gronigen: J. B. Wolters, 1926–34.

Brockington, L. H. Joel, Obadiah, Jonah. PCB, 614–16, 626–29.

Cassuto, M. D., ed. Sifre Ha-Miqra. Tel Aviv: Yavneh Publishing House, 1955.

Cohen, A. The Twelve Prophets. The Socino Books of the Bible. London: Socino, 1948.

Coppens, J. Les douze petits prophètes: Bréviare du prophétisme. Bruges: Desclée de Brouwer; Louvain: Publications Universitaires, 1950.

Cornill, C. H. The Prophets of Israel. TR S. F. Corkran. Chicago: Open Court, 1895.

Craghan, J. Esther, Judith, Tobit, Jonah, Ruth. The Old Testament Message 16. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1982.

Craigie, P. Twelve Prophets. Vol 1. The Daily Bible Study Series. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984.

Deden, D. De Kleine Propheten. Die Boeken van het Oude Testament 12. Roermonden: J. J. Romen and Zonen, 1953.

Deissler, A. Zwölf Propheten: Hosea, Joël, Amos. 2d ed. Die Neuer Echter Bible. Würzburg: Echter Verlag, 1981.

Driver, S. R. The Minor Prophets. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark and E. J. Jack, 1906.

Duhm, B. The Twelve Prophets: A Version in the Various Poetical Measures of the Original Writings. TR A. Duff. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1912. (= Die zwölf Propheten, in den Vermassen der Urschrift übersetzt. Tübingen, 1910.)

Edgar, S. L. The Minor Prophets. Epworth Preacher’s Commentaries. London: Epworth, 1962.

Ehrlich, A. B. Randglossen zur hebräischen Bibel. Vol 5. Leipzig: 1912; 2d ed. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968.

Eiselen, F. C. The Minor Prophets, Whedon’s Commentary. New York: Eaton and Mains, 1907.

Ewald, H. G. A. Die Propheten des Alten Bundes. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1867–68.

Gressmann, H. Die älteste Geschichtsschreibung und Prophetie Israels (von Samuel bis Amos und Hosea). SAT 2,1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1921.

Guthe, H., et al. Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments. Vol 2.4th ed. Tübingen: 1923.

Hailer, M. Das Judentum: Geschichtsschreibung, Prophetie und Gesetzgebung nach dem Exil. SAT 2/3. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1925.

Hitzig, F., and H. Steiner. Die zwölfkleinen Propheten. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1881.

Hoonacker, A. van. Les douze petits propbètes. Études bibliques. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1908.

Jacob, E., et al. Les petits prophètes I. CAT 11a. Neuchātel: Delachaux et Niestlé, 1965; 12th ed., Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1982.

Jepsen, A. Bibelhilfe für die Gemeinde. Stuttgart: 1937.

———. Das Zwölfprophetenbuch. Leipzig and Hamburg: Gustav Schloessmanns Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1937.

Keil, C. F. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament. TR J. Martin. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969. (= Biblischer Commentar über die zwölf kleinen Propheten. 3d ed., Leipzig: 1888.)

Koch, K. The Prophets. Volume One: The Assyrian Age. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982. (= Die Propheten I. Assyrische Zeit. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1978.)

———. The Prophets. Volume Two: The Babylonian and Persian Periods. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. (= Die Propheten II. Babylonisch-persische Zeit. Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, 1980.)

Kodel, J. Lamentations, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Obadiah, Joel, Second Zechariah, Baruch. The Old Testament Message 14. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1982.

Kroeker, J. Die Propheten oder das Reden Gottes. Das lebendige Wort. Giessen/Basel: 1932.

Laetsch, T. The Minor Prophets. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1956.

Lehrman, S., et al. The Socino Books of the Bible. Bournemouth: Socino Press, 1952.

Lippl, J., et al. Die zwölf kleinen Propheten. 2 vols. HSAT 8. Bonn: 1937–38.

Marti, K. Das Dodekapropheton. Kurzer Hand-Commetar zum Alten Testament. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904.

Mauchline, J., et al. The Twelve Prophets. IB 6. New York and Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956.

McKeating, H. The Books of Amos, Hosea and Micah. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971.

Mitchell, H. G., et al. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Jonah. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1912.

