Septuagint - 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms

By Scriptural Research Institute

The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English t

• Language: English
• Publisher: Digital Ink Productions
• Release date: Dec 15, 2019
• ISBN: 9781989604519

Book preview

Septuagint: 1st Kingdoms

Septuagint, Volume 9

SCRIPTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Published by Digital Ink Productions, 2023

COPYRIGHT

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

Septuagint: 1st Kingdoms

Digital edition. September 20, 2023

Copyright © 2023 Scriptural Research Institute.

ISBN: 978-1-989604519

The Septuagint was translated into Greek at the Library of Alexandria between 250 and 132 BC.

This English translation was created by the Scriptural Research Institute in 2019 through 2023, primarily from the Codex Vaticanus, although the Codex Alexandrinus was also used for reference. Additionally, the Leningrad Codex and Aleppo Codex of the Masoretic Text, and the Dead Sea Scrolls 4QSam‬‬ᵃ‬, and 4QSam‬‬ᵇ‬ were used for comparative analysis.

The image used for the cover is an artistic reinterpretation of ‘The Shade of Samuel Invoked by Saul’ by Nikiforovich Dmitry Martynov, painted in 1857.

Note: The notes for this book include multiple ancient scripts. For your convenience, fonts correctly depicting these scripts are embedded in the ebook. If your reader does not support embedded fonts, you will need to install Unicode fonts that cover the ranges for Arabic, Cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek, Hebrew, Imperial Aramaic, Phoenician, Syriac, and Ugaritic on your reader manually, or you may see blank areas, question marks, or squares where the scripts are used. The Noto fonts from Google cover most of the scripts used, however, will not depict Egyptian hieroglyphs, Neo-Assyrian cuneiform, Neo-Babylonian cuneiform, Neshite (Hittite) cuneiform, or Old Phrygian correctly due to current limitations in Unicode.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Copyright

Forward

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Septuagint Manuscripts

Alternative Translations

Dead Sea Scrolls

Available Digitally

Available in Print

FORWARD

In the mid-3rd century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. The Torah is the five books traditionally credited to Moses, circa 1500 BC. According to Jewish tradition, the original Torah was lost when the Babylonians destroyed the Temple of Solomon, and it was then rewritten by Ezra the Scribe from memory during the late Persian Era.

The first edition was followed by the second, around 225 BC which added the books of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth, which was later known as the Octateuch. This version of the Septuagint was later carried south into the Kingdom of Kush by the Israelites fleeing Egypt in 200 BC when Judea was in revolt and the Ptolemys attempted to exterminate the Israelites in Egypt. The Octateuch later became the Orit of the Beta Israel community in Sudan and Ethiopia. Around 200 BC the four books of the Kingdoms and two books of the Paralipomena were added to the Septuagint, along with the two books of Ezra the Scribe. These books spanned the history of the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from the conquest of the Israelites until shortly before Alexander’s armies swept across the Persian Empire.

The four books of the Kingdoms are generally believed to have been written during the time of Ezra the scribe, compiled from the now-lost books of the Chronicles of the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah. The authors of the Kingdoms repeatedly refer to the Chronicles as sources for more detailed information, suggesting the books of the Kingdoms were an abridged version and certainly written from a specific theological perspective missing from the Chronicles. However, the books have transliterated Babylonian (Akkadian Cuneiform) loanwords indicating that either they were compiled in Cuneiform, or the older Chronicles had been translated into Cuneiform before the books of the Kingdoms quoted them. If they were written in Cuneiform, they likely date to the late-Assyrian through early-Persian era, and were probably compiled in Babylonia. By the mid-Persian era, Imperial Aramaic had replaced Cuneiform throughout the western half of the empire, and there would have been no reason to compile books in Cuneiform.

The four books of the kingdoms and two Masoretic books of Samuel and Kings are remarkably inconsistent when it comes to the primary god of the text. Samuel and Kings themselves used the terms Yehvah ‘forces’ (יְהוָ֨ה צְבָאֹ֜ות), Yhvah ‘god forces’ (יהוָ֛ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י צְבָאֹ֖ות), and Yehvah (יְהוָ֨ה) fairly consistently, however, the four books of the kingdoms use ‘Lord God’ Sabaoth (Κυρίω Θεῶ Σαβαωθ), Adônae ‘Lord’ Elôae Sabaôth (Αδωναι Κύριε Ελωαι Σαβαωθ), ‘lord omnipotent’ (κυριοσ παντοκρατωρ), ‘lord the forces’ (κυριου των δυναμεων), and ‘Lord’ Sabaôth (Κυρίω Σαβαωθ), with these terms rarely mirroring their Hebrew counterparts.

