Tissue Engineering: Restoring, maintaining, or improving damaged tissues or whole organs

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering is a subfield of biomedical engineering that focuses on repairing, maintaining, enhancing, or replacing various kinds of biological tissues through the utilization of a variety of techniques, including cells, engineering, and material science, as well as appropriate biochemical and physicochemical factors. Tissue engineering is not limited to applications that involve cells and tissue scaffolds; rather, it typically involves placing cells on tissue scaffolds in order to form new viable tissue for a medical purpose. However, tissue engineering is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. As a result of its expanding breadth and significance, it is now possible to consider it to be an independent field, despite the fact that it was originally classified as a sub-field of biomaterials.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Tissue engineering

Chapter 2: Artificial organ

Chapter 3: Regenerative medicine

Chapter 4: Organ printing

Chapter 5: Knee cartilage replacement therapy

Chapter 6: Cardiomyoplasty

Chapter 7: Neural tissue engineering

Chapter 8: Nerve guidance conduit

Chapter 9: Autologous chondrocyte implantation

Chapter 10: Nano-scaffold

Chapter 11: Fibrin scaffold

Chapter 12: Decellularization

Chapter 13: 3D bioprinting

Chapter 14: 3D cell culture

Chapter 15: In vivo bioreactor

Chapter 16: Bioartificial heart

Chapter 17: Regeneration in humans

Chapter 18: Bio-ink

Chapter 19: Artificial cartilage

Chapter 20: Tissue engineering of heart valves

Chapter 21: Artificial ovary

(II) Answering the public top questions about tissue engineering.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of tissue engineering in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of tissue engineering' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of tissue engineering.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 5, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Tissue Engineering Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Tissue Engineering: Restoring, maintaining, or improving damaged tissues or whole organs, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Tissue Engineering, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Tissue Engineering.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Tissue Engineering, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Tissue Engineering, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Tissue Engineering. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

Tissue engineering is a subfield of biomedical engineering that focuses on repairing, maintaining, enhancing, or replacing various kinds of biological tissues through the utilization of a variety of techniques, including cells, engineering, and material science, as well as appropriate biochemical and physicochemical factors. Tissue engineering is not limited to applications that involve cells and tissue scaffolds; rather, it typically involves placing cells on tissue scaffolds in order to form new viable tissue for a medical purpose. However, tissue engineering is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. As a result of its expanding breadth and significance, it is now possible to consider it to be an independent field, despite the fact that it was originally classified as a sub-field of biomaterials.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Tissue engineering

Chapter 2: Artificial organ

Chapter 3: Regenerative medicine

Chapter 7: Organ printing

Chapter 5: Knee cartilage replacement therapy

Chapter 6: Cardiomyoplasty

Chapter 7: Neural tissue engineering

Chapter 9: Nerve guidance conduit

Chapter 9: Autologous chondrocyte implantation

Chapter 10: Nano-scaffold

Chapter 11: Fibrin scaffold

Chapter 12: Decellularization

Chapter 13: 3D bioprinting

Chapter 14: 3D cell culture

Chapter 15: In vivo bioreactor

Chapter 16: Bioartificial heart

Chapter 17: Regeneration in humans

Chapter 18: Bio-ink

Chapter 20: Artificial cartilage

Chapter 20: Tissue engineering of heart valves

Chapter 21: Artificial ovary

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 3: Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is a subfield of biomedical engineering that focuses on repairing, maintaining, enhancing, or replacing various kinds of biological tissues through the utilization of a variety of techniques, including cells, engineering, and material science, as well as appropriate biochemical and physicochemical factors. Tissue engineering is not limited to applications that involve cells and tissue scaffolds; rather, it typically involves placing cells on tissue scaffolds in order to form new viable tissue for a medical purpose. However, tissue engineering is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. As a result of its expanding breadth and significance, it may now be regarded as a field in and of itself, despite the fact that it was originally classified as a subfield of biomaterials.