Mowinckel, S., and N. Messel. De Senere Profeter oversatt. De Gamle Testamente. Oslo, 1944.

Nötscher, F. Zwölfprophetenbuch. Echter-Bibel. Wurzburg: Echter-Verlag, 1948.

Nowack, W. Die kleinen Propheten. HKAT 3d ed. Göttingen: 1922.

Orelli, C. von. Die zwölf kleinen Propheten. Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den Heiligen Schriften. Alten und Neuen Testaments, ed. H. Strack and O. Zockler. 3d ed. Munich: Beck, 1908.

Osty, E., et al. La Sainte Bible. Paris: 1957–60.

Procksch, O. Die kleinen prophetischen Schriften. Erläuterungen zum Alten Testament. 2 vols. Stuttgart: Verlag der Vereinsbuchhandlung, 1929.

Ridderbos, J. Korte Verklaring der Heiligen Schrift. Kampen: Kok, 1935.

Riessler, P. Die kleinen Propheten. Rottenburg: W. Bader, 1911.

Rinaldi, G. Profeti Minori II: Osea—ioele-Abdia—Giona. Torina: Marietti, 1960.

Robertson, E. H. Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah 1–39. Mowbray’s Mini-Commentaries. vol. 8. London: Mowbray, 1968.

Robinson, T. H., and F. Horst. Die zwölf kleinen Propheten. HAT 1/14. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1964.

Schmidt, H. Die grossen Propheten. SAT 2/2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1923.

Schumpp, M. Dos Buch der zwölf Propheten. Herders Bibelkommentar 10/2. Freiburg: Herder and Co., 1950.

Sellin, E. Das zwölf Prophetenbuch. KAT 12/2. 2 vols. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1930.

Smith, G. A. The Book of the Twelve Prophets. 2 vols. The Expositor’s Bible. New York: A. C. Armstrong, 1899.

Smith, J. M. P., et al. Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Obadiah, and Joel. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1911.

Unattributed (produced by the Franciscan Biblical Institutein Japan). Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum and Habakkuk. Tokyo: Chuo Shuppansha, 1986.

Vawter, B. Amos, Hosea, Micah, with an Introduction to Classical Prophecy. The Old Testament Message 7. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1981.

Veilas, B. M. Hermeneia Palaias Diathekes. 5 vols. Athens: 1947–50. (Gr.)

Wade, G. W. Micah, Obadiah, Joel and Jonah. London: Methuen and Co., 1925.

Watts, J. D. W. The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah. The Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1975.

Weiser, A., and K. Elliger. Das Buch der zwölf kleinen Propheten. ATD 24––25,1.6th ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974.

Wellhausen, J. Die kleinen Propheten. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1963.

BOOKS AND DISSERTIONS ON OR RELATING TO MORE THAN ONE MINOR PROPHET

Amsler, S. Les actes des prophètes. Essais bibliques 9. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1985.

Auge, R. El Profetes Menors. Montserrat: Monestir de Montserrat, 1957.

Baltzer, K. Die Biographie der Propheten. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1975.

Bergren, R. V. The Prophets and the Law. Monographs of the Hebrew Union College 4. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1974.

Ben-Sasson, H. H., ed. History of the Jewish People. vol. 1: The Ancient Times. Tel Aviv: Devir, 1971.

Blenkinsopp, J. L. A History of Prophecy in Israel from the Settlement in the Land to the Hellenistic Period. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983.

———. Prophecy and Canon. University of Notre Dame Center for the Study of Judaism and Christianity in Antiquity 3. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977.

Brueggemann, W. The Prophetic Imagination. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978.

Buber, M. The Prophetic Faith. TR C. Wilton-Davies. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.

Christensen, D. Transformations of the War Oracle in Old Testament Prophecy. Harvard Dissertations in Religion 3. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978.

Clakins, R. The Modern Message of the Minor Prophets. New York, 1947.

Cogan, M. Imperialism and Religion: Assyria, Judah and Israel in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.E. SBLMS 19. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1974.

Collins, T. Line-Forms in Hebrew Poetry: A Grammatical Approach to the Stylistic Study of the Hebrew Prophets. Studia Pohl, Series Major 7. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute Press, 1978.

Cornfeld, G. Archaeology of the Bible: Book by Book. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Cornill, C. H. Der israelitische Prophetismus. 13th ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1920.

