Emerging Computing Techniques in Engineering

By Matthew N. O. Sadiku

The book is divided into three volumes to cover all computing topics. This is the first volume and it has 23 chapters. It focuses on general computing techniques such as cloud computing, grid computing, pervasive computing, optical computing, web computing, parallel computing, distributed computing, high-performance computing, GPU computing, exascale & extreme computing, in-memory computing, embedded computing, quantum computing, and green computing

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Nov 17, 2022
• ISBN: 9781665569163

Matthew N. O. Sadiku

Matthew N. O. Sadiku is a professor emeritus at Prairie View A & M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is a Life fellow of IEEE. He is the author of over 1,000 professional articles and over 100 books including “Elements of Electromagnetics” (Oxford University Press, 7th ed., 2018), “Fundamentals of Electric Circuits” (McGraw-Hill, 7 ed.,2021, with C. Alexander), “Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB” (CRC Press, 4th ed., 2019), and “Emerging Internet-based Technologies” (CRC Press, 2019). In addition to the engineering books, he has written Christian books including “Secrets of Successful Marriages,” “How to Discover God’s Will for Your Life,” and commentaries on all the books of the New Testament Bible. Some of his books have been translated into French, Korean, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. He can be reached via email at [e-mail]

Book preview

Dedication

To my daughter

Motunrayo O. Adeko

BRIEFT TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOR VOLUME 1

Chapter 1     CLOUD COMPUTING

Chapter 2     FOG COMPUTING

Chapter 3     MOBILE COMPUTING

Chapter 4     EDGE COMPUTING

Chapter 5     UTILITY COMPUTING

Chapter 6     PERVASIVE/ AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Chapter 7     GRID COMPUTING

Chapter 8     WEB COMPUTING

Chapter 9     PARALLEL COMPUTING

Chapter 10   DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

Chapter 11   CLUSTER COMPUTING

Chapter 12   HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING

Chapter 13   HIGH-THROUGHPUT COMPUTING

Chapter 14   GPU COMPUTING

Chapter 15   MANY-TASK COMPUTING

Chapter 16   EXASCALE AND EXTREME COMPUTING

Chapter 17   IN-MEMORY COMPUTING

Chapter 18   PROACTIVE COMPUTING

Chapter 19   EMBEDDED COMPUTING

Chapter 20   QUANTUM COMPUTING

Chapter 21   OPTICAL COMPUTING

Chapter 22   REVERSIBLE COMPUTING

Chapter 23   GREEN COMPUTING

DETAILED TABLE OF

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 1

Dedication

Preface

About The Author

Chapter 1     CLOUD COMPUTING

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 TECHNOLOGICAL ENABLERS

1.3 CLOUD SERVICES

1.4 DEPLOYMENT MODELS

1.5 MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING

1.6 APPLICATION DOMAINS

1.7 CLOUD MANUFACTURING

1.8 CLOUD COMPUTING IN HEALTHCARE

1.9 GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING

1.10 CLOUD OF THINGS

1.11 BIG DATA AND CLOUD COMPUTING

1.12 CLOUD ECONOMY

1.13 BENEFITS

1.14 CHALLENGES

1.15 FUTURE TRENDS

1.16 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 2     FOG COMPUTING

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 NEED FOR FOG COMPUTING

2.3 FOG COMPUTING VS EDGE COMPUTING

2.4 FEATURES OF FOG COMPUTING

2.5 APPLICATIONS

2.6 BENEFITS

2.7 CHALLENGES

2.8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 3     MOBILE COMPUTING

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 CONCEPT OF MOBILE COMPUTING

3.3 CHARACTISTICS OF MOBILE COMPUTING

3.4 APPLICATIONS

3.5 BENEFITS

3.6 CHALLENGES

3.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4     EDGE COMPUTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 CONCEPT OF EDGE COMPUTING

