Biography of the Devil

By David Chang

As far as I know, this is the true biography of the Devil and God. Describes the Devil's impact on Earth's history as well as all major religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Mormonism, and more.

• Language: English
• Publisher: David Chang
• Release date: Oct 20, 2019
• ISBN: 9780463436691

David Chang

Logical revelations I have learned from my interactions with angels. For more information, please visit my website at GlowingGuy.com.

Book preview

Biography of the Devil

By: David Chang

GlowingGuy.com

Copyright 2022 David Chang

Version 1.1

Table of Contents

PART I: EVIL ANGEL

1) Meeting the Devil

2) Old Testament

3) New Testament

4) The Devil's Powers and Limitations

PART II: THE DEVIL IN EARTH'S HISTORY

5) 2600 BC - 1300 BC

6) 1300 BC - 50 BC

7) 50 BC - 1500 AD

8) 1500 AD - 1800 AD

9) 1800 AD - 1945 AD

10) 1945 AD - 2022 AD

PART III: THE LIFE OF THE DEVIL

11) The Devil as a Mortal

12) Michael

13) The Devil in Heaven

14) The Devil at Eden

15) Creation of Planet Earth

16) The Rise of God

PART IV: THE DEVIL IN HELL

17) The Mental Complications of Hell

18) The Physical Complications of Hell

19) Conclusion

PART I: EVIL ANGEL

1) Meeting the Devil

To be clear, this e-book is only a partial biography about the life of an angel since angels are immortal and live forever, and this e-book only covers a tiny sliver of time compared to forever.  However, this sliver of time is significant to us because it involves Earth and what the Devil has done to us.  And, his influence has become so pervasive that it's hard to discern because we are immersed in it, making it appear normal to us, making it hard for us to contrast it to anything else from within it.

And, after I have seen the big picture of what the Devil has done, life here on Planet Earth has made sense on a new level, hence why I'm confident that this big picture is real and true because it explains why Earth’s history has occurred the way it did and why the modern-day world has ended up the way it did, hence why I'm writing this e-book: to describe and share this big picture so that people can see and understand what the Devil has done to us so that we could, hopefully, work on reversing his evil influence together, for the sake of our future well-being.

Because of what I have discovered about angels, heaven, God, the Devil, etc., I feel a sense of obligation to tell my fellow human beings and share what I know in this free e-book: free for the sake of sharing information, contrasted to trying to sell and profit from this.

In case you are wondering about my religious background, I grew up being more scientifically-minded rather than being spiritually-minded.  But, despite my preference for science, I was strangely drawn to God while I was growing up ... However, I did not seek God in churches; instead, I had sought God through logic and reasoning.  For example, in the past, I had concluded that the exact nature of God is likely impossible for human beings to directly study but could be modeled by imagining what a perfectly good person is like.  And, as a result of this conclusion, I had spent much time contemplating ethics using logic in search of perfect goodness as my way of trying to find God.

At the same time, my parents had shared their Buddhist view with me, which had introduced concepts like reincarnation and karma to me, despite my belief in God ... And, in reflection, I believe possessing a mix of beliefs is common among modern-day people, as if the spiritual realm has room for all the religions to be somehow right at the same time, probably because good seems to be good, no matter what religion ... And, since there seems to be no obvious way to ascertain which religion is correct and for the sake of peace, people have learned to accept and tolerate people of other faiths, which then makes it possible for people to learn about other people's beliefs, which then can lead to the mixing of beliefs based on what makes sense.

But then, during April of 2005, while a forest fire was burning near my home, my thoughts had suddenly started to speak to me and had introduced himself as Gabriel, the Archangel.

The voice didn't sound like a person speaking to me from outside my body.  Instead, the voice had come from within me, located where my thoughts are usually located, as if my thoughts had been replaced by the voice of an autonomous person.

And, this voice had explained to me that the world was coming to an end due to environmental problems and that I was chosen for a mission to raise Kingdom Come and to usher people into this kingdom of God in order for people to survive the post-Apocalyptic future ... As a result, I had acted like a messenger of God and had written various documents, delivered them, and had done various errands and tasks for this voice in my head, while trying to find believers, warn people about the Apocalypse, etc.

