Strong Artificial Intelligence: Fundamentals and Applications
By Fouad Sabry
()
About this ebook
What Is Strong Artificial Intelligence
An artificial general intelligence, often known as an AGI, is a sort of intelligent agent that only exists in theory. The fundamental idea behind AGI is that it is capable of learning to carry out any intellectual endeavor that can be accomplished by humans or animals. Alternately, artificial general intelligence (AGI) has been characterized as a self-sufficient system that excels beyond that of humans in the majority of economically relevant jobs. The development of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) is one of the key objectives of some artificial intelligence research and firms like OpenAI, DeepMind, and Anthropic. The artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a popular concept in both science fiction and futurist studies.
How You Will Benefit
(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:
Chapter 1: Artificial general intelligence
Chapter 2: Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Chapter 3: Turing test
Chapter 4: Artificial brain
Chapter 5: Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Chapter 6: Computational theory of mind
Chapter 7: Physical symbol system
Chapter 8: Symbol grounding problem
Chapter 9: Chinese room
Chapter 10: John Searle
(II) Answering the public top questions about strong artificial intelligence.
(III) Real world examples for the usage of strong artificial intelligence in many fields.
(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of strong artificial intelligence' technologies.
Who This Book Is For
Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of strong artificial intelligence.
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Strong Artificial Intelligence - Fouad Sabry
Chapter 1: The Singularity Is Near
The era of human transcendence, known as the Singularity, is drawing near. Ray Kurzweil, an American inventor and futurist, published his non-fiction book Biology in 2005 under the title Biology. The book is about artificial intelligence and the future of mankind.
This book expands upon the concepts that were first presented in two of Ray Kurzweil's earlier works: The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990) and The Age of Spiritual Machines (1995). (1999). However, this time around, Kurzweil supports the concept of the Singularity, which was first made public by Vernor Vinge in his article titled The Coming Technological Singularity
published in 1993.
Kurzweil explains his theory of accelerating returns, which forecasts a dramatic rise in the prevalence of technologies such as genetics, nanotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Kurzweil predicts that after the Singularity has been attained, machine intelligence will be incomparably more powerful than the sum total of all human intellect. After then, he forecasts that intelligence will spread outward from the planet until it permeates the whole of the cosmos. The Singularity is also the moment at which human intellect and that of robots will fuse into a single entity.
According to Kurzweil, the course of development throughout all of time can be broken down into six distinct epochs, each of which builds on the foundation laid by the one that came before it. According to him, the four epochs that have already happened are the Physics and Chemistry Epoch, the Biology and DNA Epoch, the Brains Epoch, and the Technology Epoch. According to Kurzweil, the Singularity will take place at the same time as the next era, which will be known as The Merger of Human Technology and Human Intelligence. According to him, the last era, known as The Universe Wakes Up, will take place after the Singularity.
To get to the Singularity, processing power is just as much of a bottleneck as other factors like the quality of algorithms and knowledge of the human brain, which is one of the main pillars of the thesis that Kurzweil presents. Moore's Law hypothesizes that the storage capacity of integrated circuits will increase exponentially over time, but not forever. According to Kurzweil, the pace at which the capacity of integrated circuits increases will likely begin to level out around the year 2020. It is still uncertain what kind of technology will come after integrated circuits to serve as the sixth paradigm; nevertheless, according to Kurzweil, nanotubes are the most probable possibility among a number of other alternatives:
nanotubes and nanotube circuitry, molecular computing, self-assembly in nanotube circuits, biological systems emulating circuit assembly, computing with DNA, spintronics (computing with the spin of electrons), computing with light, and quantum computing are all examples of emerging areas of research in this field.
As a result of the fact that Kurzweil predicts that computer capability will continue to expand exponentially long after Moore's Law comes to an end, it will someday compete with the sheer processing power of the human brain.
Kurzweil looks at several different estimates of how much computational capacity is in the brain and settles on 10¹⁶ calculations per second and 10¹³ bits of memory.
According to what he has said, sometime around the year 2020,
one thousand dollars will purchase enough computing power to match one human brain.
It has been pointed out by Kurzweil that the ability for computing work alone will not produce artificial intelligence. He believes that the most effective method for developing artificial intelligence is to first have an understanding of human intelligence. The first thing that has to be done is to take images of the brain and look inside of it. Imaging technologies like as PET and fMRI, according to Kurzweil, are seeing exponential increases in resolution. He believes that such claims will eventually be recognized by the general public.
According to Kurzweil, revolutionary developments in fields such as genetics, nanotechnology, and robots will mark the beginning of the Singularity.
In his talk, Ray Kurzweil discusses the background of the Singularity theory, tracing its origins back to John von Neumann and I. J. Good in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. He draws parallels between his Singularity and the singularities found in mathematics and astrophysics. Even though his conceptions of a Singularity do not literally include an unlimited space, he claims that it seems to do so from any constrained vantage point.
