Chemistry Part One Dictionary: Grow Your Vocabulary, #28

By Blake Pieck

1st Edition of our Chemistry Part One Dictionary. Covering over 3400 words and phrases focussed on 3 topics.

The Chemistry Dictionary Part One is an indispensable guide tailored for students, educators, and professionals in the field of chemistry. This comprehensive resource delves deep into the core concepts and terminologies of Acid-Base Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, and Atmospheric Chemistry, providing clear and concise definitions that demystify complex ideas and phenomena. Each entry is meticulously crafted to enhance understanding, making even the most intricate topics accessible and engaging. Whether it's exploring the nuances of acid and base reactions, the precision of analytical methods in identifying chemical compositions, or understanding the chemical processes that shape our atmosphere, readers will find invaluable information that spans the breadth and depth of the discipline.

This Chemistry Dictionary is not just a reference book; it's a bridge to deeper knowledge and appreciation for the chemical sciences. It serves as an essential tool for anyone looking to solidify their understanding of chemistry's fundamental principles, making it a perfect addition to academic libraries, research institutions, and personal collections of science enthusiasts.

 

• Language: English
• Publisher: Blake Pieck
• Release date: Feb 14, 2024
• ISBN: 9798224600267

Book preview

Acid-Base Chemistry Dictionary

A

Acid   -   Organic Acids, Inorganic Acids   -   Substances that donate protons (H⁺) and have a pH lower than 7 in aqueous solutions. 

Acid Anhydride   -   Chemical Compounds   -   A non-metal oxide which reacts with water to form an acidic solution. 

Acid Base Pair Theory   -   Theories   -   The concept that describes how acids and bases always function as pairs in chemical reactions. 

Acid Catalysis   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   The acceleration of a chemical reaction by an acid. 

Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)   -   Equilibrium   -   A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution, representing the equilibrium concentration of products and reactants. 

Acid Etching   -   Applications   -   Using acids to etch designs into metal, glass, or other materials. 

Acid Halide   -   Organic Chemistry   -   Compounds derived from acids by replacing a hydroxyl group with a halogen. 

Acid Layering   -   Techniques   -   A method used in separation techniques where acids of different densities are layered to separate substances. 

Acid Rain   -   Environmental Chemistry   -   Rainfall that is significantly more acidic than normal due to atmospheric pollution. 

Acid Strength   -   Properties   -   The tendency of an acid to lose a proton; a measure of the degree of ionization in water. 

Acid Wash   -   Industrial Processes   -   A process of using acid to remove impurities or unwanted material from surfaces. 

Acid Wash Jeans   -   Fashion   -   Jeans that have been washed with a solution containing chlorine bleach. 

Acid-Base Balance   -   Physiology   -   The mechanisms the body uses to keep its fluids close to neutral pH. 

Acid-Base Equilibrium   -   Equilibrium   -   The state in which the concentrations of acids and bases in a solution are in balance. 

Acid-Base Extraction   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A procedure using sequential liquid-liquid extractions to purify acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties. 

Acid-Base Homeostasis   -   Medical Chemistry   -   The maintenance of the proper balance between acids and bases in the human body. 

Acid-Base Indicator   -   Indicators   -   A substance that changes color in response to a change in pH. 

Acid-Base Neutralization   -   Reactions   -   The reaction of an acid and a base to form water and a salt. 

Acid-Base Pair   -   Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs   -   A pair of two substances that transform into each other by the gain or loss of a proton. 

Acid-Base Physiology   -   Medical Chemistry   -   The study of acid-base balance in the human body. 

Acid-Base Reaction   -   Reactions   -   A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of protons from one reactant to another. 

Acid-Base Titration   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A method to determine the concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing it with a standard solution of base or acid. 

Acid-Fast   -   Microbiology   -   A property of some bacteria that makes them resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. 

Acidic Environment   -   Environmental Chemistry   -   An environment with a low pH, often caused by acid rain or industrial processes. 

Acidic Hydrogen   -   Properties   -   Hydrogen atoms in a molecule that can be released as H⁺ ions. 

Acidic Oxide   -   Chemical Compounds   -   Oxides that react with water to form acidic solutions or with bases to form salts. 

Acidic Salt   -   Salts   -   Salts that are formed from an incomplete neutralization of a strong acid with a base, retaining some acidic character. 

Acidic Solution   -   Solutions   -   A solution with a pH less than 7. 