4.3 CAPABILITIES AND DRIVERS

4.4 MOBILE EDGE COMPUTING

4.5 APPLICATIONS

4.6 BENEFITS

4.7 CHALLENGES

4.8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 5     UTILITY COMPUTING

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 UTILITY-BASED MODEL

5.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD AND UTILITY COMPUTING

5.3 PROPERTIES OF UTILITY COMPUTING

5.4 APPLICATIONS

5.5 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

5.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 6     PERVASIVE/ AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 PERVASIVE VS. UBIQUITOUS

6.3 CONCEPT OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING

6.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF PERVASIVE COMPUTNG

6.5 APPLICATIONS

6.6 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

6.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 7     GRID COMPUTING

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 FEATURES OF GRID COMPUTING

7.3 APPLICATIONS

7.4 BENEFITS

7.5 CHALLENGES

7.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 8     WEB COMPUTING

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 BASIC FEATURES OF WEB COMPUTING

8.3 APPLICATIONS

8.4 CHALLENGES

8.5 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 9     PARALLEL COMPUTING

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 CONCEPT OF PARALLEL COMPUTING

9.3 APPLICATIONS

9.4 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

9.5 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 10   DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 CONCEPT OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

10.3 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING TERMINOLOGIES

10.4 APPLICATIONS

10.5 BENEFITS

10.6 CHALLENGES

10.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 11   CLUSTER COMPUTING

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 CONCEPT OF CLUSTER COMPUTING

11.3 TYPES OF COMPUTER CLUSTERS

11.4 CLUSTER COMPONENTS

11.5 APPLICATIONS

11.6 BENEFITS

11.7 CHALLENGES

11.8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 12   HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 CONCEPT OF HPC

12.3 APPLICATIONS

12.4 BENEFITS

12.5 CHALLENGES

15.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 13   HIGH-THROUGHPUT COMPUTING

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 CONCEPT OF HPC

13.3 HTC AND HPC

13.4 APPLICATIONS

13.5 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

13.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 14   GPU COMPUTING

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 BASICS OF GPU COMPUTING

14.3 GPGPU COMPUTING

14.3 APPLICATIONS

14.4 BENEFTIS AND LIMITATIONS

14.5 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 15   MANY-TASK COMPUTING

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 CONCEPT OF MANY-TASK COMUTING

15.3 APPLICATIONS

15.4 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

15.4 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 16   EXASCALE AND EXTREME COMPUTING

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 CONCEPTS OF EXASCALE AND EXTREMECOMPUTING

16.3 WHY GO THE EXASCALE?

16.4 APPLICATIONS OF EXASCALE COMPUTING

16.5 EXASCALE COMPUTING PROJECT

16.6 APPLICATIONS OF EXTREME COMPUTING

16.7 BENEFITS

16.8 CHALLENGES

16.9 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 17   IN-MEMORY COMPUTING

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 COMPONENTS OF IN-MEMORY COMPUTING

17.3 HOW IN-MEMORY COMPUTING WORKS

17.4 APPLICATIONS

17.5 BENEFITS

17.6 CHALLENGES

17.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 18   PROACTIVE COMPUTING

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 PROACTIVE SYSTEMS

18.3 RELATIONSHIP WITH UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

18.4 APPLICATIONS

18.5 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

18.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 19   EMBEDDED COMPUTING

19.1 INTRODUCTION

19.2 BASICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

19.3 TYPICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

19.4 APPLICATIONS

19.5 BENEFITS

19.6 CHALLENGES

19.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 20   QUANTUM COMPUTING

20.1 INTRODUCTION

20.2 QUANTUM MECHANICS

20.3 QUANTUM COMPUTERS

20.4 APPLICATIONS

20.5 BENEFITS

20.6 CHALLENGES

20.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 21   OPTICAL COMPUTING

21.1 INTRODUCTION

21.2 OPTICAL COMPUTERS

21.3 CONCEPT OF OPTICAL COMPUTING

21.4 APPLICATIONS

21.5 BENEFITS

21.6 CHALLENGES

21.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 22   REVERSIBLE COMPUTING

