Climate Change, Community Response and Resilience: Insight for Socio-Ecological Sustainability

By Rajib Shaw

Climate Change, Community Response, and Resilience: Insight for Socio-Ecological Sustainability, Volume Six presents a fundamental theoretical framework for understanding how community resilience and risk assessment affect climate change adaptation behavior. This framework is based on a 26-chapter theoretical and empirical examination that includes pioneer projects from various regions that illustrate the relationship between theory and practice, reflect a paradigm shift in climate change, community response, and resilience, and focus on these important aspects from a sectoral perspective. Climate change, ecological consequences and resilience are then discussed in the final section.

Members of the Royal Meteorological Society are eligible for a 35% discount on all Developments in Weather and Climate Science series titles. See the RMetS member dashboard for the discount code.

• Provides insights into the impact of community resilience and risk assessment on climate change adaptation behavior
• Examines several case studies in which local communities have used innovative methods to address climate threats
• Assesses the vulnerability of households and agroecosystems to climate change and environmental degradation

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: May 21, 2023
• ISBN: 9780443187087

Book preview

Section 1

Introduction

Outline

Chapter 1 Evaluation of community response and resilience on climate change: a bibliometric analysis

Chapter 1

Evaluation of community response and resilience on climate change: a bibliometric analysis

Suddhasil Bose¹, Subhra Halder¹ and Snehamanju Basu²,    ¹School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India,    ²Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Abstract

Emerging insights from the adaptive and community-based response and resource management suggest that building resilience into both sociological and ecological systems is an effective way to cope with climate change. This chapter aims to find out the contribution of the scientific research field toward climate change and community response and resilience related to it. A total of 468 relevant research articles have been selected for this work. Bibliometric analysis has been approached for application of the scientific and statistical methods. R programming language has been used for the study. It has been found that annual scientific production growth rate in the subject area is 14.83%. Disaster management, social capital, adaptive capacity, and local participation came out as frequent topics used for the subject area. Nature-society relations, ecosystem functions, participatory approach came out as the most emerging topics in recent days. The study further concentrated on the conceptual structure, social structure, and intellectual structure of the research field.

Keywords

Climate change; community response; bibliometric analysis; science mapping; productivity analysis; scientomatric; resilience; social capital; sustainable development; spatial ecology; environmental social issue; natural resource management; community; environmental management; environmental science; environmental policy; environmental management tool; environmental geography; geography; community-based response

1.1 Introduction

Climate change is defined as a change in the state of the climate that can be determined (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its attributes and that lasts for an extended period, generally decades or longer. Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) defined climate change as, a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (IPCC, 2022a). Recently, marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems have been altered by climate change (Häder & Barnes, 2019). Extreme climate events and constant change, in the long run, have caused the loss of local species, an increase in disease, and mass mortality events all over the world. The effects of climate change have severely impacted climate-sensitive species (Hulme, 2005). The probability of negative climatic effects will show its dominance in the future also. With climate change, it is estimated that for native species evaluated in hotspots, the danger of extinction increases with warming, with endemic species facing a tenfold increase from 1.5°C to 3°C above pre-industrial values (IPCC, 2022b). The concentration and interconnectedness of people, infrastructure, and assets within and between cities, as well as in rural areas, create threats and solutions to climate change on a global scale (Dow, 1992; Wamsler et al., 2013). Exposure to climate-driven impacts such as heatwaves, urban heat islands, excessive precipitation, and storms, combined with growing urbanization and a lack of climate-sensitive planning are impacting marginalized populations as well as critical infrastructure to climate change.

Every planning and management framework toward sustainability significantly depends on the community. Response and resilience against climate change from a community have come up naturally with time. Relation between man and the environment, its conjunction, and clash developed the civilization. From the local scale to a global frame, the concept has been redefined with different approaches and aspects. Satisfactory instances of communal integrity from the historic cave age to the contemporary postmodern world have been observed pointedly (Betsill, 2001; Gentle et al., 2018; Measham et al., 2011; Saavedra & Budd, 2009; Storbjörk, 2007; Taylor Aiken et al., 2017; Wall & Marzall, 2006; Walther, 2010; Wilson, 2006).

