Understand learned helplessness and its flip-side, learned hope. Discover a new thing you can blame on your parents. Find out why optimism can get us into trouble, but hope can make us live longer. And learn the best self-motivation hack. Talk psych to us: Instagram: @talkpsychtomepodcastEmail: tp2mpodcast@gmail.comWe've made a donation to the ASPCA in honor of the animal research mentioned in this episode.Further Reading:Charisse Nixon's learned helplessness test (2007) Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience by Maier, & Seligman (2016) Learning helplessness in the family: Maternal agency and the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms by River, Borelli, Vazquez, & Smiley (2018)The Adult Hope Scale by Snyder, Irving, & Anderson (1991)Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety by Arnau et. al (2006)Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement by Day et. al (2010)Having the will and finding the way by Reichard, Avey, Lopez, & Dollwet (2013)Hopelessness predicts mortality in older Mexican and European Americans by Stern et al. (2001)Brief online training enhances competitive performance by Lane et. al (2016)The inner speech of behavioral regulation by Dolcos & Albarracin (2014)Produced by Scarlet Moon ThingsMusic by Barrie Gledden, Kes Loy, and Richard Kimmings