Dellagiacoma, V. Israele spasa di Dio: Le metaphora muziale del VT. Diss. Ateno Urbaniano de Propaganda Fide, Verona, 1961.

Duhm, B. Israels Propheten. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, ²1922.

Eaton, J. Vision in Worship. The Relation of Prophecy and Liturgy in the Old Testament. London: SPCK, 1981.

Eissfeldt, O. The Old Testament: An Introduction. TR P. Ackroyd. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.

Ellermeier, F. Prophetie in Mari und Israel. Herzberg am Harz: 1968.

Ellison, H. L. The Prophets of Israel: From Ahijah to Hosea. Exeter/Grand Rapids: Paternoster/Eerdmans, 1969.

Engnell, I. Critical Essays on the Old Testament. London: SPCK, 1970.

Farrar, F. W. The Minor Prophets: Their Lives and Times. Men of the Bible 14. New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1890.

Fohrer, G. Die Propheten des Alten Testaments. vol. 6: Die Propheten seit dem 4. Jahrhundert. Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1976.

———. Introduction to the Old Testament. TR D. E. Green. Nashville: Abingdon, 1968.

———. History of the Israelite Religion. TR D. E. Green. Nashville: Abingdon, 1972.

Fürst, J. Der Kanon des Alten Testaments. Leipzig: 1868.

Gunneweg, A. H. J. Mündliche und schriftliche Tradition der vorexilischen Propheten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1959.

Gutierrez, R. C. La justicia social en los Profetas del siglo VIII: Amos, Oseas, Isaias y Miqueas. Lizentiatsarbeit: University of Fribourg, 1970.

Hardmeier, C. Texttheorie und biblische Exegese: Zur rhetorischen Funktion der Trauermetaphorik in der Prophetie. BEvT 79. Munich: Kaiser Verlag, 1978.

Harrison, R. K. Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969.

Hecht, F. Eschatologie und Ritus bei den Reformprophetenn: Ein Beitrag zur Theologie des Altes Testament. Pretoria Theological Studies 1. Leiden: Brill, 1971.

Herrmann, S. Die prophetischen Heilserwartungen im Alten Testament. BWANT 85. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1965.

Hillers, D. Treaty Curses and the Old Testament Prophets. BibOr 16. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964.

———. Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

Hunter, A. V. Seek the Lord! A Study of the Meaning and Function of the Exhortation in Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, and Zephaniah. Baltimore: St. Mary’s Seminary and University, 1982.

James, F. Personalities of the Old Testament. New York: Scribners, 1947.

Jenni, E. Die politischen Voraussagen der Propheten. ATANT 29. Zurich: Theologischen Verlag, 1956.

Kauffmann, Y. The Religion of Israel. TR M. Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Kilian, R., et al., ed(s). Eschatologie: Bibeltheologische und philosophische Studien zum Verhältnis von Erlösungswelt und Wirklichkeitsbewältigung. FS E. Neuhauser. St. Ottilien: Eos Verlag, 1981.

Kinet, D. Baʾal und Jahwe: ein Beitrag zur Theologie des Hoseabuches. Bern: Europaische Hochschulschriften, 1977.

Kroeker, J. Die Propheten oder dos Reden Gottes. Das Lebendige Wort. Giessen und Basel: 1932.

Lewis, R. L. The Persuasive Style and Appeals of the Minor Prophets Amos, Hosea and Micah. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms IV, 1959.

Lindblom, J. Prophecy in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.

McCarthy, D. J. Old Testament Covenant: A Survey of Current Opinions. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972.

Miller, P. D., Jr. Sin and Judgment in the Prophets. SBLMS 27. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.

Monloubon, L. Amos et Osée, sainteté de justice, sainteté d’amour: sous la main de Dieu 8. Paris: ed. Fleurus, 1964.

———. Les prophètes de l’Ancien Testament. Cahiers Evangile 43. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1983.

Montaner, L. V. Biblia del Mar Muerto: Profetas Minores. Textos y Estudios Cardinal Cisneros de la Biblia Poliglota Matritense 29. Madrid: Instituto Arias Montano CSIC, 1980.

Moraldi, L. I manuscritti di Qumran. Torino: Unione Tipographicol-editrice Torinese, 1971.

