Synthetic Genomics: Using genetic modification to create new DNA or entire lifeforms

By Fouad Sabry

What Is Synthetic Genomics

To manufacture new DNA or complete lifeforms, synthetic genomics, a relatively young subfield of synthetic biology, employs techniques such as genetic alteration on already-existent life forms or artificial gene synthesis. These techniques may be used to create new DNA.

How You Will Benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Synthetic genomics

Chapter 2: Base pair

Chapter 3: Bacterial artificial chromosome

Chapter 4: Molecular genetics

Chapter 5: Yeast artificial chromosome

Chapter 6: DNA synthesis

Chapter 7: Site-directed mutagenesis

Chapter 8: Xenobiology

Chapter 9: Index of molecular biology articles

Chapter 10: DNA construct

Chapter 11: Genomic library

Chapter 12: Fosmid

Chapter 13: Artificial gene synthesis

Chapter 14: Functional cloning

Chapter 15: Mycoplasma laboratorium

Chapter 16: Nucleic acid analogue

Chapter 17: Molecular cloning

Chapter 18: Minimal genome

Chapter 19: Clyde A. Hutchison III

Chapter 20: Synthetic genomes

Chapter 21: No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing

(II) Answering the public top questions about synthetic genomics.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of synthetic genomics in many fields.

(IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of synthetic genomics' technologies.

Who This Book Is For

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of synthetic genomics.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Oct 5, 2022

Book preview

Copyright

Synthetic Genomics Copyright © 2022 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Bonus

You can send an email to [e-mail] with the subject line Synthetic Genomics: Using genetic modification to create new DNA or entire lifeforms, and you will receive an email which contains the first few chapters of this book.

Fouad Sabry

Visit 1BK website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Preface

Why did I write this book?

The story of writing this book started on 1989, when I was a student in the Secondary School of Advanced Students.

It is remarkably like the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Schools, which are now available in many advanced countries.

STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines — science, technology, engineering, and mathematics — in an interdisciplinary and applied approach. This term is typically used to address an education policy or a curriculum choice in schools. It has implications for workforce development, national security concerns and immigration policy.

There was a weekly class in the library, where each student is free to choose any book and read for 1 hour. The objective of the class is to encourage the students to read subjects other than the educational curriculum.

In the library, while I was looking at the books on the shelves, I noticed huge books, total of 5,000 pages in 5 parts. The books name is The Encyclopedia of Technology, which describes everything around us, from absolute zero to semiconductors, almost every technology, at that time, was explained with colorful illustrations and simple words. I started to read the encyclopedia, and of course, I was not able to finish it in the 1-hour weekly class.

So, I convinced my father to buy the encyclopedia. My father bought all the technology tools for me in the beginning of my life, the first computer and the first technology encyclopedia, and both have a great impact on myself and my career.

I have finished the entire encyclopedia in the same summer vacation of this year, and then I started to see how the universe works and to how to apply that knowledge to everyday problems.

My passion to the technology started mor than 30 years ago and still the journey goes on.

This book is part of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies which is my attempt to give the readers the same amazing experience I had when I was in high school, but instead of 20th century technologies, I am more interested in the 21st century emerging technologies, applications, and industry solutions.

The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies will consist of 365 books, each book will be focused on one single emerging technology. You can read the list of emerging technologies and their categorization by industry in the part of Coming Soon, at the end of the book.

365 books to give the readers the chance to increase their knowledge on one single emerging technology every day within the course of one year period.

Introduction

How did I write this book?

In every book of The Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies, I am trying to get instant, raw search insights, direct from the minds of the people, trying to answer their questions about the emerging technology.

There are 3 billion Google searches every day, and 20% of those have never been seen before. They are like a direct line to the people thoughts.

Sometimes that’s ‘How do I remove paper jam’. Other times, it is the wrenching fears and secret hankerings they would only ever dare share with Google.

In my pursuit to discover an untapped goldmine of content ideas about Synthetic Genomics, I use many tools to listen into autocomplete data from search engines like Google, then quickly cranks out every useful phrase and question, the people are asking around the keyword Synthetic Genomics.

It is a goldmine of people insight, I can use to create fresh, ultra-useful content, products, and services. The kind people, like you, really want.

People searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche. Therefore, this book is a live product, and constantly updated by more and more answers for new questions about Synthetic Genomics, asked by people, just like you and me, wondering about this new emerging technology and would like to know more about it.

The approach for writing this book is to get a deeper level of understanding of how people search around Synthetic Genomics, revealing questions and queries which I would not necessarily think off the top of my head, and answering these questions in super easy and digestible words, and to navigate the book around in a straightforward way.

So, when it comes to writing this book, I have ensured that it is as optimized and targeted as possible. This book purpose is helping the people to further understand and grow their knowledge about Synthetic Genomics. I am trying to answer people’s questions as closely as possible and showing a lot more.