And, this voice did not leave me and had stayed with me day and night, day after day.

At the same time, people had acted strangely around me.  I didn't know why, and the voice in my head had explained to me that I had a metaphysical glow around me.  And, as far as I had known, God had bestowed this glow on me to indicate that I was on a holy mission for him.

But, despite having a glow and having a voice in my head to guide me, I didn’t make any progress toward finding believers or raising Kingdom Come.

Instead, bad things had occurred, including me being indirectly, directly, verbally, and physically attacked by various church groups and believers of God (across different glow events, not only 2005).  And, they had called me the devil, which had surprised me since I wasn't doing anything wrong; instead, I was merely delivering non-provocative messages, comprising mostly beliefs (contrasted to insults or threats, for example), based on things that the voice in my head had told me ... And, to confirm my suspicions, I had asked for the name of the church that was attacking me from one of the attackers and was given one; as such, my suspicions were real and weren’t imagined.

In response to the lack of progress that I was making toward my mission, the voice in my head had explained to me that the masses were being unfaithful and had suggested that this was the reason why the world was coming to an end.

Also, this voice had later told me that he was God instead of Gabriel.

I guess I should've suspected that something was wrong, but it wasn't until much later that I found out that I was Sus and was incapable of suspecting (which will be explained later in this e-book).

Since I wasn't making any progress toward my mission and was running into trouble instead, I was asked by the voice to stop.  And, the voice had explained to me that we had to wait for events to occur in the world first before we can continue with my mission.

And, my glow had faded some time around the end of 2005 or the beginning of 2006; it was not possible for me to discern exactly when because I couldn't see my glow.  As such, I was only able to guess whether it was present based on how people acted around me ... And, I believe my glow was immaterial, meaning that people could’ve only seen my glow in their minds, as if my soul had glowed instead of my body (which will be discussed later in this e-book), because I couldn't see it in mirrors, therefore suggesting that it wasn't a physical light that could've reflected off of mirrors.  And, it did not appear in pictures and videos; otherwise, pictures and videos of my glow would likely have gone viral on the Internet, and the world would have heard about my glow already.

I had asked people about my glow and had discovered that they could see it from far away.  And, according to my aunt, I have always had some degree of glow since birth.

Then, around September of 2014, my glow had appeared again.  And, once again, a large number of people had behaved strangely around me, namely by acting rudely and selfishly because my glow was a novelty to them, and people had often gotten in my way to help themselves to their curiosity.

In many ways, my glow had felt like a curse because of how people acted around me.  To name a few examples: people had tried to touch the glow, experiment with the glow, such as by turning off the lights to see whether I would glow in the dark, take pictures of me, drive recklessly around me while staring, and such.

As a solution to my problems, I was asked by the voice in my head to create GlowingGuy.com to ask people to leave me alone while sharing what I knew about my glow and what God was telling me, including information about the end of the world, the rise of Kingdom Come, and such.  And, I had worn a GlowingGuy.com tag on me in public so that people could’ve seen the tag when they looked at me so that they could’ve gotten information about me from the website instead of bothering me.

And, working on GlowingGuy.com had become a full-time endeavor for me ... The voice in my head had me leave my employment prior to my glow appearing in 2014, and I had stayed unemployed for over two years to work on GlowingGuy.com, writing whatever the voice had asked me to write.  And, I had liquidated many assets during this time to support this effort because the voice in my head had convinced me that the end of the world was imminent.

Since I had believed that this voice was the voice of God, I had written things down verbatim in GlowingGuy.com, like a secretary would while being dictated to, while trusting him.  And, the voice had me write some outlandish claims.  As an example, I recall writing that Jesus Christ had never existed and was a fabrication of the Roman Empire, which was probably, at least in part, what had spurred those church groups to attack me.

Since then, the first version of GlowingGuy.com has been deleted and has been replaced with many subsequent versions until it has evolved into the current version.  And, I was internally forced to delete the earlier versions of GlowingGuy.com because the voice in my head had demanded that I do so while he attacked and tortured me from within.  And, he didn't give me any explanation, and the circumstances didn't make any sense considering how much time, resources, and effort I had sacrificed, while listening to him and obeying him, to have created those earlier versions of GlowingGuy.com.