Mowinckel, S. Prophecy and Tradition. Oslo: 1946.

———, and N. Messel. De Senere Profeter Oversatt. De Gamle Testamente. Oslo: H. Aschehoug, 1944.

Nielsen, K. Yahweh as Prosecutor and Judge: An Investigation of the Prophetic Lawsuit (Rib-Pattern). JSOTSup 9. Sheffield: UP, 1978.

Noort, E. Untersuchungen zum Gottesscheid in Mari: Die Mariprophetie in der alttestamentlichen Forschung. Kevelaer/Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker/Neukirchener Verlag, 1977.

Noth, M. The History of Israel. TR P. Ackroyd. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.

Oppenheimer, D. Status Matrimonialis Oseae ut Symb. Propheticum. Sepher Dim Festschrift, ed. H. Bar-Deroma et al. Jerusalem: Kirjath Sepher, 1958.

Petersen, D. Late Israelite Prophecy: Studies in Deutero-Prophetic Literature and in Chronicles. SBLMS 23. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977.

Rowley, H. H. Men of God. London: Nelson, 1963.

Silverman, A. O. Behold My Messengers: The Lives and Teachings of the Prophets. New York: Bloch, 1955.

Smith, J. M. P. The Prophets and Their Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925.

Smith, W. R. The Prophets of Israel. London: 2d ed., 1895.

Smolar, L., and M. Auerbach. Studies in Targum Jonathan to the Prophets. Churgin, P. Targum Jonathan to the Prophets (combined volume). New York: KTAV, 1983.

Stuart, D. Favorite Old Testament Passages. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985.

———. Studies in Early Hebrew Meter. HSM 13. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1976.

Thiele, E. R. The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.

Torrey, C. C. The Lives of the Prophets. JBL Monographs 1. Philadelphia: Society of Biblical Literature, 1946.

Vaux, R. de. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. TR J. McHugh. New York: McGrawHill, 1961.

Volz, P. Die vorexilische Jawehprophetie und der Messias. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1897.

Vuilleumier, R. La tradition culturelle d’Israel dans la prophetie d’Amos et Osée. Cahiers Theologique 45. Neuchâtel: Delachaux, 1960.

Ward, J. M. The Prophets. Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon, 1982.

Warmuth, G. Das Mahnwort: Seine Bedeutung für die Verkundigung der vorexilixischen Propheten Amos, Hosea, Micha, Jesaja und Jeremia. Beiträge zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie 1. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1976.

Weippert, H., et al. Beiträge zur prophetischen Bildsprache in Israel und Assyrien. Freiburg/Göttingen: Universitätsverlag/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1985.

Winward, S. A Guide to the Prophets. Atlanta: John Knox, 1976.

Wolff, H. W. Prophetische Alternativen: Entdeckungen des Neuen im Alten Testament. Munich: Kaiser Verlag, 1982.

———. Confrontations with Prophets. TR Fortress Press. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

Ziegler, J. Beiträge zum griechischen Dodekapropheton. Göttingen: 1942.

Zimmerli, W. The Law and the Prophets. Oxford: UP, 1965.

ARTICLES ON OR RELATING TO THE MINOR PROPHETS

Bee, R. E. An Empirical Dating Procedure for Old Testament Prophecy. JSOT 11 (1979) 23–35.

Boeker, H. J. Redeformen des Rechtsleben im Alten Testament. WMANT 14. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1964.

Budde, K. Eine folgeschwere Redaktion des Zwölfprophetenbuchs. ZAW 39 (1921) 218–29.

Buhl, F. Einige textkritische Bemerkungen zu den kleinen Propheten. ZAW 5 (1885) 179–84.

Davies, G. H. The Yahwistic Tradition in the Eighth-Century Prophets. In Studies in Old Testament Prophecy, H. H. Rowley, ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1950. 37–51.

Deroche, M. "Yahweh’s Rib against Israel: A Reassessment of the So-Called ‘Prophetic Lawsuit’ in the Preexilic Prophets." JBL 102 (1983) 563–74.

Driver, G. R. Linguistic and Textual Problems: Minor Prophets II, III." JTS 39 (1938) 154–66; 260–73; 393–405.

———. Notes on Hebrew Prophets and Proverbs. JTS 41 (1940) 162–75.