Acidification   -   Environmental Chemistry   -   The process of becoming acidic or increasing in acidity. 

Acidity   -   Properties   -   The quality of being acidic; often measured by pH. 

Acidity Function   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A measure of the acidity of a solvent, particularly in non-aqueous solutions. 

Acidophile   -   Environmental Biology, Biology   -   Microorganisms that prefer acidic environments, often below pH 3. Organisms that thrive in acidic environments. 

Acidophilic Bacteria   -   Microbiology   -   Bacteria that prefer acidic conditions, often found in environments like sulfuric springs. 

Acidosis   -   Medical Chemistry   -   A condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body fluids. 

Acylation   -   Organic Reactions   -   The process of adding an acyl group to a compound, often under basic or acidic conditions. 

Alkali   -   Bases   -   Bases that dissolve in water forming hydroxide ions (OH⁻). 

Alkali Metal   -   Elements   -   Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, known for forming strongly alkaline hydroxides. 

Alkali Silicate   -   Compounds   -   Soluble silicates of alkali metals, commonly used in detergents and adhesives. 

Alkalimetry   -   Titration   -   Measuring the concentration of alkaline compounds in a solution, typically using acid-base titration. 

Alkaline   -   Ph Scale   -   Having a pH greater than 7; basic in nature. 

Alkaline Battery   -   Applications   -   A type of battery using an alkaline electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide. 

Alkaline Catalysis   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a base. 

Alkaline Earth Metal Hydroxide   -   Compounds   -   Hydroxides of alkaline earth metals that are strong bases and react with acids to form salts and water. 

Alkaline Earth Metals   -   Elements   -   Group 2 elements in the periodic table, forming basic oxides and hydroxides. 

Alkaline Peroxide   -   Compounds   -   Peroxides that are basic in nature, often used in bleaching and cleaning agents. 

Alkaline Solution   -   Solutions   -   A solution with a pH greater than 7, indicating the presence of more OH⁻ ions than H⁺ ions. 

Alkaline Water   -   Solutions   -   Water with a pH higher than 7, often containing alkaline minerals and negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). 

Alkalinity   -   Properties   -   The capacity of water to neutralize acids; associated with the presence of bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides. 

Alkalosis   -   Medical Chemistry   -   A condition caused by a decrease in hydrogen ions, resulting in a rise in blood pH. 

Amine   -   Organic Chemistry   -   Organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. 

Ammonia   -   Bases   -   A weak base that is commonly used in cleaning products and as a fertilizer. 

Amphiprotic   -   Properties   -   Substances capable of acting as either an acid or a base by either donating or accepting a proton. 

Amphoteric   -   Properties   -   Substances that can act as both acids and bases, like water and aluminum hydroxide. 

Anhydride   -   Chemical Compounds   -   A compound formed by the removal of water molecules from an acid or base. 

Aprotic Solvent   -   Solvents   -   Solvents that lack an acidic hydrogen; they do not participate in hydrogen bonding. 

Aqueous Solution   -   Solutions   -   A solution in which the solvent is water; pertinent in acid-base reactions. 

Arrhenius Acid   -   Acid Theories   -   Substances that increase the concentration of H⁺ ions when dissolved in water. 

Arrhenius Base   -   Base Theories   -   Substances that increase the concentration of OH⁻ ions in water. 

Autoionization   -   Water Chemistry   -   The process in which water spontaneously forms hydronium and hydroxide ions. 

B

Barbituric Acid   -   Organic Chemistry   -   A compound with weak acidic properties, used in the synthesis of barbiturate drugs. 

Barium Hydroxide   -   Bases   -   A strong base used in various chemical reactions and industrial processes. 

Base   -   Organic Bases, Inorganic Bases   -   Substances that accept protons (H⁺) and have a pH higher than 7 in aqueous solutions. 

Base Catalysis   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   A reaction mechanism involving a base as a catalyst. 

Base Deficit   -   Medical Chemistry   -   A quantitative measurement indicating the amount of base required to neutralize the blood’s pH. 

Base Dissociation Constant (Kb)   -   Equilibrium   -   A quantitative measure of the strength of a base in solution. 

Base Excess   -   Medical Chemistry   -   A measure of the excess or deficit of base in the blood plasma, important in diagnosing acid-base imbalances. 

Base Hydrolysis   -   Reactions   -   A chemical process in which a base causes the breakdown of a compound, typically through a reaction with water. 