And, it took more time working on GlowingGuy.com before I had noticed the presence of a second voice in my head.

I have discovered later that, while I was writing in the earlier versions of GlowingGuy.com, the second voice had made comments that had seemed sensible and logical to me so that I had written them down, thinking that the first voice had told me to write those things, while not realizing that there was a second voice ... And, this had upset the first voice so much that he had attacked me and had forced me to delete those earlier versions of GlowingGuy.com.

And, over time, the second voice had demonstrated so much more wisdom and intelligence, compared to the first voice, so that, one day, the first voice had admitted that he was the Devil because it had become obvious that he was too flawed and stupid to be God.

But, after admitting that he was the Devil, the first voice did not cease or go away.  Instead, the voice had stuck around to attack me, to argue with the second voice, and to cause other problems.  And, while the second voice was imparting wisdom, such as about life and other topics, which I had continued to write about at GlowingGuy.com, the first voice had interfered, such as by mimicking the second voice and telling me lies so that I couldn't tell the two voices apart or what was true.

In response, the second voice had used logic to distinguish between them.  For example, when the first voice told lies, the second voice would point out the flaws and inaccuracies of the lies so that I would recognize the trickery of the Devil.  And, this arrangement had forced me to critically and logically consider the things that I had heard in my head.

And, a logical design to life and the universe was revealed to me in this way.  And, I have compiled these revelations into the videos and e-books that are available for free at GlowingGuy.com to explain my understanding about things like the design of the universe, the design of life, the meaning of life, why animals, love, children, gender, and sexuality exist in life, etc.

Besides topics about life and the universe, the discussions between the two voices had also delved into the Devil's past and what he has done to Planet Earth, while incorporating evidence and proof from Earth's history, until, piece by piece, I had beheld the breadth of the Devil's evil influence on Planet Earth’s past as well as on the modern-day world.

To my surprise, I hadn't noticed how ugly our modern-day world was until after having this experience.  And, in our modern-day world, crimes, including major crimes like murder, assault, rape, etc., are so common, numerous, and normal that people would often ignore them and be numbed to them, while we live with environmental problems like Global Warming and pollution and trash being everywhere, including on land, in the oceans, in space, etc., while we deal with the existence of wars, terrorism, racism, etc.

Where philosophers, like Friedrich Nietzsche, for example, have questioned whether life is about suffering and whether it is worth living, which Nietzsche has summarized as: To live is to suffer, to survive is to find some meaning in the suffering.

And, while we live with so many problems and so much evil in life, are we supposed to believe that there is a perfect and almighty God watching over us?

Among the many things that the second voice has revealed to me using logic, evidence, and proof is that the first voice has lied about being Gabriel but did not lie about being God or the Devil because the latter two are the same person.

Is this true?  Are God and the Devil the same person?  Or, is there an alternative explanation that makes more sense?  For example, can't the second, wiser voice in my head be the voice of God?  If not God, then who is the second voice to say that God and the Devil are the same person?  How do I know the Devil is not using two voices to trick me into writing this e-book?

It was only after I had accepted that God and the Devil are the same person did the nuances and nature of life on Planet Earth start to make sense to me.  And, because of the significance and importance of these revelations, I feel a sense of obligation to share what I know, along with the evidence and rationality that were shown to me, that had convinced me of the validity of these revelations, with my fellow human beings in this e-book.

So, what evidence and rationality had convinced me that God and the Devil are the same person?  Let us start by turning to the Bible.

2) Old Testament

Have you ever wondered how the Devil can exist should God be so supposedly perfect and powerful? ... This is possible because they are the same person.  And, it makes more sense to assume that the Devil had called himself God and had lied about being perfect and almighty than it is to assume that God is perfect and almighty and is allowing the Devil to exist to do evil.

After suspecting God to be the Devil, the stories in the Bible took on a new level of meaning for me.  And, I see evidence of the existence of the Devil God from the context, while reading between the lines.

