Emerging Smart Technologies

By Dr. Matthew N. O Sadiku

We live in a world with an abundance of technologies and the technologies are developing and improving rapidly. Technologies are transforming our lifestyles, social interactions, and workplaces. Nearly everyone in the developed nations possesses multiple electronic gadgets (cell phones, tablets, personal computers, laptops, digital notebooks, etc.). Daily use of technology has evolved. Recent advances in the field of technology have led to the emergence of innovative solutions known as smart technologies. A technology is considered smart if it performs a task that an intelligent person can do. A smart or intelligent technology is a self-operative and corrective system that requires little or no human intervention. Smart technologies can be understood as a generalization of the concept of smart structures and the use of digital and communications technologies. They have given us new, powerful tools to work.
Application of such technologies can transform the conventional cities into smart cities, conventional home into smart home, conventional farming into smart farming, etc. Today, we are in an era where everything is expected to be smart. Common examples include smart cities, smart factory, smart agriculture, smart farming, smart healthcare, smart university, smart medication, smart water, smart food, smart materials, smart devices, smart phones, smart grid, smart energy, smart homes, smart buildings, smart metering, smart appliances, smart equipment, smart heating controls, smart lighting systems, smart watch, smart economy, smart environment, smart grids, smart transportation, smart mobility, smart manufacturing, smart living, smart environment, smart people, etc. These technologies will ensure equity, fairness, and realize a better quality of life. The combined autonomy and ambience of smart technologies simultaneously provides the conduit through which our choices are affected. These smart technologies go hand-in-hand with a new technology called the Internet of things (IoT).

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Mar 4, 2021
• ISBN: 9781665516600

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Copyright © 2021 Dr. Matthew N. O. Sadiku. All rights reserved.

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ISBN: 978-1-6655-1661-7 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-6655-1662-4 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-6655-1660-0 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021902717

Published by AuthorHouse 03/01/2021

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Dedicate

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Asimiyu and Nimota Olatayo

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1    INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2    SMART CITIES

Chapter 3    SMART ENERGY

Chapter 4    SMART GRID

Chapter 5    SMART TRANSPORTATION AND SMART MOBILITY

Chapter 6    SMART BUILDINGS

Chapter 7    SMART HOMES

Chapter 8    SMART HEALTHCARE

Chapter 9    SMART MANUFACTURING AND SMART FACTORY

Chapter 10    SMART ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 11    SMART AGRICULTURE AND SMART FARMING

Chapter 12    SMART FOOD AND SMART WATER

DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1    INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 SMART TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT

1.3 EXAMPLES OF SMART DEVICES

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES

1.5 BENEFITS

1.6 CHALLENGES

1.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 2    SMART CITIES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 CONCEPT OF SMART CITIES

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART CITIES

2.4 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

2.5 MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE

2.6 SMART CITIES WORLDWIDE

2.7 APPLICATIONS

2.8 FUTURE OF SMART CITIES

2.9 BENEFITS

2.10 CHALLENGES

2.11 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 3    SMART ENERGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 CONCEPT OF SMART ENERGY

3.3 SMART ENERGY PORTFOLIO

3.4 SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT

3.5 APPLICATIONS

3.6 BENEFITS

3.7 CHALLENGES

3.8 FUTURE ENERGY SYSTEMS

3.9 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 4    SMART GRID

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 CONCEPT OF SMART GRID

4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART GRID

4.4 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

4.5 EMI ON SMART GRID

4.6 SECURITY OF SMART GRID

4.7 SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

4.8 FUTURE SMART GRIDS

4.9 SMART GRID WORLDWIDE

4.10 BENEFITS

4.11 CHALLENGES

4.12 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 5    SMART TRANSPORTATION AND SMART MOBILITY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 CONCEPT OF ITS

5.3 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES,

5.4 COMPONENTS OF ITS

5.5 ITS TECHNOLOGIES

5.6 EXAMPLES OF ITS

5.7 CONCEPT OF SMART MOBILITY

5.8 KEY PRINCIPLES OF SMART MOBILITY

5.9 BENEFITS

5.10 CHALLENGES

5.11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

5.12 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 6    SMART BUILDINGS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 SMART BUILDING CONCEPT