Base Pair (Dna)   -   Biochemistry   -   Pairs of nucleotides in DNA, consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine. 

Base Pair Mismatch   -   Genetics   -   Errors in DNA replication where non-complementary nucleotides are paired. 

Base Strength   -   Properties   -   The extent to which a base dissociates in solution. 

Basic Anhydride   -   Chemical Compounds   -   An oxide that forms a base when reacted with water. 

Basic Dye   -   Dyes And Pigments   -   Dyes that are basic (alkaline) in nature and are attracted to the acidic parts of the cell tissues. 

Basic Oxide   -   Chemical Compounds   -   Oxides that react with acids to form water and a salt but do not react with bases. 

Basic Salt   -   Salts   -   Salts resulting from the incomplete neutralization of a strong base with an acid, retaining some basic character. 

Basic Solution   -   Solutions   -   A solution with a pH greater than 7. 

Basicity   -   Properties   -   The measure of a base’s ability to accept protons. 

Basicity Constant   -   Equilibrium   -   The equilibrium constant for the reaction of a base with water to form the conjugate acid and hydroxide ion. 

Benedict’s Solution   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A reagent used to test for the presence of reducing sugars, which changes color based on the oxidation of sugars. 

Benzene Sulfonic Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A strong organic acid derived from benzene, often used in the production of detergents and surfactants. 

Beryllium Hydroxide   -   Bases   -   A weakly alkaline compound with the chemical formula Be(OH)₂. 

Beta-Lactamase   -   Biochemistry   -   An enzyme that breaks the beta-lactam ring of antibiotics, functioning in an acid-base mechanism. 

Bicarbonate   -   Anions   -   The anion HCO₃⁻, acting as a buffer in blood plasma and involved in acid-base balance. 

Bicarbonate Buffer System   -   Biological Systems   -   A crucial buffer system that maintains the pH of blood and other bodily fluids. 

Bicarbonate Ion   -   Anions   -   HCO₃⁻ ion, acting as a buffer in biological systems, particularly in maintaining pH balance in the blood. 

Bifunctional Catalysis   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   Catalysis involving simultaneous action of both an acid and a base. 

Bleach   -   Household Chemicals   -   A strong base typically used for cleaning, often sodium hypochlorite. 

Borax   -   Compounds   -   A mineral and a salt of boric acid, often used as a cleaning agent. 

Boric Acid   -   Acids   -   A weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, or flame retardant. 

Boyle’s Law   -   Gas Laws   -   Describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases, relevant in the study of gaseous reactions in acid-base chemistry. 

Bromocresol Green   -   Indicators   -   A dye that changes color from yellow to blue over a pH range of 3.8 to 5.4. 

Bromocresol Green Indicator   -   Indicators   -   A dye used as a pH indicator, changing color from yellow to blue-green in the pH range of 3.8 to 5.4. 

Bromocresol Purple   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes from yellow to purple over a pH range of 5.2 to 6.8. 

Bromocresol Purple Indicator   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that exhibits a color change from yellow to purple over a pH range of 5.2 to 6.8. 

Bromophenol Blue   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes color from yellow (acidic) to blue (basic) over a pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. 

Bromothymol Blue   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes color at a pH around 6.0 (yellow) to 7.6 (blue). 

Bromthymol Blue   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes from yellow to blue over a pH range of 6.0 to 7.6. 

Brønsted-Lowry Acid   -   Acid Theories   -   A substance that donates a proton to another substance. 

Brønsted-Lowry Base   -   Base Theories   -   A substance that accepts a proton from another substance. 

Buffer Action   -   Properties   -   The ability of a buffer solution to resist pH changes upon the addition of small amounts of acids or bases. 

Buffer Capacity   -   Properties   -   The ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH. 

Buffer Region   -   Titration Curves   -   The part of a titration curve where the pH changes gradually, indicating the presence of a buffer. 

Buffer Solution   -   Solutions   -   A solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it, typically containing a weak acid and its conjugate base. 

Buffer System   -   Solutions   -   A system comprising a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid, used to maintain a relatively stable pH in a solution. 

Buffer Zone   -   Solutions   -   The range of pH where a buffer effectively neutralizes added acids and bases. 

Buffered Aspirin   -   Pharmaceuticals   -   Aspirin formulated with a buffering agent to reduce stomach irritation. 

Buffering Agent   -   Compounds   -   A substance added to a solution to maintain a constant pH. 

Buffering Agents   -   Compounds   -   Substances that resist changes in pH by neutralizing small quantities of an acid or base added to a solution. 