In practice, the term tissue engineering is closely linked with applications that repair or replace sections of or complete tissues. This is despite the fact that the majority of definitions of tissue engineering span a wide variety of potential applications (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, skin, muscle etc.). In many cases, the correct functioning of the tissues involved is contingent on their possessing certain mechanical and structural qualities. The word has also been used to refer to attempts that have been made to execute certain biochemical tasks using cells that are contained inside a support system that has been artificially manufactured (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver). Although the terms regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are sometimes used interchangeably, individuals interested in regenerative medicine put a greater focus on the use of stem cells or progenitor cells to generate tissues.

A definition of tissue engineering that is often used and is attributed to Langer.

The historical roots of the phrase are unknown since, throughout the course of the last several decades, our understanding of what the word means has evolved. The phrase was originally used in an article in 1984 that detailed the organization of an endothelium-like membrane on the surface of a long-implanted synthetic ocular prosthesis. The term has been in use ever since.

It is possible that a fundamental comprehension of the inner workings of human tissues dates back deeper in time than most people would anticipate. Sutures were being used to help seal wounds and speed up the healing process as early as the Neolithic era. Sutures made of linen were among the superior materials that later cultures such as ancient Egypt developed for closing wounds. In ancient India, about 2500 BC, the technique of removing skin from the buttock and suturing it to wound sites in the ear, nose, or lips was created. This technique was used to do skin transplants. Honey was tried to be used as a form of antibiotic by the ancient Egyptians, while grease was used as a protective barrier against infection. Ancient Egyptians were known to transplant skin from dead persons onto live humans on a regular basis. Implants made of wrought iron were produced by the Gallo-Romans in the 1st and 2nd century AD, while dental implants were discovered in ancient Mayan civilization.

Although these ancient cultures had created technologies that were centuries ahead of their time, they were nevertheless considered primitive, They did not yet have a mechanical comprehension of how the body responded to these operations.

This mechanistic approach came along in tandem with the development of the empirical method of science pioneered by René Descartes.

Sir Isaac Newton started to define the body as a physiochemical machine and posed that sickness was a breakdown in the mechanism. He believed that disease was a result of the body's failure to function properly.

In the middle of the 17th century, Robert Hooke was the first person to discover the cell, and Benedict de Spinoza's letter is credited with introducing the concept of homeostasis as a means of maintaining equilibrium between the body's many dynamic activities.

Abraham Trembley's studies on hydra, which were conducted in the 18th century, were among the first to investigate the potential for cells to regenerate.

In the course of the 19th century, Because of advances in scientific knowledge of how various metals interact with the human body, better sutures have been developed, and bone fixation procedures have shifted toward using screws and plates rather than other types of implants.

Further, In the middle of the 1800s, the idea that cell-environment interactions and cell proliferation were essential for tissue regeneration was initially put up as a hypothesis.

The methods that researchers use to carry out their study are constantly need to be modified because of the passage of time and the development of new technologies. Over the course of many centuries, advances in tissue engineering have been made. In the beginning, individuals would examine and utilize samples that were taken straight from cadavers, whether they be human or animal. Tissue engineers now have the capability of recreating a significant number of the body's tissues by combining native tissue cells and stem cells with cutting-edge techniques such as microfabrication and three-dimensional bioprinting, for example. These techniques are used in conjunction with one another. Because of these advancements, researchers are now able to manufacture new tissues in a way that is far more efficient. These procedures, for instance, make it possible to personalize the end product more, which in turn makes it possible to achieve greater biocompatibility, a reduced immune response, cellular integration, and longevity. There is no question that these methods will continue to develop, just as we have seen the microfabrication and bioprinting industries undergo consistent development over the previous ten years.

Wichterle and Lim were the first people to publish research on the use of hydrogels in biomedical applications in 1960. Their investigations focused on the creation of contact lenses using hydrogels. Work on the area progressed slowly over the next two decades, but it eventually gained momentum when hydrogels were repurposed for the transport of drugs. Charles