Key Questions in Clinical Farm Animal Medicine, Volume 2: Types, Causes and Treatments of Infectious Disease

By A Ashwini, B. K. Bhagya, Sabita Behera and 17 more

Providing well over 1,500 questions to test your knowledge of clinical farm animal medicine, the book has been produced in a convenient format so that it can be used at any time in any place. Each chapter starts with a brief introduction to the topic before providing relevant multiple-choice questions.

Covering clinical veterinary medicine for common livestock species, this book includes questions about:

- diseases of the reproductive, integumentary and urinary systems;
- anaesthesia and pain management;
- perinatal and geriatric diseases.

With full chapters also covering diseases of the eye and ear, this self-test resource for students provides a convenient and useful current source of information to anyone interested in learning, revising and assessing their knowledge.

• Language: English
• Publisher: CAB International
• Release date: Dec 22, 2023
• ISBN: 9781800624818

Book preview

1Diseases of the Urinary System

Praveen Kumar and Sunil Punia

Introduction

The urinary system is one of the most important excretory systems in the body. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Its main functions are:

excretion of metabolic waste products (except CO2)

maintenance of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance

regulation of volume and composition of extracellular fluid (ECF)

secretion of the hormone erythropoietin which regulates red blood cell (RBC) production

hydrolysis of small peptides (conserves amino acids, detoxifies toxic peptides)

production of the enzyme renin, which regulates blood pressure, sodium reabsorption and metabolism of vitamin D to its active form (i.e. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

The various steps in urine production are:

filtration

reabsorption

secretion

Glomeruli are semipermeable in nature. Glomeruli restrict passage of high molecular weight substances, such as plasma proteins. Glomerular filtrate is identical to plasma except that it contains little protein or lipids. The volume of filtrate and its content of metabolic end products depend on the hydrostatic pressure and the plasma oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries and on the proportion of glomeruli. Glucose is reabsorbed entirely, within the normal range of plasma concentration. Phosphate is reabsorbed in varying amounts depending on the needs of the body for phosphorus conservation. Inorganic sulphates and creatinine are not reabsorbed in appreciable amounts. The principal mechanism that regulates water reabsorption by the renal tubules is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), secreted by the posterior pituitary. Abnormalities in the rate of renal blood flow, the glomerular filtration rate and the efficiency of tubular reabsorption lead to renal failure. Causes can be prerenal, renal and postrenal.

Staging of renal failure is measured at the creatinine level and that of symmetric dimethylarginine. Blood pressure level and proteinuria are also used as markers in substaging renal failure. Fluid therapy, phosphate binders, electrolyte balancing, blood pressure regulation, removal of nephrotoxins and treatment of metabolic acidosis are all important elements in the treatment of renal failure. Radiography, ultrasonography and haematobiochemical examination form important elements, along with history and clinical signs, in the diagnosis of renal problems such as polyuria (increased urine output), dysuria (difficulty in urination), anuria (absence of urine), oligouria(decrease in urination), stranguria (painful urination) and pollakiuria (frequent urination with decreased volume). Urine examination is carried out by physical, chemical and microscopic methods, along with culture examination and sensitivity testing.

Micturition is mediated principally by the pelvic and pudendal nerves, through the lumbosacral spinal cord segments under the involuntary control of centres in the brainstem and voluntary control of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Azotaemia means increased nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Uraemia occurs when there is increased urea in the blood along with associated clinical signs. Urine samples can be collected by midstream voiding, manual expression of the bladder, cystocentesis and catheterization. Presence of casts in the urine is called cylindruria. A number of key tests can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment:

Benedict’s test for checking glycosuria

Benzidine test for haematuria

Heller’s ring test or Biuret test for checking for the presence of protein in a urine sample

Gmelin’s test or Fouchet’s test for diagnosis of bile pigments in the urine

Hay’s test for bile salt detection

Various types of crystals are present in the urine of various species depending on the pH of urine of those species. Various organisms cause urinary tract infection (UTI) in animals. Prolonged treatment is required for urinary tract diseases because of less availability of active molecules of antimicrobials at the site of urinary system, lesser contact time. UTI treatment can take up to a month or more for complete removal of causative agent.

