Battle Of Kuwait City, 1991

By André Geraque Kiffer

It took place between February 24 and 27, 1991, with its main phase at Kuwait International Airport. However, much of the fighting actually took place on the airport access routes. Iraqi forces were unable to utilize the advantage that could have been gained through the use of urban warfare - fighting in cities or towns - which could have caused significant casualties to the attacking forces. Trying to simulate the possibility of a strategic Iraqi victory would be unrealistic, considering the military situation at the time. Imagine, then, the possibilities for a costly battle of attrition that would impact the Western media and reduce moral support for the war. So, in due course, we will include in our simulation the use by Iraqis of some of the concepts of Soviet Military Doctrine, which ended up not being tested much on a large scale during the Cold War.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Clube de Autores
• Release date: Feb 2, 2024

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ANDRÉ  GERAQUE  KIFFER

Battle  of  Kuwait  City,  1991. A  historical  simulation

Author's  Edition Rio  de  Janeiro

2022

---  Kiffer,  André  Geraque.

Battle  of  Kuwait  City,  1991.  A  historical  simulation.  André Geraque  Kiffer.

Author’s  Edition,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  2022. Bibliography:  93  p.  29  im.  21  cm..

1.  History.  2.  Art  of  War.  3.  Science  of  War.  4.  War Games.  I.  Author.  II.  Title.

ISBN  978-65-00-39073-5

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3 PROLOGUE

In  my  Military  History  study  project  I  rely  on  a summary  of  historical  fact,  I  analyze  and  highlight the  decisive  factors,  before  simulating  alternative what  if…  hypotheses  through  a  board  game.  In  the simulation,  all  possibilities  of  the  purpose  of  the study  are  completed,  when  the  past  of  history  is analyzed  based  on  the  theory  of  the  present  and projected  for  similar  situations  in  the  future.  Since 2010  I  have  published  the  following  series  of simulations:  I.  Historical  Simulation  of  the  Wars  of the  First  Empires;  II.  Historical  Simulation  of  the Wars  in  Classical  Greece;  III.  Historical  Simulation of  the  Roman  Wars;  IV.  Historical  Simulation  of Wars  in  the  Medieval  Era;  V.  Historical  Simulation of  Wars  in  the  Modern  Era  (1453  to  1774);  VI. Historical  Simulation  of  Wars  in  the  Age  of Revolutions  (1775  to  1860);  VII.  Historical Simulation  of  Wars  in  the  Industrial  Age  (1861  to 1913);  "VIII.  Historical  Simulation  of  the  First  World

War;  IX.  Historical  Simulation  of  World  War  II;  X.

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Historical  Simulation  of  the  Cold  War  (1917  to 1991);  and  XI.  Historical  Simulation  of Contemporary  Wars  (1991  to  ...)". Keywords:  History.  Art  of  War.  Science  of  War.  War

Games.

5 SUMMARY

GULF  WAR…………....……………….....……....…..6 BATTLE  OF  KUWAIT  CITY………........…....….…...9 HISTORICALANALYSIS….………………....….….12 HISTORICAL  SIMULATION.….………………....…23 ANNEXES........………………………………………89

REFERENCES....……………………………………92

6 GULF  WAR

The  Gulf  War  was  fought  by  US-led  coalition forces  of  35  nations  against  Iraq  in  response  to  its invasion  and  annexation  of  Kuwait,  stemming  from disputes  over  oil  prices  and  production.

Im  1:  Theater  of  War.

The  war  is  also  known  by  other  names  such  as the  Persian  Gulf  War,  First  Gulf  War,  Kuwait  War,

First  Iraq  War,  or  Iraq  War  before  the  term  was

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identified  with  that  of  2003  (also  referred  to  in  the US  as  Operation  Iraqi  Freedom).

On  August  2,  1990,  the  Iraqi  Army  invaded  and occupied  Kuwait,  which  was  met  with  international condemnation  and  brought  immediate  economic sanctions  against  Iraq  by  United  Nations  (UN) Security  Council  members.

UK  Prime  Minister  Margaret  Thatcher  and  US President  George  H.  W.  Bush  sent  forces  to  Saudi Arabia  and  urged  other  countries  to  send  their  own forces  there.

A  number  of  nations  joined  the  coalition, forming  the  largest  military  alliance  since  World  War II.  The  majority  of  the  military  forces  were  from  the United  States,  with  Saudi  Arabia,  the  United Kingdom  and  Egypt  the  main  contributors,  in  that order.  Kuwait  and  Saudi  Arabia  paid  about  $32 billion  of  the  $60  billion  cost.

The  initial  conflict  to  drive  Iraqi  troops  out  of Kuwait  began  with  an  air  and  naval  bombardment on  January  17,  1991,  and  continued  for  five  weeks.

During  this  period,  Iraq  launched  Scud  missiles  at

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Israel  in  an  attempt  to  provoke  an  Israeli  response that  would  destabilize  Arab  countries'  participation in  the  war,  as  well  as  against  coalition  targets  in Saudi  Arabia.

Im  2:  Theater  of  Operations.

This  was  followed  by  a  ground  attack  by coalition  forces  starting  at  0400  hours  on  24 February.  The  latter  won  a  decisive  victory  for  the coalition,  which  liberated  Kuwait  and  advanced  into

Iraqi  territory.

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The  coalition  then  stopped  its  advance  and declared  a  ceasefire  100  hours  into  the  ground campaign.  Air  and  ground  fighting  was  confined  to Iraq,  Kuwait  and  areas  bordering  Saudi  Arabia. The  war  was  marked  by  live  news  from  the  front lines  of  the  battle,  mainly  by  the  American