In this book, unlike in The Age of Intelligent Machines and The Age of Spiritual Machines, which he authored before, Kurzweil does not provide a documented real chronology of the past and future; nonetheless, he does continue to offer a large number of precise forecasts. In his book, The Age of Spiritual Machines,
futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts that by the year 2010, a supercomputer will have the processing power to imitate human intellect.
The exponential growth fallacy
is a point of contention that many readers have with the book. As an example, the first people to set foot on the moon did so in the year 1969. If one extrapolates the current rate of exponential expansion to its conclusion, one may anticipate enormous lunar outposts and crewed voyages to other worlds. Instead, exploration came to a standstill or even took a step back following that event. According to what Paul Davies has said, the most important thing to understand about exponential growth is that it never lasts.
According to an article that was published in Nature by Paul Davies, The Singularity is Near is a breathless romp across the outer reaches of technological possibility.
However, Davies cautions that the exhilarating speculation is great fun to read, but needs to be taken with a huge dose of salt.
The rights to The Singularity Is Near were licensed by Barry Ptolemy and his production firm, Ptolemaic Productions, in 2006. These rights formerly belonged to Kurzweil. Ptolemy directed and produced the film Transcendent Man, which was inspired by the book. As a result, the book received more recognition as a result of the film.
The Singularity is Near combines documentary interviews with a science-fiction tale about his robotic avatar Ramona's transition into an artificial general intelligence. The film adaptation was developed in conjunction with Terasem and directed by Kurzweil himself. After having its premiere at the World Film Festival as well as the Woodstock Film Festival, the Warsaw International FilmFest, the San Antonio Film Festival in 2010, and the San Francisco Indie Film Festival in 2011, the film was made available to the general public on July 20, 2012.
奇点迫近 [奇点临近] Translator: Zhenhua Dong
Dutch: De singulariteit is nabij
French: L'humanité 2.0
Hungarian: A szingularitás küszöbén
Italian: La singolarità è vicina
Korean: 특이점이 온다
Spanish: La Singularidad está cerca
German: Menschheit 2.0.
Die Singularität naht
Polish: Nadchodzi Osobliwość
Hebrew: Kineret הסינגולריות מתקרבת 2012
{End Chapter 1}
Chapter 2: Computing Machinery and Intelligence
The fundamental work that Alan Turing contributed to the field of artificial intelligence is titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence,
and it was published in 1950. The study, which was initially published in 1950 in the journal Mind, was the first time that his idea of what is now often referred to as the Turing test was presented to the general public.
The study written by Turing investigates the topic, Can machines think?
Since the terms thought
and machine
cannot be defined in a precise manner, Turing suggests that we replace the issue with another, which is closely connected to it and is articulated in pretty straightforward language.
To accomplish this, he must first come up with an idea that is straightforward and unambiguous to use in place of the word think.
Next, he must detail precisely which machines
he is thinking about, and finally, once he has all of these tools at his disposal, he must come up with a new question that is connected to the first one and that he believes he can answer positively.
Turing advises that we should inquire whether a computer can win a game that is termed the Imitation Game
rather than attempting to ascertain if a machine is thinking by seeing if the machine can win the Imitation Game.
The original version of Imitation, which was described by Turing, is a straightforward party game that consists of three participants. Player A is a male participant, Player B is a female participant, and Player C, who is playing the role of the interrogator, might be either male or female. Player C in the Imitation Game is unable to see either Player A or Player B (and refers to them only as X and Y), and the only way they can interact with each other is via the use of written notes or any other form that does not reveal any information about the players' genders. Player C is attempting to discover which of the two people is the guy and which is the lady by interrogating players A and B. Player C will ask questions to both of them. Player A's mission is to mislead the interrogator into making the incorrect choice, while Player B's objective is to provide the interrogator with the information they need to make the appropriate choice.
Turing suggests an alternative version of this game in which the computer is involved: What will occur if a computer decides to play the role of A in this game?
Will the interrogator be just as likely to make a mistake with his decision when the game is played in this manner as he is when it is played between a man and a woman? Our initial inquiry, Can robots think?,
has been replaced by these questions. Therefore, the game is altered to become one in which there are three players, all of whom are sequestered in separate rooms: a computer (which is being evaluated), a human, and a judge who is also human. By typing into a terminal, the human judge may have a conversation with both the human and the computer at the same time. Both the human and the machine make an effort to trick the judge into believing that they are the human. If the judge is unable to distinguish between the two consistently, then the game is awarded to the computer. from the manner in which a thinker behaves. This inquiry sidesteps the challenging philosophical issue of pre-defining the verb to think,
and instead focuses on the performance capabilities that being able to think makes feasible, as well as the ways in which a causal system might create such capabilities.
Some people have interpreted Turing's query as meaning, Can a computer mislead a person into thinking it is human if it is interacting with them through teleprinter?
Turing also points out that we need to choose the machines
we want to think about in this context. He makes the point that even though it would be the product of human ingenuity, a human clone would not make for a very compelling illustration. Turing proposed that we focus our attention on the capabilities of digital machinery, which he defined as machines that handle the binary digits 1 and 0, rewriting them into memory by following a few simple principles. He explained both of them.
To begin, there is no basis for