Multiple Choice Questions

A ‘gilts only’ breeding programme is followed for the eradication of:

Ascaris suum

Stephanurus dentatus

Hyostrongylus rubidus

Oesophagostomum spp.

A specific pathogen of the urinary tract is:

E.coli

Actinobaculum suis

Corynebacterium

Trueperella

Absence of urine production is called:

Anuria

Polyuria

Oligouria

Stranguria

According to IRIS (International Renal Interest Society) guidelines, the ratio of urine protein to creatinine for non-proteinuric dogs is:

<2:1

<0.2:1

0.4:1

<0.4:1

According to IRIS guidelines, the ratio of urine protein to creatinine for proteinuric dogs is:

0.2–0.4:1

0.3–0.5:1

>0.5:1

<0.5:1

Which of these is an acute type of glomerulonephritis?

Membranous

Proliferative

Exudative

None of these

ADH secretion is increased in response to:

Tissue dehydration

Increased serum osmolality

a and b

None of these

The agar used for Actinobaculum suis is:

Colistin nalidixic acid

Nutrient

Xylose lysine deoxycholate

Macconkey

Allopurinol increases the incidence of:

Urate crystals

Xanthine crystals

Cysteine crystals

All of these

Allopurinol is contraindicated in dogs with:

Renal failure

Hepatic failure

a and b

None of these

Ammonium urate crystals are most common in dogs with:

Patent ductus arteriosus

Congenital portosystemic shunts

Ventricular septal defect

All of these

Ammonium urate crystals are most common in:

Dalmatians

German shepherds

Rottweilers

All of these

Animals with rupture of the urinary bladder have:

Hyponatraemia

Hypochloraemia

Hyperphosphataemia

All of these

Animals with urethral obstruction have:

Hyperkalaemia

Hyperammonaemia

Uraemia

All of these

Anuria is the terminal stage of acute renal disease and is caused by:

Back diffusion of glomerular filtrate

Failure of filtration

a and b

None of these

Ascending bacterial UTI that spreads from the bladder to the kidneys is called:

Pyelonephritis

Nephritis

Nephrosis

Glomerulonephritis

Bacterial cystitis may be associated with:

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperadrenocorticism

Chronic kidney disease

All of these

The best method for differentiation of ARF from CRF is:

Radiography

Serology

Ultrasound

Biopsy

The CFU/ml of urine collected by catheterization in dogs with UTI is:

>10,000

>100,000

>100

>1000

A clinical sign in FLUTD in cats is:

Haematuria

Pollakiuria

Stranguria

All of these

A clinical sign in renal failure in dogs is:

Vomition

Melena

Weight loss

All of these

A clinical sign in ureteral obstruction in dogs is:

Vomition

Renal pain

Lethargy

All of these

A clinical sign of uraemia is:

Dyspnoea

Muscle twitching

Convulsions

All of these

A clinically useful index of proximal tubular injury is the determination of the level of what in urine?

Creatinine

Urea

GGT

ALKP

A complication of chronic kidney disease is:

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperadrenalism

None of these

A complication of renal failure is:

Hyperadrenalism

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

All of these

A complication of CKD is:

Metabolic acidosis

Systemic hypertension

Potassium homeostasis disorder

All of these

Coomassie brilliant blue method is used for measuring the urinary concentration of:

Glucose

Creatinine

Protein

WBC

Corynebacterium attaches best to urinary epithelial cells at what type of pH?