6.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART BUILDINGS

6.4 SMART GREEN BUILDINGS

6.5 DESIGNING A SMART BUILDING

6.6 APPLICATIONS OF SMART BUILDINGS

6.7 EXAMPLES OF SMART BUILDINGS

6.8 BENEFITS

6.9 CHALLENGES

6.10 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 7    SMART HOMES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 CONCEPT OF SMART HOMES

7.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART HOMES

7.4 UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES

7.5 SMART HOME SERVICES

7.6 HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT

7.7 DESIGNING SMART HOMES

7.8 APPLICATIONS

7.9 BENEFITS

7.10 CHALLENGES

7.11 FUTURE SMART HOMES

7.12 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8    SMART HEALTHCARE

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 OVERVIEW OF HEALTHCARE

8.3 CONCEPT OF SMART HEALTHCARE

8.4 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

8.5 FEATURES OF SMART HEALTHCARE

8.6 APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES

8.7 BENEFITS

8.8 CHALLENGES

8.9 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 9    SMART MANUFACTURING AND SMART FACTORY

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING

9.3 CONCEPT OF SMART MANUFACTURING

9.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART MANUFACTURING

9.5 GOALS OF SMART MANUFACTURING

9.6 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

9.7 APPLICATIONS

9.8 SMART FACTORY

9.9 INDUSTRY 4.0

9.10 BENEFITS

9.11 CHALLENGES

9.12 FUTURE MANUFACTURING

9.13 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 10    SMART ENVIRONMENT

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 CONCEPT OF SMART ENVIRONMENTS

10.3 FEATURES OF SMART ENVIRONMENTS

10.4 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

10.5 APPLICATIONS

10.6 BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

10.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 11    SMART AGRICULTURE AND SMART FARMING

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 CLIMATE- SMART AGRICULTURE

11.3 SMART AGRICULTURE

11.4 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

11.5 SMART FARMING

11.6 BENEFITS

11.7 CHALLENGES

11.8 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 12    SMART FOOD AND SMART WATER

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 CONCEPT OF SMART FOOD

12.3 SMART FOOD POLICIES

12.4 APPLICATIONS OF SMART FOOD

12.5 CONCEPT OF SMART WATER

12.6 SMART WATER SYSTEM

12.7 SMART WATER METERING

12.8 BENEFITS

12.9 CHALLENGES

12.10 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

PREFACE

We live in a world with an abundance of technologies and the technologies are developing and improving rapidly. Technologies are transforming our lifestyles, social interactions, and workplaces. Nearly everyone in the developed nations possesses multiple electronic gadgets (cell phones, tablets, personal computers, laptops, digital notebooks, etc.). Daily use of technology has evolved. Recent advances in the field of technology have led to the emergence of innovative solutions known as smart technologies. A technology is considered smart if it performs a task that an intelligent person can do. A smart or intelligent technology is a self-operative and corrective system that requires little or no human intervention. Smart technologies can be understood as a generalization of the concept of smart structures and the use of digital and communications technologies. They have given us new, powerful tools to work. Application of such technologies can transform the conventional cities into smart cities, conventional home into smart home, conventional farming into smart farming, etc. Today, we are in an era where everything is expected to be smart. Common examples include smart cities, smart factory, smart agriculture, smart farming, smart healthcare, smart university, smart medication, smart water, smart food, smart materials, smart devices, smart phones, smart grid, smart energy, smart homes, smart buildings, smart metering, smart appliances, smart equipment, smart heating controls, smart lighting systems, smart watch, smart economy, smart environment, smart grids, smart transportation, smart mobility, smart manufacturing, smart living, smart environment, smart people, etc. These technologies will ensure equity, fairness, and realize a better quality of life. The combined autonomy and ambience of smart technologies simultaneously provides the conduit through which our choices are affected. These smart technologies go hand-in-hand with a new technology called the Internet of things (IoT).

The book has twelve chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction on smart technologies and serves as a foundation for the rest of the book.

Chapter 2 presents smart cities, which are an emerging phenomenon using digital technology to transform and improve environmental, financial, and social aspects of urban life. They are envisioned as ideal urban environments where the various dimensions of a city, such as economy, education, energy, environment, transportation, tourism, governance, etc., are managed in an effective manner. The major goal of a smart city is to improve the quality of life for the residents. For this reason, all the subsequent chapters in this book serve to support the smart city concept.