22.1 INTRODUCTION

22.2 CONCEPT OF REVERSIBLE COMPUTING

22.3 REVERSIBLE COMPUTING SYSTEMS

22.4 APPLICATIONS

22.5 BENEFITS

22.6 CHALLENGES

22.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 23   GREEN COMPUTING

23.1 INTRODUCTION

23.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

23.3 GENERAL BACKGROUND

23.4 CONCEPT OF GREEN COMPUTING

23.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN COMPUTING

23.6 APPLICATIONS

23.7 BENEFITS

23.8 CHALLENGES

23.9 CURRENT TRENDS ON GC

23.10 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Appendix A

Preface

One may regard the whole history of computer science as a record of continuous attempts to discover, study, and implement computing ideas. Computing technology greatly affects nearly every aspect of our modern life including education, entertainment, transportation, communication, economy, medicine, engineering, and science. The history of computing is one of punctuated equilibrium, bringing new and unexpected changes. Mainframes gave birth to minicomputers, which gave birth to workstations, which gave birth to personal computers, which gave birth to smartphones. Modern scientific computing is approaching the point where novel computational algorithms will become indispensable tools.

Although computation was present long before computers were invented, the realization occurred only in the last decade. By the 1980s, computation became so important that it was utterly indispensable in several fields. Computation has become a third leg of science, joining theory and experiment. Thus, computing has been evolving gradually and is now regarded as science. The computer is the tool, while computation is the principle.

We are in the era of computing. Computing is experiencing its most exciting moments in history, permeating nearly all areas of human activities. Computing is any activity that involves using computers. It is any goal-oriented activity requiring the use of computers. It includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes. It has resulted in deep changes in infrastructures and development practices of computing. It is a critically important, integral component of modern life.

Advancement in technology has led to several computing schemes such as cloud computing, grid computing, green computing, DNA computing, self-aware computing, global computing, etc. No single book can comprehensively cover the breadth of computing technologies available to the scientists and engineers. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time a book will cover all these computing techniques. As far as the author is aware, there are more than 140 computing techniques and this book covers the most important 70 of them. Each chapter acts as a tutorial that introduces readers to an important aspect of computing. The book is more or less an encyclopedia on computing. It covers both the old and the emerging types of computing. The old techniques provide useful information for the new techniques.

The book is divided into three volumes to cover all the topics. This is the first volume and it has 22 chapters. It focuses on general computing techniques such as cloud computing, grid computing, pervasive computing, optical computing, web computing, parallel computing, distributed computing, high-performance computing, GPU computing, exascale & extreme computing, in-memory computing,embedded computing, quantum computing, and green computing Other computing schemes not covered in the three volumes are listed in Appendix A.

This book is a friendly introduction to various computing techniques. The presentation is clear, succinct, and informal, without proofs or rigorous definitions. The book provides researchers, students, and professionals a comprehensive introduction, applications, benefits, and challenges for each computing technology. The author was motivated to write this book partly due to the lack of a single source of reference on these technologies. These are monographs on some of them like Cloud computing, but there is none that combines the computing technologies. Hence, the book will help a beginner to have an introductory knowledge about these technologies. The main objective of the author is to provide a concise treatment that is easily digestible for each computing scheme. It is hoped that the book will be useful to practicing engineers, computer scientists, and information business managers.

I would like to thank the myriad of people who made this work possible. I am grateful to Dr. Pamela Obiomon, dean of the College of Engineering at Prairie View A&M University, and Dr. Kelvin Kirby, head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering for their constant support and appreciation. I would like to thank Dr. Sarhan Musa, Dr. Sudarshan Nelatury, Dr. Mahamadou Temberly, Dr. Emmanual Shadare, and Adedamola Omotoso for their contributions. A well-deserved gratitude goes to my wife Janet Oluyinka for her constant support and prayer.

-Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Prairie View, Texas

About The Author

Matthew N. O. Sadiku received his B. Sc. degree in 1978 from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN in 1982 and 1984 respectively. From 1984 to 1988, he was an assistant professor at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL where he did graduate work in computer science. From 1988 to 2000, he was at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, where he became a full professor. From 2000 to 2002, he was with Lucent/Avaya, Holmdel, NJ as a system engineer and with Boeing Satellite Systems, Los Angeles, CA as a senior scientist. He is presently a professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX.

He is the author of over 1,020 professional papers and over 100 books including the standard textbooks Elements of Electromagnetics (Oxford University Press, 7th ed., 2018), Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (McGraw-Hill, 7th ed., 2020, with C. Alexander), Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB (CRC Press, 4th ed., 2019), Principles of Modern Communication Systems (Cambridge University Press, 2017, with S. O. Agbo), and "Signals and Systems: A Primer with MATLAB (CRC Press, 2016, with W. H. Ali). In addition to the engineering books, he has written Christian books including Secrets of Successful Marriages, How to Discover God’s Will for Your Life," and commentaries on all the books of the New Testament Bible. Some of his books have been translated into French, Korean, Chinese (and Chinese Long Form in Taiwan), Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish.

He was the recipient of the 2000 McGraw-Hill/Jacob Millman Award for outstanding contributions in the field of electrical engineering. He was also the recipient of Regents Professor award for 2012-2013 by the Texas A&M University System. He is a registered professional engineer and a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for contributions to computational electromagnetics and engineering education. He was the IEEE Region 2 Student Activities Committee Chairman. He was an associate editor for IEEE Transactions on Education. He is also a member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). His current research interests are in the areas of computational electromagnetic, computer networks, and engineering education. His works can be found in his autobiography, My Life and Work (Trafford Publishing, 2017) or his website: www.matthew-sadiku.com. He can be reached via email at [e-mail]

CHAPTER 1

CLOUD COMPUTING

The achiever is the only individual who is truly alive.

- George Allen

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The recent emergence of cloud computing is one of the major advances in the history of computing. Cloud computing (CC) is a computing paradigm for delivering computing services (such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and more) over the the cloud or Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Hence, cloud computing is also called Internet computing. The term cloud computing was introduced in 1961 when computer scientist John McCarthy predicted that computing would become a public utility. CC was first commercialized in 2006 by Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). The word cloud is a metaphor for describing web as a space where computing has been preinstalled and exist as a service. It originated from the habit of drawing the Internet as a fluffy cloud in network diagrams. The cloud enables you to access your information from anywhere at any time. Figure 1.1 shows a conceptual diagram of cloud computing [1].

Cloud computing is a means of pooling and sharing hardware and software resources on a massive scale. Users and businesses can access applications from anywhere in the world at any time. Companies offering these computing services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage. Their aim is making computing a utility such as water, gas, electricity, and telephone services. The main objective of cloud computing is to make a better use of distributed resources and solve large scale computation problems [2].

If used properly, cloud computing is a technology with great opportunity for businesses of all sizes. An industry needs the cloud for the following reasons [3]: (1) Mobile workforce: empowering employees to sift real time data and make decisions on the fly, (2) Minimize disruptions: with the right sort of cloud setup problems can be anticipated and solved quickly, (3) Collaboration: with the right technology, collaboration – as well as transparency and accountability – are easily managed, (4) Innovation: product innovation and process innovation are powerful weapons to survive or thrive in such an environment, (5) Lower cost: No hardware procurement, maintenance, or staff is needed to operate the systems.

This chapter provides an introduction to cloud computing. It begins by looking at the essential characteristics and technological enablers of cloud computing. It covers different cloud services, deployment models, mobile cloud computing, and cloud service provides. It examines the benefits and challenges of cloud computing. The last section provides some conclusions.

Figure 1.1 A typical cloud computing [2].