Duhm, B. Anmerkungen zu den zwölf kleinen Propheten. ZAW 31 (1911) 1–4; 81–110; 161–204.

Eakin, F. E., Jr. Yahwism and Baalism Before the Exile. JBL 84 (1965) 407–14.

Eissfeldt, O. The Prophetic Literature. In The Old Testament and Modern Study, H. H. Rowley, ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1951.

Engnell, I. Prophets and Prophetism in the Old Testament. In Critical Essays on the Old Testament, TR & ed. John T. Willis. London: SPCK, 1970. 123–79.

Fohrer, G. Neue Literature zur altestamentlichen Prophetie (1961–1970). TRu 40 (1975) 337–77; 41 (1976) 1–12; 45 (1980) 1–39, 109–32, 193–225; 47 (1982) 105–35, 205–18.

Freehoff, S. B. Some Text Rearrangements in the Minor Prophets. JQR 32 (1941–42) 303–8.

Gaster, Th. H. Notes on the Minor Prophets. JTS 39 (1937) 163–65.

Gemser, B. "The Rîb or Controversy Pattern in Hebrew Mentality." VTSup 3 (1955) 124–37.

Gerstenberger, E. The Woe Oracles of the Prophets. JBL 81 (1962) 249–63.

Ginsburg, M. Notes on the Minor Prophets. Eretz-Israel 3 (1954) 83–84. (Heb.).

Gordis, R. Poets, Prophets and Sages. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1971.

Gottwald, N. K. Tragedy and Comedy in the Latter Prophets. Semeia 32 (1984) 83–86.

Haran, M. From Early Classical Prophecy: Continuity and Change. VT 27 (1977) 385–97.

Harvey, J. "Le riv pattern: Requistoire prophetique sur la rupture de ralliance." Bib 43 (1962) 172–96.

Helewa, J. Ministère doctrinal du prêtre dans la théologie ecclésiale du prophète Osée. ECarm 17 (1966) 5–30.

Helfmeyer, F. J. Gotteserkenntnis—Liebe—Umkehr. BK 40 (1985) 101–107.

Hirshberg, H. H. Some Additional Arabic Etymologies in OT Lexicography. VT 11 (1967) 373–85.

Hoffman, Y. From Oracle to Prophecy: The Growth, Crystallization and Disintegration of a Biblical Gattung. Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 10 (1982) 75–81.

Huffmon, H. Prophecy in the Mari Letters. BA 31 (1968) 101–124.

———. The Covenant Lawsuit in the Prophets. JBL 78 (1959) 285–95.

Jepsen, A. Kleine Beiträge zum Zwölfprophetenbuch. ZAW 56 (1938) 85–100; 57 (1939) 242–55; 61 (1945–48) 95–114.

Kahle, P. Die im August 1952 entdeckte Lederrole mit dem grieschischen Text der kleinen Propheten und das Problem der Septuaginta. TLZ 79 (1954) 81–94.

Kapelrud, A. S. The Spirit and the Word in the Prophets. ASTI 11 (1978) 40–47

Kipper, J. B. A evoluçao económico-social em Israel e a pregaao dos profetas. RCB 20 (1977) 309–351.

Limburg, J. The Prophets in Recent Study: 1967–77. Int 32 (1982) 56–68.

Lods, A. "Recherches récentes sur le prophétisme israélite. RHR 104 (1931) 279–316.

Long, B. Reports of Visions among the Prophets. JBL 95 (1976) 353–65.

Melugin, R. The Typical Versus the Unique among the Hebrew Prophets. SBL 1972 Proceedings, 331–41.

Meyer, R., et al. Propheten II. RGG 5:613, 633.

Moran, W. L New Evidence from Mari on the History of Prophecy. Bib 50 (1969) 15–56.

Porteous, N. W. The Basis of the Ethical Teaching of the Prophets. In Studies in Old Testament Prophecy, H. H. Rowley, ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1950.

Ramsey, G. W. Speech-Forms in Hebrew Law and Prophetic Oracles. JBL 96 (1977) 45–58.