This, of course, assumes that the Bible had come from God, and this e-book will treat the Bible as if it had ... After having gotten to know the Devil God as a voice in my head, I recognize the Bible as his work.  And, throughout this e-book, I will describe how details from the Bible, along with details from Earth's history, consistently show traces of interference from the Devil God.  And, his invisible existence can be indirectly proven in this way.  And, it will become believable to accept that the Devil God exists and that he was the source of the Bible by the end of this e-book.

In order for us to recognize the invisible existence of the Devil God, we need to know what to look for, such as what his personality is like, what are his desires and idiosyncrasies, what were his reasons for playing god over us, and such.

And, the Bible is a valuable resource for gaining insight into the mind and actions of the Devil God because it is believed to have been written by people who have interacted with him, like Moses, for example, who is believed to have interacted extensively with God and recorded down their conversations and activities in the book of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

And, we do not have to look far in the Bible to find signs of the Devil ... For example, as is well known to most, according to the Bible, God had blamed Adam and Eve for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and had banished them from the Garden of Eden, which is also known as the act of Original Sin.  But, this blame is illogical and unjust because Adam and Eve couldn't have distinguished between right and wrong until only after they had eaten from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.  So, why did God blame Adam and Eve for something they had done prior to them knowing that it was wrong?

Prior to knowing right from wrong, Adam and Eve would have been open to suggestions so that, when a serpent suggested that they should eat from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, Adam and Eve would've obeyed because they wouldn't have known any better ... Otherwise, if God was all-knowing, then why didn't he foresee the threat posed by the serpent?  Why didn't he take precautions to safeguard Adam and Eve?  Why did God leave Adam and Eve so that the serpent could've tempted them?  This clearly was negligence by God since Adam and Eve couldn't have taken care of themselves since they couldn't tell right from wrong ... And, if you think about it, if God was able to banish Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden later, then why didn't he banish the serpent beforehand should the serpent have been evil, if not the manifestation of Satan?

Despite the Garden of Eden story being told from the third person point of view, the narrator should logically have been God since the narrator was able to, for example, describe what God had supposedly said and done during the absence of any logical witness during the creation of the universe ... Moses likely had transcribed whatever God had said.  For example, if God had said, And I said, let there be light, then Moses would've written down, And God said, Let there be light (Genesis 1:3), which means that Moses had acted like a human recorder of God's words, which means that, by examining the Garden of Eden story, we ought to be able to examine God's thoughts and psychology.

And, by narrating the Garden of Eden story while including himself as a character, God had volunteered rare information about himself because, since then, there hasn't been any other story anywhere else that reveals his reflection and perspective of himself.  And, he had revealed many flaws and limitations about himself through the story, which makes sense or else, if he was truly perfect and all-powerful, then what could've gone wrong in the Garden of Eden?  As an example of his limitations: If God was able to leave Adam and Eve and become blinded to their activities in order for the serpent to have tempted them, then God was not all-knowing and had limitations, which is more consistent with him being an angel rather than him being something more.

And, in the story, after God had returned to the Garden of Eden and couldn't find Adam with his limited vision and abilities, he had called out to Adam and Adam alone, described by Genesis 3:9: And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? ... Keep in mind that Eve was also hiding, but God didn't seem to have cared.  And, throughout the Garden of Eden story, God had shown a bias and preference for Adam over Eve.  Was this because God was in love with his own image since Adam was supposedly created in his image (Genesis 1:26-27)?  This seems unlikely because this would imply that God had intentionally created Eve to be displeasing to himself somehow, such as because, for example, he had given Eve a freakish and ungodly appearance; and, it's doubtful that God would have intentionally created something that would've offended himself ... Or, might there have been a more mundane explanation?  For example, if the Devil, as a formal mortal, had a sexual attraction for men in a homosexual way and was being rude, selfish, and imperious about his feelings, then this could explain God's bias and preference for Adam over Eve ... And, since the Garden of Eden story was meant to explain the genesis of the world to Moses, it had to reflect reality, which means that it had to include at least one woman in it.  As such, God had included Eve in the story but had shown disdain for her because of his personal bias, which implies that God's bias against women had existed prior to the story ... Otherwise, why else would God have preferred one human being over another since Adam and Eve were both supposedly his creation?  Since Adam and Eve’s souls should have been similar, if not the same, since Eve was supposedly created from the body of Adam (Genesis 2:21-22, meaning that Eve's soul should have come from the same breath of life, described by Genesis 2:7, as Adam), the reason must have been superficial; and, apparently, God had preferred how Adam looked.