Burette   -   Laboratory Equipment   -   A graduated glass tube used in titrations to deliver measured volumes of a liquid, especially acids or bases. 

Butyric Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A short-chain fatty acid that is found in butter, sweat, and vomit, with a distinctively unpleasant odor. 

C

Calcium Carbonate   -   Compounds   -   A compound often found in rocks and shells, used as an antacid and in various industrial applications. 

Calcium Chloride   -   Salts   -   A salt used for de-icing and as a drying agent, releasing heat when dissolved in water. 

Calcium Hydroxide   -   Bases   -   A strong base, commonly known as slaked lime, used in many applications including construction and as a neutralizing agent. 

Calcium Oxide   -   Bases   -   A strong base, commonly known as quicklime, used in cement and to adjust pH in soils and water. 

Capillary Electrophoresis   -   Analytical Techniques   -   A technique used to separate ions based on their electrophoretic mobility, often related to their acid-base properties. 

Carbon Dioxide Transport   -   Physiology   -   The process of transporting CO₂ in the blood, significantly involving acid-base chemistry. 

Carbonate   -   Anions   -   The carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻), which acts as a base and forms salts with acids. 

Carbonate Buffer System   -   Biological Systems   -   A buffer system in blood and seawater, involving the equilibrium of carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion. 

Carbonic Acid   -   Inorganic Acids   -   A weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. 

Carboxylic Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   Organic acids containing a carboxyl group, which are weak acids. 

Catalase   -   Enzymes   -   An enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, functioning through acid-base mechanisms. 

Catalysis   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst, which can be an acid or a base. 

Catalytic Converter   -   Environmental Chemistry   -   A device in car exhaust systems that reduces harmful emissions, involving acid-base reactions. 

Catalytic Cycle   -   Reaction Mechanisms   -   The sequence of steps in a catalytic reaction, often involving acids or bases. 

Catalytic Triad   -   Biochemistry   -   A set of three coordinated amino acids found in the active site of some enzymes, functioning through acid-base mechanisms. 

Cation Exchange   -   Ion Exchange   -   The process where cations are exchanged between a solution and a cation exchange material, often influenced by pH. 

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A test used for the detection of alcohols and phenols, based on acid-base reactions. 

Chelation Therapy   -   Medical Treatment   -   A treatment involving the use of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body, often involving acid-base interactions. 

Chemical Equilibrium   -   Equilibrium   -   The state in a chemical reaction where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, important in acid-base reactions. 

Chemical Indicator   -   Indicators   -   A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change, often used in titrations. 

Chloric Acid   -   Inorganic Acids   -   A strong acid that is a powerful oxidizing agent, with the formula HClO₃. 

Chloride Ion   -   Anions   -   Cl⁻ ion, commonly found in salts and responsible for various chemical reactions, including acid-base interactions. 

Chloride Shift   -   Physiological Processes   -   The movement of chloride ions into or out of red blood cells to maintain charge balance during the transport of carbon dioxide. 

Chloroacetic Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A synthetic organic compound, a more potent acid than acetic acid. 

Chlorophenol Red   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes from yellow to red over a pH range of 5.2 to 6.8. 

Chlorophyll   -   Biological Compounds   -   The green pigment in plants, involved in photosynthesis, and sensitive to pH changes. 

Chromate Indicator   -   Indicators   -   An indicator used in titrations, particularly in the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate. 

Chromate-Dichromate Equilibrium   -   Equilibrium   -   The equilibrium between chromate ions and dichromate ions, which is pH-dependent. 

Chromatography   -   Analytical Techniques   -   A method for separating mixtures, often involving acid-base interactions for identification and purification. 

Chromic Acid   -   Oxidizing Agents   -   An acid formed by dissolving chromium trioxide in water, used as an oxidizing agent. 

Chromotropic Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A dye that is used as an indicator in chemical testing. 

Citric Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A weak organic acid naturally found in citrus fruits, used as a natural preservative and to impart sour taste. 

Cobalt Blue   -   Indicators   -   A blue pigment used in painting and ceramics, sensitive to pH changes. 

Colloidal Stability   -   Colloids   -   The stability of colloidal systems, often affected by pH and ionic strength. 

Complex Ion   -   Chemistry Of Coordination Compounds   -   Ions consisting of a central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands, can participate in acid-base chemistry. 

Complexometric Titration   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A titration based on complex formation, often involving changes in pH. 

