Key Questions in Preventative Farm Animal Medicine, Volume 2: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control of Infectious Diseases

By Sonam Bhatt, Snehil Gupta, Surbhi Gupta and 12 more

Providing well over 1,000 questions to test your knowledge of preventative farm animal medicine, the book has been produced in a convenient format so that it can be used at any time in any place. Each chapter starts with a brief introduction to the topic before providing relevant multiple-choice questions.

Covering preventative veterinary medicine for common livestock species, the book includes questions about:

- rickettsial and protozoan diseases;
- prophylaxis in animals;
- diagnostic techniques;
- collection, preservation, processing and dispatch of clinical materials.

Including a full chapter considering important transboundary, emerging and exotic diseases, this self-test resource for students provides a convenient and useful current source of information to anyone interested in learning, revising and assessing their knowledge.

• Language: English
• Publisher: CAB International
• Release date: Dec 19, 2023
• ISBN: 9781800624757

Book preview

1Rickettsial Diseases

Sonam Bhatt and Anil Kumar

Introduction

Rickettsioses are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases of animals and humans, and have zoonotic significance. These diseases are caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria of genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, Anaplasma, Orienta and Neoehrlichia. The bacteria mainly infect the endothelial cells of the host. Disease transmission mainly occurs through the bite of arthropod vectors including ticks, lice, fleas and mites. The genus Rickettsia has been classified into three groups: the spotted fever group (SFG), the typhus group (TG) and the scrub typhus group. Inflammation of the endothelium is the hallmark of rickettsial infection. Injury to organs is caused by microvascular dysfunction leading to multiorgan failure. Once multiorgan involvement develops in rickettsial infections, the disease can be severe and even life threatening. Clinical signs in animals include high fever, anaemia, jaundice, abortion and a decrease in milk production. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, microscopic detection, PCR and serological methods. The drugs used for the treatment of rickettsial diseases are tetracycline and imidocarb. Disease can mainly be prevented by control of ticks and vaccination.

Rickettsial diseases in farm animals

Multiple Choice Questions

Characteristic post-mortem lesions in Q fever in cattle is caused by:

Placentitis with clay-coloured cotyledons

Intercotyledonary thickening

a and b

Endometritis

Abortion in Q fever occurs in:

The last month of pregnancy

The first month of pregnancy

a and b

None of these

The inactivated vaccine available in Europe for Q fever is:

Coxevac

Nobivac

a and b

None of these

The ‘Q’ in Q fever stands for:

Query

Queen

a and b

Quick

Chronic infection is well recognized in Q fever and is usually in the form of:

Q fever endocarditis

Pancreatitis

a and b

Enteritis

Tick-borne fever in sheep, cattle and goats is caused by:

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Babesia gibsoni

a and b

Theileria

Brazilian spotted fever is caused by:

Rickettsia rickettsii

Ehrlichia spp.

a and b

Anaplasma

Brazilian spotted fever is a disease of:

Horses

Cats

Cattle

All of these

The vector responsible for the transmission of BSF is:

Amblyomma sculptum

Hyalomma anatolicum

a and b

Ixodes

Bovine ehrlichiosis is also known as:

Nofel

Nobi

a and b

Robi

Bovine ehrlichiosis is caused by:

E. bovis

E. ovis

a and b

E. felis

Imidocarb is administered to treat an Anaplasma carrier at the dose rate of:

1 mg/kg body weight i/m or s/c

10 mg/kg body weight i/m or s/c

5 mg/kg body weight i/m or s/c

15 mg/kg body weight i/m or s/c

Heartwater is an infectious disease caused by:

Ehrlichia ruminantium

Ehrlichia platys

Ehrlichia canis

Ehrlichia bovis

Which rickettsial disease is not arthropod borne?

Q fever

Trench fever

a and b

Anaplasmosis

Gall sickness is also known as:

Anaplasmosis

Ehrlichiosis

a and b

Babesiosis

Which rickettsial disease is of zoonotic importance?

Q fever

HGA

a and b

Babesiosis

Which of the following causes ringworm-like lesions in an aborted foetus?