In 1st Kingdoms, the Greek text reads Lord God Sabaôth (Κυρίω Θεῶ Σαβαωθ) where the Masoretic Text uses Yhwah tzeva'ovt (יְהוָ֨ה צְבָאֹ֜ות), meaning ‘Yahweh of forces.’ The term Adônae Lord Elôae Sabaôth (Αδωναι Κύριε Ελωαι Σαβαωθ) is also used in 1st Kingdoms, which is mirrored by Yehvah tzeva'ovt (יְהוָ֨ה צְבָאֹ֜ות) in the Masoretic Text, indicating that the Aramaic text the Greeks used as source material was not exactly the same as the later Hebrew translation.

Adônae (αδωναι) was the Greek transliteration of the Canaanite word ảdny (𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤉), meaning ‘my lord,’ indicating that the Cuneiform translator had interpreted the word as a proper name and transliterated it directly into Cuneiform as adune (𒀀𒁺𒉌), which was later transliterated into Aramaic as ảdny (𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡉). The term is used extensively in the Aramaic sections of Masoretic Daniel, where the Greeks translated ‘Lord’ (κύριε), mirrored by Yehvah (יְהוָ֨ה) in the Hebrew sections of Daniel, which the Greeks also translated as ‘Lord,’ indicating that the Hebrew translators viewed ảdny (𐡀𐡃𐡍𐡉) as an Aramaic substitute for the name Yehvah (יְהוָ֨ה). The other word the Greeks transliterated in this phrase was the Aramaic word ảlh (𐡀𐡋𐡄), meaning ‘god,’ which the translator rendered as elôae (ελωαι), meaning the Aramaic text would have read ‘Ảdny Lord God Sabaôth.’

While the name Sabaoth (Σαβαωθ) is clearly related to the Hebrew word tzeva'ovt (צְבָאֹ֜ות), it is not interpreted as meaning ‘of forces’ in 1st Kingdoms, however, is interpreted as ‘the forces’ (των δυναμεων) in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Kingdoms, however, not exclusively, as 4th Kingdoms also includes the name Lord Sabaôth (Κυρίω Σαβαωθ). This suggests that the Aramaic text the Greeks translated included both the terms ṣbảt (𐡑𐡁𐡀𐡕), which the Greek translators interpreted as ‘the forces’ (των δυναμεων), and another similar word which was interpreted as the proper name Lord Sabaôth (Κυρίω Σαβαωθ).

Considering that the Hasmonean Dynasty ‘restored’ the name Yhwh when they translated the texts into Classical Hebrew, the term Adônae Lord Elôae Sabaôth (Αδωναι Κύριε Ελωαι Σαβαωθ) is similar to the term Yhvah elohei tzeva'ovt (יהוָ֛ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י צְבָאֹ֖ות) used in the second half of Samuel, and first half of Kings, however, that is mirrored by ‘Lord omnipotent’ (Κυριοσ παντοκρατωρ) in the Septuagint’s 2nd and 3rd Kingdoms. In the older books of the Septuagint, ‘omnipotent’ (παντοκρατωρ) is the translation of Shaddai (שַׁדַּ֔י).

The Greek and Hebrew translations often differ in regards to the name or title Shadday, suggesting that the Aramaic and Canaanite (Judahite, Samaritan, Moabite, and Edomite) source texts they worked from differed in regards to this word. The term was omitted throughout Cosmic Genesis, suggesting that when the word was first encountered the Greeks did not know how to interpret it. It is equally possible that it was the Aramaic translator who had omitted it, however, it was almost certainly in the Canaanite text the translator worked from, as it is used consistently in Bereshít (the Masoretic version of Cosmic Genesis), and is mentioned again in the Masoretic version of Exodus when Moses god’s name Ān is introduced in the Septuagint’s Exodus. The cause of the confusion over the term Shadday, is likely due to the difference between the meaning of the word in Canaanite versus Aramaic.