Concentration Cell   -   Electrochemistry   -   A galvanic cell where the electromotive force (EMF) is due to a concentration difference of the same substances in two half-cells. 

Conductometric Titration   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A type of titration where the conductivity of the solution is measured, often used in acid-base reactions. 

Conjugate Acid   -   Acid-Base Pairs   -   The species formed when a base gains a proton. 

Conjugate Base   -   Acid-Base Pairs   -   The species formed when an acid loses a proton. 

Coulometric Titration   -   Analytical Chemistry   -   A titration method where the quantity of reactant is determined by measuring the amount of electricity consumed in the reaction. 

Cresol   -   Organic Compounds   -   An aromatic organic compound, derived from coal tar or petroleum, with weak acidic properties. 

Cresol Red   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator used in various chemical analyses, changing color around pH 7.2 (yellow) to 8.8 (purple). 

Cresolphthalein   -   Indicators   -   A pH indicator that changes color from colorless to purple in the pH range of 8.2 to 9.8. 

Crystal Violet   -   Indicators   -   A triphenylmethane dye used as a pH indicator and in Gram staining in microbiology. 

Cupric Hydroxide   -   Bases   -   A weak base formed by copper(II) ions and hydroxide ions. 

Cupric Sulfate   -   Salts   -   A blue salt of copper and sulfuric acid, used in electroplating and as a fungicide. 

Curcumin   -   Natural Indicators   -   A natural pH indicator found in turmeric, changing color with pH. 

Cyanic Acid   -   Organic Acids   -   A weak acid with the formula HOCN, notable for its reaction with bases. 

Cyanide   -   Anions   -   An anion CN⁻, known for its strong basic properties and toxicity. 

D

Dalton’s Law   -   Gas Laws   -   The law stating that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas. 

De Broglie Wavelength   -   Quantum Chemistry   -   The wavelength associated with a particle, relevant in understanding the behavior of electrons in acid-base reactions. 

Debye-Hückel Theory   -   Physical Chemistry   -   A theory that explains the behavior of electrolytes in solution, relevant for understanding acid-base interactions. 

Decarboxylation   -   Organic Reactions   -   The removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, often catalyzed by acids or bases. 

Decomposition Reaction   -   Chemical Reactions   -   A type of chemical reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances, often involving acids or bases. 

Dehydration Reaction   -   Organic Reactions   -   A chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule, often catalyzed by acids or bases. 

Deionization   -   Water Treatment   -   The removal of ions from a solution, typically water, often used to prepare solutions for acid-base reactions. 

Deionized Water   -   Solutions   -   Water that has had its ions removed, used to avoid interference in acid-base reactions. 

Demineralization   -   Water Treatment   -   The process of removing mineral ions from water, typically by ion exchange, affecting its acid-base properties. 

Denaturation   -   Biochemistry   -   The process in which proteins lose their shape and functionality, often influenced by changes in pH. 

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Dna)   -   Biochemistry   -   The molecule carrying genetic instructions, composed of nucleotide bases. 

Deoxyribose   -   Biochemistry   -   A sugar component of DNA, involved in base pairing. 

Desiccator   -   Laboratory Equipment   -   A sealed container used to store chemicals and protect them from moisture, often used for acids and bases. 

Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water)   -   Solvents   -   Water containing a higher proportion of the isotope deuterium, used in nuclear reactors and as a solvent in acid-base chemistry. 

Dextrose   -   Carbohydrates   -   A form of glucose, often involved in metabolic reactions that influence acid-base balance. 

Diacidic Base   -   Bases   -   A base capable of accepting two protons, like carbonate ions. 

Dibasic Acid   -   Acids   -   An acid that can donate two hydrogen ions per molecule, used in acid-base titrations. 

Dichlorophenolindophenol   -   Indicators   -   A chemical compound used as a redox dye and pH indicator. 

Diels-Alder Reaction   -   Organic Reactions   -   A cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and a dienophile, often catalyzed by acids. 

Diethyl Ether   -   Solvents   -   A highly volatile organic solvent, often used in the purification of acids and bases. 

Diffusion   -   Physical Processes   -   The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, relevant in the distribution of acids and bases. 

Dihydrogen Phosphate   -   Anions   -   H₂PO₄⁻, an anion that acts as a weak acid in solution and is important in phosphate buffer systems. 

Dilute Acid   -   Acids   -   An acid that has been reduced in concentration, often used in titrations and reactions. 