Acidic

Alkaline

Neutral

Any pH

Creatine is converted to creatinine by a process which is:

Nonenzymatic reversible

Nonenzymatic irreversible

Enzymatic irreversible

Enzymatic reversible

Cystitis and pyelonephritis are more common in:

Male cattle

Female cattle

a and b

None of these

Dalmatians develop ammonium urate crystals because:

Urate is not converted to allantoin

Xanthine is not converted to urate

Xanthine is not converted to allantoin

All of these

Decrease of urine production is called:

Anuria

Polyuria

Oligouria

Stranguria

Degeneration of renal tubules is called:

Nephritis

Glomerulonephritis

Nephrosis

Pyelonephritis

Detrusor atony is treated with:

Oxybutin chloride

Bethanechol

Propantheline

a and c

Detrusor-sphincter reflex dyssynergia occurs due to:

Overdischarge of sympathetic nerve

Overdischarge of parasympathetic supply

a and b

None of these

Diagnosis of renal failure can be made using:

Water deprivation test

Osteoporosis using radiography

a and b

None of these

An increase in ammonium urate in dogs is caused by a diet:

Rich in animal protein

Deficient in animal protein

Rich in plant fibre

Deficient in plant fibre

Difficulty in urination is called:

Anuria

Polyuria

Oligouria

Dysuria

Dioctophymarenale mostly affects:

The left kidney

The right kidney

a and b

None of these

The correct dose of ammonium chloride in adult cattle is:

50–80g/day

30–40g/day

120–150g/day

50mg/day

Which drug causes nephrotoxicity?

Thiabendazole

Phenylbutazone

Flunixin

All of these

Which drug is used to relax the penis in equines?

Xylazine

Ketamine

Acepromazine

Tramadol

Which drug type is used to control hypertension resulting from renal failure?

Calcium channel blockers

ACE inhibitors

Angiotensin II blockers

All of these

How long does it take to develop chronic kidney diseases?

>10 days

>1 month

>2 months

>2 weeks

Which dye is not used in kidney plasma clearance tests?

Methylene blue

Indigocarmin

Coomassie brilliant blue

Phenolsulfonphthalein

At which pH do E.coli and Corynebacterium, both causes of UTI, grow best?

Acidic and alkaline

Alkaline and acidic

Acidic and acidic

Alkaline and alkaline

E.coli attaches best to urinary epithelial cells at which pH?

Acidic

Alkaline

Neutral

Any pH

The most common cause of pyelonephritis in cattle was:

E.coli

Corynebacteriumrenale

Salmonella

Trueperella

Equine urine appears cloudy due to the presence of:

Mucus

Calcium carbonate

Pyuria

Cylinderuria

Failure to produce acidic urine in metabolic acidosis along with hyperchloraemia is called:

Renal tubular acidosis

Fanconi syndrome

Renal glomerular acidosis

Renal neoplasm

The fluid of choice in renal failure without hyperphosphataemia is:

RL

NSS

DNS

All of these

Functional regeneration of the kidneys occurs via:

Compensatory hypertrophy

Adaptive hyperfunction

True regeneration

a and b

Functional urinary obstruction is treated using:

Phenylpropanolamine

Ephedrine

Phenoxybenzamine

All of these

The official name for giant kidney worm is:

Dioctophymarenale

Capillariaplica

Dictyocaulus viviparous

None of these

Glomerular filtrate is identical to plasma except that it has:

Less protein

Less lipids

Less glucose

Less protein and less lipid

Glomerulonephritis in cats can occur as part of:

Feline leukaemia virus

Feline infectious peritonitis

Feline immunodeficiency virus

All of these

Glycosuria is seen in:

Diabetes mellitus

Tubular disease

Administration of glucocorticoids

All of these

Glycosuria is seen in:

Enterotoxaemia

Hypocalcaemia

Pregnancy toxaemia

PPR

When is haematuria observed in cystitis?

At the end of urination

At the start of urination

Throughout urination

At any time

Haemoglobinuria in cattle is seen in:

Babesia

Hypophosphataemia

Clostridium hemolyticum infection

All of these

Hormonal responsive urethral incompetence in females is treated using:

Diethylstilbestrol

Phenylpropanolamine

Ephedrine

All of these

Hormonal responsive urethral incompetence is more common in:

Males

Females

a and b

None of these

Hypercalcaemia in renal failure may be present in:

Cattle

Dogs

Horses

Pigs

The hypercoagulable stage in renal failure is due to:

Thrombocytosis

Loss of antithrombin III

Hypercalcaemia

All of these

In chronic renal failure, renal histology shows changes called:

Chronic interstitial nephritis

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

a and b

None of these

In glomerulotubular imbalance, which of the following conditions is not present?