Q Fever

Aspergillosis

Enzootic abortion

Brucellosis

Clinical bovine anaplasmosis is usually caused by:

A marginale

A. centrale

a and b

A. ovis

Anaemia in anaplasmosis is due to:

Intravascular hemolysis

Extravascular hemolysis

a and b

None of these

The drug used for the treatment of bovine anaplasmosis is:

Tetracycline

Imidocarb

a and b

Enrofloxacin

Bovine petechiae fever is a:

Fungal disease

Viral disease

Rickettsial disease

All of these

Bovine petechiae fever is caused by:

Ehrlichia ondiri

E. bovis

a and b

E. ovis

Bovine petechial fever is characterized by:

High fever

Haemorrhage

Oedema

All of these

E. ondiri is believed to be endemic in:

Wild ruminants

Leopards

Jaguars

Tigers

The drug used for the treatment of bovine petechial fever is called:

Dithiosemicarbazone

Tetracycline

a and b

Gentamicin

The main vector for African tick-borne fever is:

Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick)

Amblyomma hebraeum

a and b

Ixodes

African tick bite fever (ATBF) is caused by:

Rickettsia africae

Rickettsia conorii

a and b

Rickettsia risticii

Zoonotic tick-borne diseases are a form of:

African tick bite fever

Q fever

a and b

Babesiosis

A tick-borne rickettsial disease of ruminants is:

Heartwater

Babesiosis

Theileriosis

All of these

Diagnosis of heartwater is by means of:

Giemsa staining of lymph node

Brain crush smears

ELISA

All of these

The sample needed for the demonstration of Cowdria organisms is taken from:

Brain

Lymph node

a and b

Skin

The sample of choice for the diagnosis of heartwater disease in dead animals is taken from:

Brain crush smears prepared from the hippocampus

Heart

a and b

Liver

Sudden death in per acute heartwater can be differentiated from:

Anthrax

Tetanus

Plant poisoning

All of these

Chemoprophylaxis for heartwater disease makes use of:

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

a and b

Gentamicin

Eperythrozonoosis in small ruminants is caused by:

E. ovis

E. canis

a and b

E. felis

Anaplasmosis is a disease of:

Cattle

Sheep

Goats

All of these

The causative agent of anaplasmosis in cattle and wild ruminants is:

A. marginale

A. centrale

a and b

None of these

The causative agent of anaplasmosis in sheep and goats is:

A. ovis

A. centrale

a and b

None of these

Infection in anaplasmosis in temperate and subtropical regions is:

Endemic

Sporadic

a and b

None of these

Infection in anaplasmosis in temperate regions is:

Endemic

Sporadic

a and b

None of these

Disease transmission in anaplasmosis mainly occurs through:

Ticks

Birds

a and b

Ants

The vector responsible for the transmission of Anaplasma is:

Ticks

Flies

a and b

Ants

Ticks responsible for the transmission of Anaplasma in tropical and subtropical regions are:

Boophilus

Dermacentor

a and b

Argas

The ticks responsible for the transmission of Anaplasma in western USA are:

Boophilus

Dermacentor

a and b

Argas

The ticks responsible for the transmission of Anaplasma in cattle are:

Boophilus

Dermacentor

a and b

Argas

Anaplasmosis can be spread mechanically by:

Infected hypodermic needles

Blood transfusion

a and b

Ticks

The mechanical vector for anaplasmosis is:

Tabanids

Ticks

a and b

Argas

How does disease transmission occur in anaplasmosis?

By insects

Iatrogenically

Transplacentally

All of these

Anaplasma is which type of bacteria?

Obligate intraerythrocytic

Facultative intraerythrocytic

Obligatory bacteria

Anaerobic

Anaplasmosis is common in:

Young calves

Older cattle

a and b

Heifers

The clinical sign for anaplasmosis is:

Fever

Anaemia

Icterus

All of these

Icterus without haemoglobinemia and haemoglobinuria in cattle is seen in:

Babesiosis

Anaplasmosis

a and b

Theileriosis

The subclinical form of anaplasmosis is common in:

Cattle

Sheep and goats

a and b

Tigers

The standard test for detection of the carrier animal in anaplasmosis is:

Complement fixation test

Diff-Quik staining

a and b

Blood smear examination

The herd test for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis is:

Card agglutination test

ELISA

Blood smear examination

All of these

The drug used for the treatment of anaplasmosis is:

Tetracycline

Imidocarb

a and b

Gentamicin

The dose rate for oxytetracycline in the treatment of anaplasmosis is:

6–10 mg/kg body weight

2–5 mg/kg body weight

40–50 mg/kg body weight

50–60 mg/kg body weight

The dose rate of imidocarb for the treatment of anaplasmosis in cattle is:

3 mg/kg BWT

8 mg/kg BWT

a and b

12 mg/kg BWT

What is the dose of long-acting oxytetracycline for the treatment of anaplasmosis?

