General Artificial Intelligence: Fundamentals and Applications

By Fouad Sabry

What Is General Artificial Intelligence

An artificial general intelligence, often known as an AGI, is a sort of intelligent agent that only exists in theory. The fundamental idea behind AGI is that it is capable of learning to carry out any intellectual endeavor that can be accomplished by humans or animals. Alternately, artificial general intelligence (AGI) has been characterized as a self-sufficient system that excels beyond that of humans in the majority of economically relevant jobs. The development of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) is one of the key objectives of some artificial intelligence research and firms like OpenAI, DeepMind, and Anthropic. The artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a popular concept in both science fiction and futurist studies.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Artificial General Intelligence

Chapter 2: Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 3: History of Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 4: Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 5: Outline of Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 6: Timeline of Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 7: Artificial Brain

Chapter 8: Weak Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 9: AI Takeover

Chapter 10: Existential Risk from Artificial General Intelligence

(II) Answering the public top questions about general artificial intelligence.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of general artificial intelligence in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of general artificial intelligence' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of general artificial intelligence.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Jun 29, 2023

Book preview

Chapter 1: The Singularity Is Near

The era of human transcendence, known as the Singularity, is drawing near. Ray Kurzweil, an American inventor and futurist, published his non-fiction book Biology in 2005 under the title Biology. The book is about artificial intelligence and the future of mankind.

This book expands upon the concepts that were first presented in two of Ray Kurzweil's earlier works: The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990) and The Age of Spiritual Machines (1995). (1999). However, this time around, Kurzweil supports the concept of the Singularity, which was first made public by Vernor Vinge in his article titled The Coming Technological Singularity published in 1993.

Kurzweil explains his theory of accelerating returns, which forecasts a dramatic rise in the prevalence of technologies such as genetics, nanotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Kurzweil predicts that after the Singularity has been attained, machine intelligence will be incomparably more powerful than the sum total of all human intellect. After then, he forecasts that intelligence will spread outward from the planet until it permeates the whole of the cosmos. The Singularity is also the moment at which human intellect and that of robots will fuse into a single entity.

According to Kurzweil, the course of development throughout all of time can be broken down into six distinct epochs, each of which builds on the foundation laid by the one that came before it. According to him, the four epochs that have already happened are the Physics and Chemistry Epoch, the Biology and DNA Epoch, the Brains Epoch, and the Technology Epoch. According to Kurzweil, the Singularity will take place at the same time as the next era, which will be known as The Merger of Human Technology and Human Intelligence. According to him, the last era, known as The Universe Wakes Up, will take place after the Singularity.

To get to the Singularity, processing power is just as much of a bottleneck as other factors like the quality of algorithms and knowledge of the human brain, which is one of the main pillars of the thesis that Kurzweil presents. Moore's Law hypothesizes that the storage capacity of integrated circuits will increase exponentially over time, but not forever. According to Kurzweil, the pace at which the capacity of integrated circuits increases will likely begin to level out around the year 2020. It is still uncertain what kind of technology will come after integrated circuits to serve as the sixth paradigm; nevertheless, according to Kurzweil, nanotubes are the most probable possibility among a number of other alternatives:

nanotubes and nanotube circuitry, molecular computing, self-assembly in nanotube circuits, biological systems emulating circuit assembly, computing with DNA, spintronics (computing with the spin of electrons), computing with light, and quantum computing are all examples of emerging areas of research in this field.

As a result of the fact that Kurzweil predicts that computer capability will continue to expand exponentially long after Moore's Law comes to an end, it will someday compete with the sheer processing power of the human brain.

Kurzweil looks at several different estimates of how much computational capacity is in the brain and settles on 10¹⁶ calculations per second and 10¹³ bits of memory.

According to what he has said, sometime around the year 2020, one thousand dollars will purchase enough computing power to match one human brain.

It has been pointed out by Kurzweil that the ability for computing work alone will not produce artificial intelligence. He believes that the most effective method for developing artificial intelligence is to first have an understanding of human intelligence. The first thing that has to be done is to take images of the brain and look inside of it. Imaging technologies like as PET and fMRI, according to Kurzweil, are seeing exponential increases in resolution. He believes that such claims will eventually be recognized by the general public.