And, in the story, after God had found Adam at his hiding place, Adam had explained, ... I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself (Genesis 3:10).  And, God had responded, Who told thee that thou wast naked? (Genesis 3:11), which seems to indicate that God was aware that Adam was naked and had deliberately kept Adam ignorant about his nakedness until he ate from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, which seems to imply that God had wanted Adam to be stupid and naked, but for what purpose?  Why didn't God want Adam to evolve and reach a higher potential?  Was Adam God's flesh toy?  Are there any clues in the story that hint at what God had wanted from a dumb and naked Adam?

Besides God blaming Adam and Eve for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, it is also well known that God had supposedly pulled a rib out of Adam to create Eve, described by Genesis 2:21: And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof.  This is queer considering how God was supposedly able to create everything else as if by magic but needed to pull a rib out of Adam to create Eve.  For example, Adam was supposedly made from dust, according to Genesis 2:7: And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.  Why wasn't Eve created using the same process?  Was Adam's rib really required by the supposedly almighty God to create Eve?  Or, did God pull a rib out of Adam because he had wanted to?

And, this hints at the evil and perverted desires of the Devil that I've come to know as a voice in my head: He likes to hurt naked men because it's sexually exciting to him.

From my interactions with the two voices in my head, I have discovered that the Devil was an evil angel who had left heaven to play god over human beings because he had lusted for the rape, torture, and butchery of naked men.  This implies that, instead of playing god because of what mortals can do for him, which mortals can do nothing for angels because angels are immortal and don't need anything, the Devil had wanted to do things to mortals that immortals couldn’t do to each other, namely raping, torturing, and killing bodies ... This implies that the Devil had grown bored of the goodness in heaven and had left to toy with human beings because he had wanted fun and excitement doing evil things to mortal men while abusing his abilities as an angel, plus powers he took from heaven (which will be discussed later in this e-book).

And, the Garden of Eden story shows us how God had wanted Adam to be naked and how he was unabashed about toying with Adam's naked body to have pulled a rib out of him while Adam was still alive and was incapable of distinguishing between good and evil so that he would not have objected to taking any abuse from God, which suggests that Adam was God's flesh toy.  Otherwise, what other purpose did this mindless, naked Adam exist for?

And, in Genesis 3:10, God seemed to have indirectly acknowledged his own evilness while narrating what Adam had supposedly said to him in the Garden of Eden story, ... I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself, which describes how Adam was explicitly afraid of God seeing his nudity and had hid himself; but, what wasn't made explicit was why Adam would've felt this way ... Consider, for example, if you were to suddenly notice that you were naked; you would likely feel surprised and embarrassed, but you would not be afraid because there would be no reason for you to fear.  Besides, God had already seen Adam naked before plenty of times, and Adam had made himself an apron out of fig leaves to wear, according to Genesis 3:7, after eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil; so, why was Adam afraid and hiding then? ... Was it because Adam was afraid that he would get in trouble for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil?  If so, then Adam should not have attributed his fear to being naked.  Instead, his response was more consistent with him fleeing and hiding from God, like how people would flee and hide from abusive people.  Otherwise, should God have been loving and nice, then Adam should have felt comfortable enough to have talked to him and worked out any problem ... But, since Adam was afraid and had hid from God, we can extrapolate that God had done terrible things to him and/or had a terrible personality so that Adam would've been afraid of him, especially after he had learned to tell right from wrong.  For example, after eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, perhaps Adam had recalled how God had pulled a rib from his body, and he had felt afraid now that he could tell that this was evil whereas he didn't know that it was evil before, meaning that Adam wasn't merely afraid because he was naked; instead, he had feared what God might do to his nudity ... At least, while telling this story, God had viewed himself in this way so that Adam would've been afraid of him and would've hidden himself from him, therefore suggesting that God had viewed himself as fiendish and evil, contrasted to seeing himself as nice and good.  And, God had mindlessly revealed this context while telling this story.