Dilution   -   Solutions   -   The process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution, commonly done with acids and bases. 

Dimethylglyoxime   -   Chelating Agents   -   A chemical compound used in the chelation of certain metals, showing acid-base properties. 

Diphenylamine   -   Organic Compounds   -   An organic compound with weakly basic properties, used in the manufacture of dyes and as an indicator. 

Diphenylcarbazide   -   Analytical Reagents   -   A reagent used in the colorimetric determination of chromium, sensitive to the pH of the solution. 

Dipole Moment   -   Molecular Structure   -   A measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges in a molecule, influencing the acid-base properties. 

Diprotic   -   Properties   -   Describing an acid or base that can donate or accept two protons, respectively. 

Diprotic Acid   -   Acids   -   An acid that can donate two protons per molecule, like sulfuric acid. 

Disinfectant   -   Applications   -   Chemicals used to kill microorganisms, many of which function based on their acid-base properties. 

Displacement Reaction   -   Chemical Reactions   -   A reaction where an element displaces another in a compound, often involving acids and bases. 

Dissociation   -   Chemical Processes   -   The process by which molecules or ionic compounds split into smaller particles, such as ions, often crucial in acid-base reactions. 

Dissociation Constant   -   Equilibrium   -   The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a compound into its ions, crucial for understanding acid-base behavior. 

Dissociative Ionization   -   Ionization   -   The process by which a molecule is ionized and broken into fragments, relevant in understanding the behavior of acids and bases under certain conditions. 

Dissolution   -   Solutions   -   The process of a substance dissolving in a solvent, significant in the behavior of acids and bases in water. 

Dissolution Energy   -   Thermodynamics   -   The energy change associated with the dissolution of a substance, important in understanding the behavior of acids and bases in solution. 

Dissolved Oxygen   -   Environmental Chemistry   -   The amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which can affect the pH and acid-base balance of aquatic systems. 

Distillation   -   Purification Methods   -   The process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and then condensing the vapor, often used to purify acids or bases. 

Dithionite   -   Reducing Agents   -   A compound used as a reducing agent, often in reactions involving acid-base chemistry. 

Dithiothreitol (Dtt)   -   Reducing Agents   -   A small molecule used in biochemistry to maintain proteins in their reduced state, influenced by pH. 

Dithizone   -   Chelating Agents   -   A sulfur-containing organic compound used in the detection of metal ions and as a pH indicator. 

Diuretic   -   Pharmaceuticals   -   A substance that promotes the production of urine, affecting acid-base balance in the body. 

Diuretics   -   Pharmaceuticals   -   Medications that increase urine production, affecting the acid-base balance in the body. 

Dolomite   -   Minerals   -   A mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, often used to neutralize acidic soil. 

Dopamine   -   Neurochemistry   -   A neurotransmitter with properties influenced by the acid-base balance in the brain. 

Dow Process   -   Industrial Processes   -   A method for producing bromine, involving the reaction of bromide with chlorine in an acid medium. 

Dye   -   Indicators   -   A colored substance used to indicate pH changes or to stain materials, often sensitive to acid-base conditions. 

Dynamic Equilibrium   -   Equilibrium   -   A state of balance in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. 

Dynamic Ph   -   Properties   -   The pH of a system that changes over time due to chemical reactions or environmental conditions. 

E

Electrochemical Gradient   -   Biochemistry   -   A gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane, influenced by the acid-base balance. 

Electrode   -   Electrochemistry   -   A conductor in a circuit that is used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of the circuit, used in pH meters to measure acidity or basicity. 

Electrode Potential   -   Electrochemistry   -   The voltage developed by a metal or other material when it is placed in a solution, influenced by the acid-base environment. 

Electrolysis   -   Electrochemistry   -   The process of using electricity to induce a chemical reaction, frequently involving the breakdown of acidic or basic compounds. 

Electrolyte   -   Solutions   -   A substance that dissociates into ions in solution, conducting electricity; includes acids, bases, and salts. 

Electrolyte Imbalance   -   Physiology   -   A condition where the levels of electrolytes in the body are either too high or too low, affecting the acid-base balance in the body. 

Electrolytic Cell   -   Electrochemistry   -   A device that uses electricity to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, often involving acid-base reactions. 

Electron Affinity   -   Atomic Structure   -   The amount of energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to a neutral atom, relevant in acid-base reactions. 

Electron Configuration   -   Atomic Structure   -   The