According to Kurzweil, revolutionary developments in fields such as genetics, nanotechnology, and robots will mark the beginning of the Singularity.

In his talk, Ray Kurzweil discusses the background of the Singularity theory, tracing its origins back to John von Neumann and I. J. Good in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. He draws parallels between his Singularity and the singularities found in mathematics and astrophysics. Even though his conceptions of a Singularity do not literally include an unlimited space, he claims that it seems to do so from any constrained vantage point.

In this book, unlike in The Age of Intelligent Machines and The Age of Spiritual Machines, which he authored before, Kurzweil does not provide a documented real chronology of the past and future; nonetheless, he does continue to offer a large number of precise forecasts. In his book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts that by the year 2010, a supercomputer will have the processing power to imitate human intellect.

The exponential growth fallacy is a point of contention that many readers have with the book. As an example, the first people to set foot on the moon did so in the year 1969. If one extrapolates the current rate of exponential expansion to its conclusion, one may anticipate enormous lunar outposts and crewed voyages to other worlds. Instead, exploration came to a standstill or even took a step back following that event. According to what Paul Davies has said, the most important thing to understand about exponential growth is that it never lasts.

According to an article that was published in Nature by Paul Davies, The Singularity is Near is a breathless romp across the outer reaches of technological possibility. However, Davies cautions that the exhilarating speculation is great fun to read, but needs to be taken with a huge dose of salt.

The rights to The Singularity Is Near were licensed by Barry Ptolemy and his production firm, Ptolemaic Productions, in 2006. These rights formerly belonged to Kurzweil. Ptolemy directed and produced the film Transcendent Man, which was inspired by the book. As a result, the book received more recognition as a result of the film.

The Singularity is Near combines documentary interviews with a science-fiction tale about his robotic avatar Ramona's transition into an artificial general intelligence. The film adaptation was developed in conjunction with Terasem and directed by Kurzweil himself. After having its premiere at the World Film Festival as well as the Woodstock Film Festival, the Warsaw International FilmFest, the San Antonio Film Festival in 2010, and the San Francisco Indie Film Festival in 2011, the film was made available to the general public on July 20, 2012.

奇点迫近 [奇点临近] Translator: Zhenhua Dong

Dutch: De singulariteit is nabij

French: L'humanité 2.0

Hungarian: A szingularitás küszöbén

Italian: La singolarità è vicina

Korean: 특이점이 온다

Spanish: La Singularidad está cerca

German: Menschheit 2.0.

Die Singularität naht

Polish: Nadchodzi Osobliwość

Hebrew: Kineret הסינגולריות מתקרבת 2012

{End Chapter 1}

Chapter 2: Artificial intelligence

As contrast to the natural intelligence exhibited by animals, including humans, artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intelligence demonstrated by robots. Research in artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as the area of study of intelligent agents, which refers to any system that senses its surroundings and performs actions that optimize its possibility of attaining its objectives. In other words, AI research is a discipline that studies intelligent agents. The term AI impact refers to the process by which activities that were formerly thought to need intelligence but are no longer included in the concept of artificial intelligence as technology advances. AI researchers have adapted and incorporated a broad variety of approaches for addressing issues, including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, probability, and economics, in order to tackle these difficulties. Computer science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and a great many other academic disciplines all contribute to the development of AI.

The theory that human intellect can be so accurately characterized that a computer may be constructed to imitate it was the guiding principle behind the establishment of this discipline. This sparked philosophical debates concerning the mind and the ethical implications of imbuing artificial organisms with intellect comparable to that of humans; these are topics that have been investigated by myth, literature, and philosophy ever since antiquity.

In ancient times, artificial creatures with artificial intelligence were used in various narrative devices.

and are often seen in works of literature, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R.

The formal design for Turing-complete artificial neurons that McCullouch and Pitts developed in 1943 was the first piece of work that is now widely understood to be