Chapter 3 addresses smart energy, which refers to an approach in which smart electricity, thermal, and gas grids are combined. Energy is a critical need of the modern society. It is the basic necessity for economic growth and development. Smart energy is a radical, holistic, and universal approach as opposed to a single sector approach. It addresses the environmental impacts of the energy and transport sectors.

Chapter 4 introduces the smart grid, which combines the traditional distribution network with a two-way communication network for sensing, monitoring, and information technologies. A smart grid is the modernization of the electricity delivery system, so it monitors, protects, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected components. The main objective of the smart grid is to bring reliability, flexibility, efficiency, and robustness to the power system. Smart grid does this by introducing two-way data communications into the power grid. It holds a great promise for a cleaner, more efficient power, healthier air, and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Chapter 5 provides an overview on smart transportation in the form of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and smart mobility. Smart transportation is based on smart infrastructure and it includes multi-modal connected conveyance and automated traffic signals, tolls, and fare collection. Smart mobility facilitates the organized commuting process and transport service. The transportation/mobility needs to be smart, safe, and green.

Chapter 6 covers smart buildings, which are the building blocks of smart grids or smart cities. Smart buildings are structures in which automated processes and devices are used to control and monitor building operations. A smart building is one that automatically performs useful functions for the occupants without the need for human input.

Chapter 7 deals smart homes, which are small smart building or improved living spaces equipped with distributed sensors and effectors hidden from the view of the residents. While smart buildings address commercial and industrial solution, smart homes target customers’ solutions. A smart home is a residence that has all appliances (from cameras to coffee makers) that are capable of communicating with one another and can be controlled remotely.

Chapter 8 presents smart healthcare, which involves using smart technologies for health purposes such as better diagnosis of the disease, improved treatment of the patients, and enhanced quality of lives. It provides healthcare services through smart gadgets (such as smartphones, smartwatch, wireless smart glucometer, and wireless blood pressure monitor) and networks such as Wi-Fi, Zig-Bee, Bluetooth, 5G, body area network, and wireless local area network.

Chapter 9 concentrates on smart manufacturing, which represents the fourth industrial revolution, arrived after the invention of the steam engine, mass production, and industrial automation. Smart manufacturing will transform traditional manufacturing from cost operations into added-values operations and increase competitiveness. While manufacturing may be regarded as a process that turns raw materials into physical products, the factory is the structure where manufacturing occurs. A smart factory is a highly digitized and connected production facility that relies on smart manufacturing.

Chapter 10 dwells on smart environments, which are context‐aware, possess a degree of autonomy, adapt themselves to changing conditions, and communicate with humans in a natural way. They are physical world that consists of interconnected smart devices. A smart environment is a system where individual components collaborate to reach an overall goal.

Chapter 11 focuses on smart agriculture and smart farming, which involve using predictive analytics to make smarter decisions in farming by collecting real-time data on weather, soil, crop maturity, equipment, and labor costs. Smart farming refers to the adoption of information and communications technologies (ICT) to enhance and automate agricultural processes and operations.

Finally, chapter 12 addresses food and water, which are indispensable for our daily living. Smart food is an approach to provide a personalized, mobile, on-site counseling service for food-allergic people. Smart food focuses especially on foods that can be eaten as staples. Smart water (or low-salinity water) is water that has been distilled by vapor. It is simply regular water, minus the minerals and with some electrolytes added.

This book provides researchers, students, and professionals a comprehensive introduction, applications, benefits, and challenges for each of the common applications of smart technologies. The author was motivated to write this book partly due to the lack of a single source of reference on these technologies. Hence, the book will help a beginner to have an introductory knowledge about these smart technologies. The main objective of the author is to provide a concise treatment that is easily digestible for each smart application. It is hoped that the book will be useful to practicing engineers, computer scientists, and information business managers

I am grateful to Dr. Pamela Obiomon, dean of the College of Engineering at Prairie View A&M University, and Dr. Kelvin Kirby, head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for their constant support and appreciation. Special thanks are due to Dr. Sarhan Musa and Dr. Sudershan Nelatury for their contributions. I would like to thank my former students, Dr. Mahamadou Temberly, Dr. Emmanual Shadare, and Adedamola Omotoso, for our joint publications used in this book.