Rendtorff, R. Erwägungen zur Frühgeschichte des Prophetentums in Israel. ZTK 59 (1962) 145–67. (= Reflections on the Early History of Prophecy in Israel. TR P. J. Achtemeier in Hermeneutic, Journal for Theology and the Church, ed. R. W. Funk and G. Ebeling [New York: Harper and Row, 1967] 4:14–34.)

———. Prophetenspruch. RGG 5:635–38.

Richter, G. Erläuterung zu dunkeln Stellen in den kleinen Propheten. BFCT 18, 3/4 (1914).

Robinson, T. H. Die prophetischer Bücher im Lichte neuer Entdeckungen. ZAW 45 (1927) 3–9.

Rudolph, W. Präparierte Jungfrauen? ZAW 75 (1963) 65–73.

Schoors, A. De vormkritische studie van de profeten. Bijdragen 32 (1971) 259–81.

Smalley, W. A. Translating ‘Thus Says the Lord.’  BT 29 (1978) 222–24.

Stuart, D. The Old Testament Prophets’ Self-Understanding of Their Prophecy. Themelios (1980/81) 9–14.

Vermeylen, J. Les prophètes de la conversion face aux traditions sacrales de l’Israël ancien. RTL 9 (1978) 5–32.

Vollers, K. A. Das Dodekapropheten der Alexandriner. ZAW 4 (1884) 1–20.

Vriezen, T. C. Prophecy and Eschatology. VTSup 1 (1953) 199–229.

Vuilleumier, R. Traditions d’Israël et liberté du prophète: Osée. Prophètes, pontès et sages d’Israel: FS Edmond Jacob. RHPR 59 (1979) 491–98.

Watts, J. D. W. Elements of OT Worship. JBR 26 (1958) 217–21.

Weinfeld, M. Ancient Near Eastern Patterns in Prophetic Literature. VT 27 (1977) 178–95.

Werbeck, W. Zwölfprophetenbuch. RGG³ 6, cols. 1969–70.

Wilson, R. R. Form-Critical Investigation of the Prophetic Literature: The Present Situation. SBL 1973 Seminar Papers, 100–127.

Wolfe, R. E. The Editing of the Book of the Twelve. ZAW 53 (1935) 90–130.

Wolff, H. W. Erkenntnis Gottes im Alten Testament. EvT 15 (1955) 426–31.

Ziegler, J. Studien zur Verwertung der Septuaginta im Zwölfprophetenbuch. ZAW 60 (1944) 107–31.

Zimmerli, W. Vom Prophetenwort zum Prophetenbuch. TLZ 104 (1979) 481–96.

General Introduction

Prophetic Dependency on Pentateuchal Blessings and Curses

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baltzer, K. Das Bundesformular. WMANT 4. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1960. Blank, S. The Curse, Blasphemy, the Spell and the Oath. HUCA 23 (1950–51) 73–95. Bright, J. Covenant and Promise: The Prophetic Understanding of the Covenant in Pre-Exilic Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975. Dumbrell, W. Covenant and Creation. New York: Thomas Nelson, 1985. Ebeling, E. Sammlung von Beschwörungsformeln. ArOr 21 (1953) 357–423. Fensham, F. C. Covenant, Promise and Expectation in the Bible. TZ 23 (1967) 305–22. ———. Maledictions and Benedictions in Ancient Near Eastern Vassal-Treaties and the Old Testament. ZAW 74 (1962) 1–9. Gevirtz, S. West-Semitic Curses and the Problem of the Origins of Hebrew Law. VT 11 (1961) 137–58. Gressmann, H. Der Ursprung der israelitischen-jüdischen Eschatologie. FRLANT 43. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1905. Hillers, D. Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969. ———. Treaty-Curses and the Old Testament Prophets. Bib 16. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964. Kline, M. G. Treaty of the Great King. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963. McCarthy, D. J. Old Testament Covenant: A Survey of Current Opinions. Atlanta: John Knox, 1972. ———. Treaty and Covenant: A Study in Form in the Ancient Oriental Documents and the OT rev. ed. AnBib 21. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1978. Mendenhall, G. Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition. BA 17 (1954) 50–76. ———. Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. Pittsburgh: Biblical Colloquium, 1955. Mercer, S. A. B. The Oath in Babylonian and Assyrian Literature. Paris: P. Guenther, 1912. Moriarty, F. Prophets and Covenant. Gregorianum 66 (1965) 817–33. Muilenburg, J. The ‘Office’ of the Prophet in Ancient Israel. In The Bible in Modern Scholarship, ed. J. P. Hyatt. Nashville: Abingdon, 1965. 74–97. Perlitt, L. Bundestheologie im Alten Testament. WMANT 36. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1969. Vogels, W. La promesse royale de Yahweh préparatoire à l’alliance. Ottawa: Editions de l’Université d’Ottawa, 1970. Wehmeir, G. Der Segen im Alten Testament. Basel: Friedrich Reinhardt Kommissionsverlag, 1970.