It is a fantastic, and beautiful way to explore questions and problems that the people have and answer them directly, and add insight, validation, and creativity to the content of the book – even pitches and proposals. The book uncovers rich, less crowded, and sometimes surprising areas of research demand I would not otherwise reach. There is no doubt that, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the potential readers’ minds, after reading the book using this approach.

I have applied a unique approach to make the content of this book always fresh. This approach depends on listening to the people minds, by using the search listening tools. This approach helped me to:

Meet the readers exactly where they are, so I can create relevant content that strikes a chord and drives more understanding to the topic.

Keep my finger firmly on the pulse, so I can get updates when people talk about this emerging technology in new ways, and monitor trends over time.

Uncover hidden treasures of questions need answers about the emerging technology to discover unexpected insights and hidden niches that boost the relevancy of the content and give it a winning edge.

The building block for writing this book include the following:

(1) I have stopped wasting the time on gutfeel and guesswork about the content wanted by the readers, filled the book content with what the people need and said goodbye to the endless content ideas based on speculations.

(2) I have made solid decisions, and taken fewer risks, to get front row seats to what people want to read and want to know — in real time — and use search data to make bold decisions, about which topics to include and which topics to exclude.

(3) I have streamlined my content production to identify content ideas without manually having to sift through individual opinions to save days and even weeks of time.

It is wonderful to help the people to increase their knowledge in a straightforward way by just answering their questions.

I think the approach of writing of this book is unique as it collates, and tracks the important questions being asked by the readers on search engines.

Acknowledgments

Writing a book is harder than I thought and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have been possible without the work completed by prestigious researchers, and I would like to acknowledge their efforts to increase the knowledge of the public about this emerging technology.

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state. You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment.

Epigraph

To manufacture new DNA or complete lifeforms, synthetic genomics, a relatively young subfield of synthetic biology, employs techniques such as genetic alteration on already-existent life forms or artificial gene synthesis. These techniques may be used to create new DNA.

Table of Contents

Copyright

Bonus

Preface

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Dedication

Epigraph

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Synthetic genomics

Chapter 2: Craig Venter

Chapter 3: Bacterial artificial chromosome

Chapter 4: Molecular genetics

Chapter 5: Yeast artificial chromosome

Chapter 6: Molecular genetics

Chapter 7: Site-directed mutagenesis

Chapter 8: Xenobiology

Chapter 9: Index of molecular biology articles

Chapter 10: DNA construct

Chapter 11: Genomic library

Chapter 12: Fosmid

Chapter 13: Whole genome sequencing

Chapter 14: Functional cloning

Chapter 15: Mycoplasma laboratorium

Chapter 16: Nucleic acid analogue

Chapter 17: Molecular cloning

Chapter 18: Minimal genome

Chapter 19: Clyde A. Hutchison III

Chapter 20: Synthetic genomes

Chapter 21: No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing

Epilogue

About the Author

Coming Soon

Appendices: Emerging Technologies in Each Industry

Chapter 1: Synthetic genomics

Synthetic genomics is a relatively new subfield of synthetic biology that focuses on the creation of new DNA or complete lifeforms using various methods, including artificial gene synthesis and parts of genetic alteration applied to already existing life forms.

Synthetic genomics is not the same as genetic modification in the sense that it does not make use of genes that are already present in the organisms that it creates. In a broader and as of yet unrealized sense, synthetic genomics could use genetic codes that are not composed of the two base pairs of DNA that are currently utilized by life. This possibility exists despite the fact that synthetic genomics may use base pair series that have been specifically designed.

The rise of synthetic genomics may be traced back to the rapid expansion of specific technological capabilities and technologies within the study of genetics in recent decades. Researchers have been able to conduct studies on genomes that do not occur naturally as a result of the capacity to generate lengthy base pair chains on a big scale in a manner that is both precise and economical. The discipline of synthetic genomics is starting to enter a fertile period of vitality, which may be attributed to recent breakthroughs in protein folding models as well as declining costs associated with computer analysis.

In the year 2010, scientists successfully constructed a synthetic creature for the very first time.

Soon after the discovery of restriction endonucleases and ligases, the field of genetics began making use of these molecular tools in order to assemble artificial sequences from smaller fragments of synthetic or naturally-occurring DNA. These artificial sequences can be passed on to organisms to be used in breeding or other purposes. The inverse connection that exists between the length of synthetic DNA and the percent purity of that synthetic length is the source of the benefit that may be achieved by using the recombinatory strategy as opposed to the continuous synthesis of new DNA. To put it another way, owing to the intrinsic error rates of the technologies available today, the number of clones that include errors grows as the length of the sequences that are being synthesized rises.

A sequence of oligonucleotides is used in the process known as polymerase cycling assembly (PCA) (or oligos), between 40 and 60 nucleotides in length roughly, that together make up both strands of the DNA that is now being produced.

These oligos have been created in such a way that a single oligo from one strand comprises a length of roughly 20 nucleotides at either end, which is complementary to sequences of two separate oligos on the opposite strand, Consequently, this creates overlapping zones.

The entire set is processed through cycles of: (a) hybridization at 60 °C; (b) elongation by the use of