20 mg/kg BWT, IM

20mg/kg BWT, SC

a and b

40 mg/kg BWT, IV

Blood transfusion in anaplasmosis is indicated when:

PCV is greater than 15%

PCV is less than 15%

a and b

PCV is greater than 20%

Tick-borne fever is caused by:

Anaplasma phagocytophila

Anaplasma marginale

a and b

Anaplasma centrale

Tick-borne fever in cattle is also known as:

Pasture fever

Babesiosis

a and b

Ehrlichiosis

Tick-borne fever is a disease of:

Cattle

Sheep

a and b

Birds

Anaplasmsa phagocytophila is closely related to:

Human granulocytic ehrlichia agent

E. equi

a and b

Babesia

The tick responsible for disease transmission of tick-borne fever in the UK and Europe is:

Ixodes ricinus

Ixodes pacificus

a and b

Argas

The tick responsible for disease transmission of tick-borne fever in the USA is:

Ixodes ricinus

Ixodes pacificus

a and b

Argas

Case fatality in tick-borne fever is:

Very high

Very low

a and b

None of these

Tick-borne fever increases the susceptibility of lambs to:

Staphylococcal pyemia

Staphylococcal pneumonia

Pasteurellosis

All of these

An organism of zoonotic importance is:

Anaplasma phagocytophila

Coxiella burnetii

a and b

Pasteurella

Anaplasma phagocytophila infects and replicates within:

RBCs

Neutrophils

a and b

Coronary vessels

Which is a clinical sign of tick-borne fever?

Pyrexia

Abortion

Decrease in milk yield

All

Heartwater is caused by:

E. Ruminatium

E. canis

Babesia

All of these

Heartwater is a:

Rickettsial disease

Viral disease

a and b

Parasitic disease

Heartwater disease is also known as:

Babesiosis

Ehrlichiosis

Cowdriosis

All of these

Heartwater disease is transmitted by:

Ticks

Flies

a and b

Insects

The tick responsible for the transmission of heartwater disease is:

Amblyomma

Rhipicephalus

a and b

Soft tick

Cowdriosis is transmitted by:

Amblyomma variegatum

Amblyomma habraeum

a and b

Rhipicephalus

Heartwater is a disease of:

Cattle

Sheep and goats

Wild ruminants

All of these

High mortality in heartwater disease is seen in:

Exotic animals

Indigenous breeds

a and b

None of these

Heartwater disease is endemic in:

South Africa

The Caribbean

a and b

India

A characteristic clinical sign of heartwater disease is:

Nervous syndrome

Dyspnea

a and b

Muscle pain

A clinical sign of heartwater disease is:

Diarrhoea

Nervous signs

Fever

All of these

Which sample is collected for confirmatory diagnosis of heartwater disease?

Brain tissue

Intestine

a and b

Skin

Diagnostic confirmation of heartwater disease is based on:

Rickettsial colonies in brain preparation

Clinical signs

History-taking

All of these

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by:

Anaplasma phagocytophila

A. marginale

A. centrale

All of these

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is transmitted by:

Ixodes persulcatus complex

Flies

Mosquitoes

Soft ticks

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is more severe in:

Young horses

Horses aged over 3 years

a and b

None of these

Positive identification of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is made by:

Presence of inclusion bodies

Absence of inclusion bodies

a and b

Presence of Negri bodies

Diagnosis of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis can be achieved through:

Microscopic examination

PCR

ELISA

All of these

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis can be treated with:

Oxytetracycline

Aminoglycosides

Penicillin

All of these

Potomac horse fever is which type of disease?

Rickettsial

Viral

Fungal

All of these

Potomac horse fever is also known as:

Equine neorickettsiosis

Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis

Equine ehrlichial colitis

All of these

Potomac horse fever is caused by:

Neorickettsia risticii

A. phagocytophilum

a and b

Anaplasma marginale

Potomac horse fever occurs due to:

Ingestion of aquatic insects

Tick ingestion

Tick bite

All of these

Potomac horse fever is:

Infectious but not