Matthew N. O. Sadiku

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Matthew N. O. Sadiku received his B. Sc. degree in 1978 from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN in 1982 and 1984 respectively. From 1984 to 1988, he was an assistant professor at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, where he did graduate work in computer science. From 1988 to 2000, he was at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, where he became a full professor. From 2000 to 2002, he was with Lucent/Avaya, Holmdel, NJ as a system engineer and with Boeing Satellite Systems, Los Angeles, CA as a senior scientist. He is presently a professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX.

He is the author of over 870 professional papers and almost 90 books including Elements of Electromagnetics (Oxford University Press, 7th ed., 2018), Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (McGraw-Hill, 7th ed., 2021, with C. Alexander), Computational Electromagnetics with MATLAB (CRC Press, 4th ed., 2019), Principles of Modern Communication Systems (Cambridge University Press, 2017, with S. O. Agbo), and Emerging Internet-based Technologies (CRC Press, 2019). Three of these books are leading or number one in their respective areas and some are in the 4th or 7th edition. Some of his books have been translated into seven languages: French, Korean, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, and Spanish. In addition to the engineering books, he has written Christian books including Secrets of Successful Marriages, How to Discover God’s Will for Your Life, and commentaries on all the books of the New Testament Bible.

He was the recipient of the 2000 McGraw-Hill/Jacob Millman Award for outstanding contributions in the field of electrical engineering. He was also the recipient of Regents Professor award for 2012-2013 by the Texas A&M University System. He is a registered professional engineer and a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for contributions to computational electromagnetics and engineering education. He was the IEEE Region 2 Student Activities Committee Chairman. He was an associate editor for IEEE Transactions on Education. He is also a member of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). His current research interests are in the areas of computational electromagnetic, computer networks, and engineering education. His works can be found in his autobiography, My Life and Work (Trafford Publishing, 2017) or his website: www.matthew-sadiku.com. He can be reached via email at [e-mail]

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Engineering is the art of modelling materials we do not wholly understand, into shapes we cannot precisely analyze so as to withstand forces we cannot properly assess, in such a way that the public has no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance. - A. Dykes

1.1 INTRODUCTION

We live in a world with an abundance of technologies and the technologies are developing and improving rapidly. Technologies are transforming our lifestyles, social interactions, and workplaces. Nearly everyone in the developed nations possesses multiple electronic gadgets (cell phones, tablets, personal computers, laptops, digital notebooks, etc.).

Recent advances in the field of technology have led to the emergence of innovative solutions known as smart technologies. A technology is considered smart if it performs a task that an intelligent person can do. Smart technologies can be understood as a generalization of the concept of smart structures, which encompass mechanical systems equipped with sensors, actuators, and pre-programmed controllers.

Smart technologies refer to the use of digital and communications technologies. They have given us new, powerful tools to work. Smart technologies are next generation technologies having a great future. Application of such technologies can transform the conventional cities into smart cities, conventional home into smart home, conventional farming into smart farming, etc. Today, we are surrounded by many things that are called smart. They include a growing array of technologies such as smartphones, smart homes, smart grids, smart city, smart energy, smart transportation, smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, smart living, smart environment, smart medication, smart materials, smart appliances, smart equipment, smart heating controls, smart lighting systems, smart factory, etc. These technologies will ensure equity, fairness, and realize a better quality of life. They technologies go hand-in-hand with a new technology called the Internet of things (IoT).

The main objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction on smart technologies and serve as a foundation for the rest of the book. It begins with explaining the concept of smart technology. It presents some examples of smart devices and applications of smart technologies. It addresses the benefits and challenges of smart technology. The final section concludes with comments.

1.2 SMART TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT

A smart technology (ST or Smart-Tech) is a self-operative and corrective system that requires little or no human intervention. The term smart originally comes from the acronym Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology but become widely known as smart because of the notion of allowing inanimate things or objects to communicate. There has been a seemingly ever-increasing use of the synonymous adjectives smart and intelligent to describe a diverse range of systems and technologies [1].

Typically, a smart technology has three elements (sensors, control unit, and actuators) to provide three basic capabilities (sensing, processing and decision making, and acting). The elements are explained as follows [2].

• Sensors: These are an integral part of the structure which collect information on a stimulus. The sensing ability provides the capacity to extract information from sensors and communicate with external devices.

• Control Unit: This embodies the control algorithm and microprocessor on which the software can be run, together with interconnections to the arrays of sensors and actuators. The control algorithm will almost always be embodied in the form of software and for the inference to be genuinely intelligent this software will need to be