True prophecy and true originality were mutually exclusive in ancient Israel. Understanding this fact is essential to understanding the Old Testament prophets.

Much scholarship on the Old Testament since Wellhausen’s Prolegomena to the History of Israel (1883) has, however, been captive to the opposite view: that the OT prophets were creatively original, conceiving a perspective on history and producing interpretations of Israel’s behavior largely de novo, without full written or oral legal-covenantal traditions as guidelines. By such a view, the prophets’ legal-covenantal ideas grew up during and as a result of their creative activity, gained a decisive position in orthodox Yahwist Israelite circles, and eventuated in the composition of the deuteronomic (D) and priestly (P) law codes in the seventh and sixth-fifth centuries B.C., respectively. In other words, as preachers prior to the composition of law, the OT prophets were in effect the inventors of biblical social ethics and to some extent personal ethics as well, and the creators of most of the covenantal ideals later systematized into what is now the bulk of the Pentateuch.

The evidence does not support this view. Instead, it supports the conclusion that the OT prophets carried on their inspired ministries within a tradition that consciously and directly went back to the ancient Mosaic covenant as expressed in the Pentateuch, i.e., its first statement in Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers and its renewal in Deuteronomy. The prophets had not the slightest sense that they were creating any new doctrine but considered themselves spokespersons for Yahweh, who through them called his people back to obedience to the covenant he had given them many centuries before, and reminded them of its curses and blessings, which Yahweh had sworn to honor.

Throughout this volume’s individual commentaries on Hosea-Jonah, therefore, regular comparison is made to the curses and blessings of the Mosaic covenant, since only thereby can what the prophets are referring to be made sense of. They invent no types of curses or blessings. They simply make reference, either literally or allusively as inspired to do so, to what is already incorporated in the Sinai covenant. The significance of this fact cannot be overstated. Nearly all of the content of the classical (writing) prophets’ oracles revolve around the announcement of the near-time fulfillment of covenantal curses and the end-time fulfillment of covenantal restoration blessings. They speak of little else than these two topics: how and why God’s people may expect to be punished by a variety of disasters soon, and how and why they may expect to be rescued and restored eventually.

Categorizing the curses and blessings of the prophetical books requires first categorizing the curses and blessings of the Pentateuch, for precisely there are contained all the types that eventually recur in the prophets’ oracles of woe or weal.

Categorization is always a somewhat subjective enterprise, and the categories we have arrived at below, referred to routinely hereafter in the commentary, represent only one of several ways that the groupings might be made. It has seemed appropriate to err on the side of more rather than fewer categories where a genuine choice has been possible. This is suggested not only by the unpredictable way that the individual curses and blessings appear (in no discernible order or hierarchy) in both the Pentateuch and the prophetical books, but also by the intrinsically wide range of issues represented among the curses and blessings. The prophets themselves probably did not see in the Pentateuch any categorization of a few, say three to five, major subject areas; instead they appear to have considered the range of curse and blessing types to have been extensive, judging from the way that they select and juxtapose what the Mosaic covenant sanctions contain.

At any rate, our count yields twenty-seven types of curses and ten types of restoration blessings. It must be noted that the prophets were not commissioned to announce any current or first-occupation blessings to Israel. These had been amply promised by Moses, but the time of their applicability had passed by when the writing prophets were on the scene. What God had to say to Israel was something other than immediate blessing.

A REFERENCE LIST OF COVENANT CURSES

Throughout this volume, the Pentateuchal curses will be referred to by the following categorizations, as numbered:

1. Anger / rejection from Yahweh

Lev 26:17 I will set my face against you . . .

26:24 I myself will be hostile toward you . . .

26:28 In my anger I will be hostile to you.