As far as I understand, Adam's fear was a side effect of what the Devil had on his mind.  According to what the voices in my head have told me, the Devil was thinking about his sex fantasies, which usually had involved naked boys being afraid of him while he tortured and killed them.  As such, Adam's nakedness, removed rib, and inexplicable fear of God were all manifestations of these fantasies.

To further elaborate what I know about the origin of the Garden of Eden story, the voices in my head have told me that Moses had wanted to write down God's words in a book (or, more accurately, a scroll) so that he would have something to read and study with the Israelites.  And, according to the voices in my head, to start this book, Moses had asked about a legend that the Israelites had at the time, that their ancestors, namely Adam and Eve, had come from a different world because of God (which suggests that this was not their first encounter with God; the details will be explained later in this e-book), which had gotten Moses asking questions about the genesis of the universe as well ... As such, the Devil had told Moses the Garden of Eden story in response.

And, there is evidence to show that Moses and the Israelites were already familiar with names like Adam prior to the Garden of Eden story ... If you were to search for the first reference to the name Adam in the Bible, you would find that the Bible does not introduce the name and starts to use Adam abruptly, starting at Genesis 2:19, which is consistent with God not introducing the name to Moses because the name was already familiar to Moses ... Similarly, Ethiopia is also used in the Garden of Eden story without an introduction (Genesis 2:13), and since the name still exists in the modern times, you might not need an introduction to tell you that Ethiopia is the name of a place because it's already familiar to you, in the same way Moses didn't need to be introduced to names that were already familiar to him (although, in the Bible, scholars believe Ethiopia did not refer to a specific country, like in the modern times, since countries were only loosely defined back then; instead, scholars believe Ethiopia had referred to lands populated by dark-skinned people).  Contrast this to Gihon, which you probably would have never heard of unless you are thoroughly familiar with the Bible and would need to be told that it is the name of a river, which is introduced by Genesis 2:13: And the name of the second river is Gihon.  Or, as a modern-day example, United States doesn't need to be introduced in modern-day stories because most people are familiar with the name ... As such, the usage of Adam in the Garden of Eden story, without an introduction, suggests that the name was already familiar to Moses and the Israelites and is consistent with God responding to Moses's question about Adam and Eve so that Adam's name was used in the response without an introduction ... Please also note that Eden is also used in a familiar way in the story (Genesis 2:8); and, the meaning and history of Eden will be discussed in a later chapter.

It's my understanding that, since the Devil had lied about his abilities, his past, etc., he had wanted to keep the Garden of Eden story short and contained.  Otherwise, talking about the long, complex history of the universe, that he had known as an angel, would likely have caused him to mix up his lies and/or let his evil past slip out.  As such, he had said that the universe and Earth were created together, within seven days, as a single series of events, as if there was nothing in the universe prior to those seven days ... And, the Devil had kept the Garden of Eden story minimal relative to what Moses and the Israelites had known about their history, which, as far as I know, had primarily been their genealogy.  And, since their genealogical history had only traced back a limited number of generations, to Adam and Eve (and the reason why will be explained in a later chapter), the Bible ends up suggesting that the universe was only created a few thousand years ago, which contradicts evidence found by modern science that indicates that Earth and the universe are significantly much older.

According to what the voices in my head have told me, the Devil had loosely based the Garden of Eden story on how Earth was actually created, which had involved a young man who had done much of the work for a future version of the Devil, who had stayed in a garden-like place during the process of creating Earth.  And, according to the voices in my head, a real couple, named Adam and Eve, along with other people from another planet, were transferred to Planet Earth to mingle with Earthlings around 3500 BC; and, the details of this story will be discussed later in this e-book ... And, as a side note, the presence of other people in the real story was the reason why Cain suddenly had a wife in Genesis 4:17, despite him being supposedly the only person on Earth at the time, besides Adam and Eve, since he was supposedly Adam and Eve's only remaining child after he slewed his brother (Genesis 4:6-15), meaning that the mysterious appearance of Cain's wife in the Bible was a discrepancy caused by the Devil's lies.

Since the Devil didn't want to explain how a young man had ended up creating Earth or why there was a future version of himself, etc., and