Jem Arnold is a PhD candidate at the University of British Columbia, where his primary research focuses on sport-related vascular conditions. Jem is a physiotherapist, a physiologist, and an avid cyclist and trail runner interested in optimising endurance training.   IN THIS EPISODE YOU'LL LEARN ABOUT: -Including training above "threshold" in your program improves VO2max, but may not improve Time Trial performance more than training only up to threshold-intensity (a recent meta-analysis) -Implications of these findings for athletes and coaches - what does it mean in practice?  -How can we interpret group-level research for individual-level training programming and application? -Why even big sample sizes and data sets might be of limited value for the individual - the larger the sample size, the greater the confidence in the "group mean", but individual prediction may still be way off -What is the variability of heart rate, RPE, lactate, and muscle oxygen saturation from day to day?    SHOWNOTES: https://scientifictriathlon.com/tts420/   SCIENTIFIC TRIATHLON AND THAT TRIATHLON SHOW WEBPAGE: www.scientifictriathlon.com/podcast/   SPONSORS: FORM Smart Swim Goggles give you unprecedented real-time feedback in your swim training through a display on the goggle lens. See every split to stay on pace, track your stroke rate and don't let it drop, use heart rate to become more scientific and precise with your training (through integration with Polar HR monitors) and analyse more in-depth metrics post-swim in the app. You can also use a vast library of workouts or training plans, or build your own guided workouts. Get 15% off the goggles with the code TTS15 on formswim.com/tts.    ZEN8 - The ZEN8 Indoor Swim Trainer is a unique Dryland Swim Trainer that allows you to improve technique, power, and swim training consistency. With the trainer you can do specific power and technique work, including working on your catch and core activation, and it helps you stay consistent even if you don’t have much time to train. You can try the Zen8 risk-free for up to 30 days, and you can get 20% off your first order on zen8swimtrainer.com/tts.   LINKS AND RESOURCES: Jem's Twitter and Research Gate Muscle oxygen saturation and iliac artery flow limitation with Jem Arnold | EP#358 The Additional Effect of Training Above the Maximal Metabolic Steady State on VO2peak, Wpeak and Time‐Trial Performance in Endurance‐Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta‐analysis, and Reality Check - Rosenblat et al. 2023 Comparing the reliability of muscle oxygen saturation with common performance and physiological markers across cycling exercise intensity - Yogev et al. 2023 Twitter thread 1: Does training above max metabolic steady state MMSS (CP, FTP, MLSS, LT2) improve V̇O₂peak & time-trial in endurance-trained athletes MORE than training only below MMSS? Twitter thread 2: "Why cant my apps predict my response when they have so much data on everyone?" Twitter thread 3: How does wearable NIRS reliability compare to lactate, V̇O₂, or HR? Jem’s blog: “Does High Intensity Training Improve Performance or only VO2max?” Jem’s blog: “Study Summary – Reliability of Common Cycling Performance Markers” Jem’s blog: “Interpreting Group-Level Data for Individual-Level Application”   RATE AND REVIEW: If you enjoy the show, please help me out by subscribing, rating and reviewing: www.scientifictriathlon.com/rate/   CONTACT: Want to send feedback, questions or just chat? Email me at mikael@scientifictriathlon.com or connect on Instagram, Facebook, or Twitter.