600 MCQs in Clinical Pharmacology

By Hamza Alhamad

This book contains 600 comprehensive multiple-choice questions about different topics of clinical pharmacology divided into nine parts. The first part contains multiple-choice questions about general concepts of clinical pharmacology. The remaining parts cover the clinical pharmacology of different body systems.
Pharmacology is the scientific branch of medicine that studies the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms, where a drug can be broadly defined as any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, that affects a biological system.

Clinical pharmacology is a bridge science that incorporates knowledge and skills from several basic science disciplines, including physiology, biochemistry, and cell and molecular biology.

 

• Language: English
• Publisher: MedPharm Excellence
• Release date: Mar 2, 2024
• ISBN: 9798224044634

Hamza Alhamad

I am Dr.  Hamza Alhamad; I obtained my Pharm D degree from JUST University in 2008 and received my MSc. in Clinical Pharmacy, International Practice and Policy (CPIPP) degree from the University of London/UK in 2011.  After that, I obtained my Ph.D. degree from the University of Reading/UK in Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice in December 2017. In between getting my degrees, I worked as a clinical pharmacist in adult and pediatric ICUs in Tertiary Hospitals. I attended many conferences and published research articles that focused on; patient and healthcare professional experiences and practices related to deprescribing and optimizing medicine use processes supported by the application of social and psychological research methods, pharmacy education, OSCE exam implementation, and continuing professional development, and the impact of health information technology and electronic prescribing on antimicrobial stewardship and antibiotic use in hospitals. 

Book preview

Preface

This book contains 600 comprehensive multiple-choice questions about different topics of clinical pharmacology divided into nine parts. The first part contains multiple-choice questions about general concepts of clinical pharmacology. The remaining parts cover the clinical pharmacology of different body systems.

Pharmacology is the scientific branch of medicine that studies the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms, where a drug can be broadly defined as any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, that affects a biological system.

Clinical pharmacology is a bridge science that incorporates knowledge and skills from several basic science disciplines, including physiology, biochemistry, and cell and molecular biology.

This book suits medical, dental, pharmacy, and nursing students studying pharmacology for their Bachelor's degree. Also, it helps clinicians and practitioners who want to refresh their clinical pharmacological information during their practice.

Part 1: Clinical Pharmacology General  concepts

❖  What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?

A. Studying drug interactions with target receptors

B. Investigating the effects of drugs on humans

C. Analyzing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

D. Understanding the mechanism of action of drugs

Answer: B

❖  All of the following are factors that affect drug distribution except:

A. Binding to plasma proteins

B. Binding to tissue proteins

C. Hydrophobicity

D. Half-life

Answer: D

❖  Which of the following regarding the volume of distribution is true?

A. Drugs with a high volume of distribution have limited penetration to extravascular tissue

B. Drugs with a very high volume of distribution have much higher concentrations in extravascular tissue than in the vascular compartment.

C. Drugs with low volume of distribution diffuse rapidly to extracellular tissue

D. Drugs with high volume of distribution remain in the blood

Answer: B

❖  Which of the following is correct regarding Kd?

A. It is the drug concentration required to have a toxic effect

B. It is the drug concentration required to have a lethal effect

C. It is the drug concentration required to have one-half of maximal efficacy

D. It is the drug concentration required to have one-half of maximal binding

Answer: D

❖  Which of the following regarding potency is correct?

A. It is a measure of the amount of a drug to produce maximal binding

B. It is a measure of the amount of a drug to produce maximal efficacy

C. It is a measure of the amount of a drug to produce lethal toxicity

D. It is inversely related to EC50

E. It is conversely related to EC50

Answer: D

❖  Which of the following is true regarding competitive antagonists?

A. The dose-response curve is shifted downward

B. The dose-response curve is shifted to the right

C. The maximal efficacy of the agonist is reduced

D. The potency of the agonist is increased

E. It cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist

Answer: B

❖  Which of the following is true regarding the therapeutic index?