1.2 TECHNOLOGICAL ENABLERS

The cloud computing architecture consists of a massive network of interconnected servers, often with a user-friendly front-end interface, which allows users to select services. Cloud computing allows access to the collection of computing resources via the Internet. Software and associated resources are hosted in the cloud and can be assessed by the user’s computing devices such as desktop, laptop, smartphone, and tablet.

Cloud computing is essentially a combination of many pre-existing technologies. The key technological enablers for cloud computing include: virtualization technologies, grid computing, distributed computing, multi-tenancy, and elasticity [4-6].

1.Virtualization: The key feature of cloud computing is the idea of virtualization, which enables an operating system to run on several hardware deployments. It is one of the technologies that enable elasticity. Virtualization decouples the software from the hardware. It is the technology that uses a physical resource such as a server and divides it into virtual resources known as virtual machines. There are three forms of virtualization: server virtualization, storage virtualization, and network virtualization. Server virtualization increases resource sharing by masking server resources like processors, operating systems, RAM, etc. for server users. Storage virtualization is pooling of physical storage from storage devices into a single storage device which is managed centrally. Network visualization is a means of combining resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into independent channels.

2.Grid computing: As distributed computing, grid computing was motivated by the electrical power grid. Cloud computing is regarded as an evolution of grid computing. Grid computing refers to a distributed architecture of a large number of computers connected to solve a complex problem. It allows the computers on the network to work on a task together, behaving like a supercomputer [7].

3.Distributed Computing: Cloud computing is a distributed computing paradigm, which allows for highly elastic resource pool. Clouds are built to share computing, share memory, share storage, and other resources. Load balancing establishes an algorithm for assigning tasks to the cloud nodes. All computers in distributed systems are quite independent and do not share resources. Each computer has its own responsibility.

4.Multitenancy: This involves sharing a single set of infrastructure across several customers and stakeholders. Virtualization helps to deliver infrastructure multitenant capability. Multitenancy implies that multiple tenants share computational resources, storage, database, services, computing, memory, and other resources with other tenants. This sharing violates the confidentiality of tenants. For secure multi-tenancy, there should be a degree of isolation among tenant data.

5.Elasticity: This refers to the ability to automatically scale up and handle high volumes of traffic or scale down and use less resources when needed, maximizing the use of resources. It implies that users can grow or shrink infrastructure resources dynamically based on the current demand. When automated, elasticity allows a cloud provider to continuously monitor a customer’s infrastructure and scale it on-demand.

1.3 CLOUD SERVICES

Cloud computing (CC) is not a single produce or piece of technology. Rather, it is a system, primarily providing three different services. The services provided by CC are shown in Figure 1.2 and explained as follows.

•Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): This is the simplest of cloud computing offerings. It involves the delivery of huge computing resources such as the capacity of storage, processing, operating systems, servers, computing power, firewalls, bandwidth, and network which form the underlying cloud infrastructure. It allows users to rent any form of hardware and software and remotely access computing resources on a pay-per-use basis. The major advantages of IaaS are pay per use, security, and reliability. IaaS is also known as Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS). An example of IaaS is the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), IBM and Amazon use IaaS.

•Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): This supports the development of web applications quickly and easily. The customer can build his own applications, which run on the cloud provider’s infrastructure. It has emerged due to the suboptimal nature of IaaS for cloud computing and the creation of web applications. Many big companies seek to dominate the platform of cloud computing, as Microsoft dominated personal computer (PC). Examples of PaaS are Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure.

•Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): This is also known as Software-as-a-Server or Software-on-demand. This provides a service (software applications over the Internet) that is directly consumable by the end-user. It is a software deployed over the Internet. This is a pay-as-you-go service. It seeks to replace the applications running on PC. Google, Twitter, and Facebooks are typical examples of SaaS. Gmail, AOL, Yahoo, and Skpe all use SaaS.

As cloud computing becomes mature, several service types are being introduced and overlaid on these architectures. These include Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS), Application-as-a-Service (AaaS), Network-as-a-Service (NaaS), data-Storage-as-a-Service (dSaaS),