26:41 . . . made me hostile toward them . . .

Deut 4:24 Yahweh your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.

4:25 . . . provoking (Yahweh your God) to anger . . .

Deut 29:20 Yahweh will never be willing to forgive him; his wrath and zeal will burn against that person.

29:24 . . . fierce, burning anger . . .

29:27 Therefore Yahweh’s anger (will have) burned against this land . . .

29:28 . . . furious anger and great wrath . . .

Deut 31:17 I will become angry with them and forsake them. I will hide my face from them . . .

31:17 . . . because our God is not with us.

31:18 I will certainly hide my face on that day . . .

31:29 . . . provoke him to anger . . .

Deut 32:16 . . . angered . . .

32:19 Yahweh . . . rejected them because he was angered . . .

32:20 I will hide my face from them . . .

32:21 . . . angered . . .

32:30 . . . unless their Rock had sold them, unless Yahweh had given them up.

2. Rejection / destruction of the cult

Lev 26:31 I will lay waste your sanctuaries and I will take no delight in the pleasing aroma of your offerings.

3. War and its ravages

a. General

Lev 26:17 . . . you will be defeated by your enemies.

26:25 I will bring the sword upon you . . .

26:25 . . . you will be given into enemy hands.

26:33 . . . (I will) . . . draw out my sword and pursue you.

26:37 So you will not be able to stand before your enemies.

Deut 28:25 . . . defeated before your enemies.

28:25 You will come at them from one direction but flee from them in seven.

28:49 Yahweh will bring a nation against you from far away, from the ends of the earth, like an eagle swooping down, a nation whose language you will not understand, a fierce-looking nation without respect for the old or pity for the young.

28:52 Until the high fortified walls in which you trust fall down.

Deut 32:23 I will send my arrows against them.

32:24 In the street the sword will make them childless.

32:30 . . . one man chase a thousand, or two put ten thousand to flight . . .

32:41 I will sharpen my flashing sword . . .

32:42 I will make my arrows drunk with blood while my sword de-vours flesh.

b. Siege

Lev 26:25 When you withdraw into your cities I will send a plague among you . . .

26:26 When I cut off your supply of bread . . .

26:29 You will eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters.

Deut 28:52 They will lay siege to all the cities throughout your land . . .

28:52 They will besiege all the cities throughout the land . . .

28:53 . . . the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege . . .

28:55 . . . the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege of all your cities.

28:57 . . . during the siege and in the distress that your enemy will inflict on you in your cities.

4. Fear / terror / horror

Lev 26:16 . . . sudden terror . . .

26:17 . . . you will flee even when no one is pursuing you.

26:36 . . . I will make their hearts so fearful in the lands of their enemies that the sound of a wind-blown leaf will put them to flight.

26:36 They will run as though fleeing from the sword, and they will fall, even though no one is pursuing them.

26:37 They will stumble over one another as though fleeing from the sword, even though no one is pursuing them.

Deut 28:66 You will live in constant suspense, filled with dread both night and day, never sure of your life.

28:67 In the morning you will say ‘If only it were evening!’ and in the evening, ‘If only it were morning!’—because of the terror that will fill your hearts . . .

Deut 32:25 In their homes, terror will reign.

5. Occupation and oppression by enemies / aliens

Lev 26:16 You will plant seed in vain because your enemies will eat it.

26:17 Those who hate you will rule over you.

26:32 (the land) . . . your enemies who live there . . .

Deut 28:31 Your sheep will be given to your enemies.

28:33 . . . nothing but cruel oppression all your days.

28:43 The alien who lives among you will rise above you higher and higher . . .

28:44 He will lend to you but you will not lend to him. He will be the head but you will be the tail.

28:48 . . . You will serve the enemies Yahweh sends against you.

28:48 He will put an iron yoke on your neck . . .

28:68 . . . you will offer yourselves for sale to your enemies . . .

Deut 32:21 I will make them envious by those who are not a people; I will make them angry by a nation that has no understanding.

6. Agricultural disaster / unproductivity

a. Drought

Lev 26:19 I will make the sky above you like iron and the ground beneath you like bronze.

Deut 28:22 . . . drought . . .

28:23 The sky over your head will be bronze, the ground beneath you iron.

28:24 "Yahweh will turn the rain of your country into