Lucy Mailing, Ph.D. received her Bachelor’s in Biology from Kalamazoo College and her Ph.D. in Nutritional Sciences from the University of Illinois, where her dissertation research focused on the effects of diet and exercise on the gut microbiome in states of health and disease. Lucy has authored several peer-reviewed journal articles related to the microbiome and health and was named an Emerging Leader in Nutritional Sciences by the American Society for Nutrition in 2017. Lucy has also served as a staff research associate for the Kresser Institute for Functional and Evolutionary Medicine since 2015. Lucy is the founder and sole author of lucymailing.com, a site dedicated to evidence-based articles about the microbiome, gut and skin health, and nutrition. She is regularly invited to speak on gut health around the country and has been recognized as one of the most trusted experts in the integrative health space. Lucy plans to continue her academic training and begin a postdoc in 2020 after a gap year dedicated to writing and other projects.  Time Stamps:  0:08:47 Podcast begins 0:09:55 What is a healthy gut microbiome? 0:12:43 The Microbiome of the Hadza 0:14:25 Enterocyte-Associated Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00865/full 0:18:36 Figure: Typical major phyla and genera of the human gut microbiome https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-major-phyla-and-genera-of-the-human-gut-microbiome-reproduced-with-permission_fig1_331990159 0:22:05 Seasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6353/802#:~:text=The%20data%20reveal%20annual%20cyclic,reappear%20in%20a%20subsequent%20season.&text=These%20data%20indicate%20that%20some,and%20abundance%20in%20modernized%20populations. 0:24:38 Pervasive bias in research 0:30:10 Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996546/ 0:31:11 Microbiological dark matter and the infancy of gut microbiology 0:38:17 The Story of Butyrate 0:42:19 Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease alters intestinal epithelial metabolism of hepatic acylcarnitines https://www.jci.org/articles/view/133371 0:44:04 Figure: Cartoon of the acylcarnitine shuttle and β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cartoon-of-the-acylcarnitine-shuttle-and-b-oxidation-of-fatty-acids-in-mitochondria_fig1_323380097 0:46:00 GUT MICROBIAL METABOLOME: REGULATION OF HOST METABOLISM BY SCFAs https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77011125.pdf 0:47:50 Fermentation of animal components in strict carnivores: A comparative study with cheetah fecal inoculum https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221789283_Fermentation_of_animal_components_in_strict_carnivores_A_comparative_study_with_cheetah_fecal_inoculum 0:52:50 Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957428/ 0:55:42 An Expanded Genetic Code Enables Trimethylamine Metabolism in Human Gut Bacteria https://msystems.asm.org/content/5/5/e00413-20/article-info 0:55:42 How animal-based diet's produce risk of cardiovascular disease 0:58:50 No effect of plasma trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and plasma trimethyllysine (TML) on the association between choline intake and acute myocardial infarction risk in patients with stable angina pectoris https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666149720300025 1:00:27 L-Carnitine Supplementation Increases Trimethylamine-N-Oxide but not Markers of Atherosclerosis in Healthy Aged Women https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/495037 1:03:12 Ketogenic Diets > High Fiber Diets 1:03:12 Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30490-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420304906%3Fshowall%3Dtrue 1:10:22 Effect of hon