A. It is the ratio of  the LD50 to the ED50

B. Drugs with low therapeutic index are very safe

C. It is the ratio of the TD50 to the ED50

D. It is the difference between the minimum toxic dose and the minimum effective dose

Answer: C

❖  Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are an example of:

A. G-protein coupled receptors

B. Intracellular receptors

C. Cytokine receptors

D. Ligand and voltage-gated channels

E. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes

Answer: D

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❖  Short-term reduction of the drug effect due to repeated exposure to agonists is a phenomenon known as:

A. Tolerance

B. Tachyphylaxis

C. Down-regulation

D. Up-regulation

Answer: B

❖  A pharmacokinetic study of a new antipsychotic drug is being conducted in healthy human volunteers. The half-life of the drug after administration by continuous intravenous infusion is 6 hours. Which of the following best approximates the time for the drug to reach a steady state?

A. 6-12 hours

B. 24-30 hours

C. 36-42 hours

D. 48-54 hours

Answer: B

❖  .................... is usually calculated as the ratio of the toxic dose to 1% of the population (TD01) to the dose that is 99% effective to the population (ED99). Please choose the most correct answer:

A. TD50.

B. ED50.

C. Therapeutic Index.

D. Margin of safety.

Answer: D

❖  ................ is used to compare the therapeutically effective dose to the toxic dose of a pharmaceutical agent.

A. TD50.

B. ED50.

C. Therapeutic Index (TI).

D. Margin of safety.

E. None of the statements is correct.

Answer: C

❖  ............... is an expression of the activity of an agent in terms of its concentration or amount required to produce a defined effect.

A. Potency.

B. synergistic effect.

C. Potentiation effect.

D. Efficacy.

E. Tolerance.

Answer: A

❖  ................. the capacity of an agent to produce an alteration in a target cell/organ after binding to its receptor

A. Potency.

B. synergistic effect.

C. Potentiation effect.

D. Efficacy.

E. Tolerance.

Answer: D

❖  Drug potency is best described as:

A. The maximum effect a drug can produce

B. The dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect

C. The duration of action of a drug

D. The concentration of a drug required to bind to its target receptors

Answer: B

❖  Which of the following factors can affect drug absorption?

A. Age

B. Genetic polymorphisms

C. Food intake

D. All statements are correct

Answer: D

❖  A laboratory is conducting a study to assess the safety, efficacy, and potency of a group of drugs before allowing the agents to proceed to clinical trials. The figure below shows the dose-response curves for four different drugs from the same class of medications (Drugs A, B, C, & D). Which of the following is true regarding these medications?

C:\Users\5033\Downloads\pharm1.jpg

A. Drug A has greater efficacy than Drug D.

B. Drug D has greater efficacy than Drug A.

C. Drug C has greater potency than Drug B.

D. Drug D has greater potency than Drug A.

E. All four drugs (A, B, C, D) have equal potencies.

F. None of the statements is correct.

Answer: F

❖  Which of the following best defines the therapeutic window?

A. The ratio of LD50 to ED99

B. The ratio of LD50 to ED50

C. The ratio of LD1 to LD50

D. The ratio of ED99 to ED50

E. None of the statements is correct.

Answer: E

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❖  Which of the following terms describes the drug dose required to produce a measurable effect in 50% of the animals tested? Please choose the most correct answer:

A. LD50

B. LD1

C. ED50

D. ED99

E. None of the statements is correct

Answer: C

❖  Regarding Pharmacokinetics, which of the following is/are FALSE?

A. Pharmacokinetics refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects.

B. ADME in pharmacokinetics refers to Administration, Differentiation, Metabolism, and Excretion.

C. Pharmacokinetics is simply what a drug does to the body.

D. All of the above.

Answer: D

❖  Regarding Tolerance which of the following is/are FALSE?

A. Pharmacokinetics tolerance happens because the body becomes less sensitive to a drug after repeated or long-term exposure.

B. Pharmacodynamic tolerance happens due to a decrease in the amount of a drug that reaches the site or sites where it affects the body.

C. Pharmacodynamic tolerance is most evident with oral ingestion because other routes of drug administration bypass first-pass metabolism.

D. Dispositional tolerance occurs because of a decreased quantity of the substance reaching the site it affects.

E. All of the above.

Answer: D

❖  Regarding tachyphylaxis, which of the following is/are correct?

A. Tachyphylaxis is not dose-dependent, which may indicate that giving a larger dose of the drug may not restore the maximum effect.

B. Tachyphylaxis is rate-sensitive.

C. After a relatively short period of withholding the drug, the tachyphylaxis effect is restored (i.e.,