Hypoalbuminaemia

Hypercholesterolaemia

Increased specific gravity of urine

Hyperproteinaemia

In LMN, lesions leading to micturition disorder in the bladder is:

Easily expressed

Difficult to express

a and b

None of these

In lower motor neuron lesions leading to micturition disorders, lesions are present at the:

Sacral spinal cord

Pelvic nerve

Detrusor atony

All of these

In most cases of renal failure there is:

Hyperkalaemia

Hypokalaemia

Normal potassium concentration

Any or all of these

All of the following belong to the urinary system except:

Urethra

Ureter

Bladder

Prostate

In renal failure in dogs,we see:

Hyponatraemia

Hypochloraemia

Hyperkalaemia

All of these

In renal tubular acidosis in equines, the signs are:

Metabolic acidosis

Hyperchloraemia and hypokalaemia

Alkaline urine

All of these

In stage 1 of CKD, the serum creatinine (mg/dl) in dogs is:

<1.4

1.4–2.0

2.1–5.0

>5.0

In stage 2 of CKD, the serum creatinine (mg/dl) in dogs is:

<1.4

1.4–2.0

2.1–5.0

>5.0

In stage 3 of CKD, serum creatinine (mg/dl) in dogs is:

<1.4

1.4–2.0

2.1–5.0

>5.0

In stage 4 of CKD, serum creatinine (mg/dl) in dogs is:

<1.4

1.4–2.0

2.1–5.0

>5.0

In UMN, lesions leading to micturition disorder in the bladder are:

Easily expressed

Difficult to express

a and b

None of these

In upper motor neuron lesions leading to micturition disorders, lesions are present at the:

Thoracolumbar spinal cord

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

All of these

Increased urine production is called:

Anuria

Polyuria

Oliguria

Stranguria

Increased fractional clearance of glucose, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and bicarbonate is seen in:

Renal tubular acidosis

Fanconi syndrome

Renal glomerular acidosis

Renal neoplasm

Increased frequency of urination with decreased urine volume is called:

Stranguria

Polyuria

Pollakiuria

Dysuria

Isosthenuria with a constant specific gravity (1.008–1.012) indicates:

Diabetes mellitus

Renal failure

Hypoproteinuria

None of these

‘Jackstone’ urolith in dogs is made up of?

Urate

Struvite

Cysteine

Silica

Kidneys are easier to palpate in:

Dogs

Cats

None of these

a and b

In CRF, an ultrasonography of the kidneys reveals:

Large kidneys with regular margin

Small kidneys with regular margin

Large kidneys with irregular margin

Small kidneys with irregular margin

Large amounts of mucus are present in the:

Urine of dogs

Urine of horses

Urine of cattle

Urine of pigs

A life-threatening complication of urethral obstruction is:

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Hyperkalaemia

a and c

Measures to prevent struvite calculi formation include:

Increase urinary chloride excretion

Decrease urine pH

Calcium:phosphorus of 2:1 in diet

All of these

Metabolic acidosis in renal insufficiency is due to:

Retention of sulphate

Retention of bicarbonate

Retention of chloride

All of these

Which method of urine collection does not induce iatrogenic haematuria?

Spontaneous micturition

Catheterization

Cystocentesis

Manual compression of urinary bladder

Micturition is under the involuntary control of:

Pelvic nerve

Pudendal nerve

None of these

a and b

Micturition is under the voluntary control of:

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

None of these

a and b

The mineral composition of urinary stones can be established through:

Optical crystallography

Infrared spectroscopy

X-ray diffraction

All of these

The most accurate test for uroperitoneum is:

Hyperkalaemia

Hyponatraemia

Hypochloraemia

Twice the plasma value of creatinine in peritoneal fluid

The most common urolith in cats is:

Struvite

Calcium oxalate

Urated.None of the above

The most common urolith in dogs is:

Struvite

Calcium oxalate

Urate

Xanthine

The most common urolith in cattle is:

Calcium carbonate

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)

Calcium phosphate

All of these

The