In Akkadian cuneiform, which was adopted as the written script by many cultures, including the Babylonian and Assyrian cultures, the term was ᵈᵉⁱᵗʸšēdu (𒀭𒆘), however, it referred to a ‘protective spirit’ or ‘lesser god.’ In the later Aramaic language, the word became šydả (𐡔𐡉𐡃𐡀), meaning ‘demon’ in the classical sense, as a type of muse or nymph. Whereas in Canaanite, šd (𐤔𐤃) took on a different meaning, generally interpreted as ‘powerful’ by the Early Classical Era, which is likely where the Greeks ultimately derived the term ‘omnipotent’ (παντοκράτορος), which was used later in the Septuagint where the Masoretic Text generally uses the term shadday.

This alternate interpretation of šd (𐤔𐤃) in Canaanite is likely due to the Egyptian New Kingdom era rule over Canaan, when Shed (𓄞𓂧𓀭, transliteration: šd), was worshiped in the region. Shed, who was often referred to as ‘the savior,’ was virtually identical to the earlier Canaanite god Resheph who was largely suppressed after the fall of the Hyksos dynasty.

In the Masoretic Book of Job, Eliphaz referred to humanity as the ‘sons of Resheph’ (בני-רשף) instead of the ‘sons of Adam,’ and then refers to his god as šdy (שדי). This usage is consistent throughout Masoretic Job, indicating that at some point the name Resheph was updated to Shadday, likely during the New Kingdom era, when Resheph worship was suppressed due to his association with the earlier Hyksos dynasty. During the early New Kingdoms era, holy texts about Resheph would have been updated to Shed (𓄞𓂧𓀭), which would have been transliterated into Canaanite using the Akkadian Cuneiform script in the late New Kingdom era as ᵈᵉⁱᵗʸšēdu (𒀭𒆘), before being translated into Canaanite using the Phoenician script in the early iron age as šdy (𐤔𐤃𐤉), resulting in the confusing ‘god of demons’ (𐡔𐡉𐡃𐡀) in Aramaic.

It would have been impossible to translate šdy (𐤔𐤃𐤉) back into cuneiform without using the term ᵈᵉⁱᵗʸšēdu (𒀭𒆘), which by the Neo-Assyrian era referred to a type of protective griffin, and therefore, the translator appears to have substituted the word Sebittu (𒋛𒁉𒌅). In the Old Akkadian language, the Sebittu (𒋛𒁉𒌅) had been the seven gods (planets) that ruled the sky, however, this usage had disappeared by the late bronze age, leaving only the vague concept of cosmic authority by the Neo-Babylonian era. The related Neo-Assyrian name Sebitti (𒋛𒁉𒎗) was viewed as the god of war, which is ultimately the origin of the name of the Phrygian god of war Sabazdiôs (ΣΑβΑΖυΟΣ), which was later reinterpreted as Sabazios (Σαβάζιος) in the Greco-Roman era, who was viewed as the Phrygian version of Sabaoth.

Sabazios and Sabaoth were both interpreted as local variants of Dionysus by the Greeks before the Maccabean Revolt, and one of the high priest/governors of the temple in Jerusalem was a Phrygian named Phillip. The worship of Dionysus (Sabazious, Sabaoth) at the temple in Jerusalem was one of the reasons for the Maccabean Revolt, which led to the independent Hasmonean Dynasty of Judea. This dynasty needed to replace the Judean god Sabaoth with another god, and ‘restored’ the name Yahweh to the ancient texts, even those that had been written in Aramaic and Babylonian, and which originally had nothing to do with Yahweh.

With the exception of 1st Kingdoms, there is a consistent pairing of ‘Lord Omnipotent’ in the Septuagint, with ‘Yahweh god of forces’ in the Masoretic Text, and ‘Lord the Forces’ in the Septuagint with ‘Yahweh of forces’ in the Masoretic Text, suggesting that while the names of the god were not the same in the Aramaic text as the later Hebrew translation, the placement of the names was consistent. The translation of Yhwh (יהוה) in Dead Sea Scroll 4QSamᵃ, where the Masoretic Text reads Yhvah god of forces (יהוָ֛ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י צְבָאֹ֖ות), and the Septuagint reads ‘Lord Omnipotent’ proves that the alteration of the name took place in the Hebrew translation after the Greek translation