Keeping its complexity and wide-ranging impacts, responding to the climate emergency requires ‘transdisciplinary’ knowledge, which blurs the boundaries between core academic disciplines, and recognizes and respects different forms of knowledge and expertize (Apgar et al., 2009; Bernstein, 2015). Already researchers from different dimensions have been unified about the alarming issue of climate change (Castree, 2017). Different approaches and perspectives from climatology, geomorphology, atmospheric science, computer science, economics, sociology, and other subjects have been integrated to discover the impact of climate change and possible measures that lead to sustainability. Researchers published various review articles, journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers in the research field that mainly focused on the community response and resilience to climate change. This paper aims to identify those valued researches to identify and integrate the response and resilience capability of communities all over the world that primarily focused on climate change.

From viewpoint of the decision maker, researcher, or enthusiast, a comprehensive study based on research already performed, helps significantly to qualify and quantify the subject matter and inclusive view regarding this. In this frame of reference, the bibliometric analysis offers itself naturally as an instrument (Ellegaard & Wallin, 2015). Traditionally, review articles have been referred to for this process. In contrast, bibliometric analysis is focused on statistics related to bibliographic data. Copious amount of research publication and free remote access to a worldwide publication database has attracted researchers for bibliometric study. The number of publications through bibliometric analysis is increasing in the research community and it has become a professionally accepted tool (Gao et al., 2022). Climate change and its related consequences have been addressed already through bibliometric analysis in recent time (Becerra et al., 2020; Fu & Waltman, 2022; Rana, 2020; Sweileh, 2020; Wang et al., 2014, 2018).

The main objective of this chapter is to review the evolution of community response and resilience to climate change from relevant and vast number of researches that have already been published in research communities through journals, books, and other accepted mediums and already produced distinct viewpoints in the research sector. The scientometrics method is a significant approach to accomplish this. Thus, bibliometric analysis has been approached for this chapter. A clear concept will be generated about the pretext of community response and resilience against climate change, a trend will be identified and potential future directions will be discovered through this approach.

1.2 Methodology for bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric data (e.g., number of publications and citations) can be analyzed by applying a quantitative approach that can be termed bibliometric analysis. The process of bibliometric analysis started in the middle of the 20th century with the motive of performance evaluation. This study focuses on information-based analysis from bibliographical databases. Retrieval of the material focuses on the informatic study based on secondary data. The quantitative nature of bibliometric analysis ultimately procures the qualitative spirit of the study (Wallin, 2005). Apart from a generalized knowledge about a specific subject, bibliometric analysis can be divided into the following two categories for the purpose of analytical technique (Donthu et al., 2021):

1. Performance analysis: This process evaluates productivity and impact on the subject area,

2. Science mapping: Relational techniques are involved in it uncovering knowledge clusters.

Table 1.1 shows a clear view of the basic purpose of bibliometric analysis.

Table 1.1

Important other terms related to bibliographic analysis have been discussed below.

Network Mapping: Network analysis is needful because documents’ attributes are connected to each other through the document itself (e.g., author(s) to journal, keywords to publication date). These connections of different attributes can be represented through a matrix Document×Attribute (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017). Then it is represented using graphical visualization. It is termed network mapping.

Factorial Analysis: Sometimes factorial approach makes it easy to understand the conceptual structure of the study. Common concepts related to the study can be understood using numerical analysis of multivariate categorical data (MCA). It is an exploratory multivariate technique for graphical and numerical analysis and it is a low dimensional euclidean representation of the selected data. The result is interpreted based on the relative positions of the points and their distribution along the dimensions and closer words define more closeness with each other.

Co-occurrence Network: Co-occurrence network is mainly used to identify such properties from the documents that have reoccurred in different documents and co-existing and co-related with other documents, using such words a network matrix can be created.

The aim of the co-word analysis is to map the conceptual structure of a framework using the word co-occurrences in a bibliographic collection. The analysis can be performed through dimensionality reduction techniques such as multidimensional Scaling (MDS), correspondence analysis (CA), or multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). K-means clustering is used to identify clusters of documents that express common concepts. Results are plotted on a two-dimensional map. The conceptual structure includes natural language processing (NLP) routines to extract terms from titles and abstracts. In addition, it implements Porter’s stemming algorithm to reduce inflected (or sometimes derived) words to their word stem, base, or root form (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017; Cuccurullo et al., 2016).

In this chapter, the above-mentioned concepts have been applied to perform bibliometric analysis (Fig. 1.1). This process significantly depends on processing and visualization techniques. Several software already made their dominant impact in the research field, between theme some are proprietary and some are open-source software (example: BibExcel, CiteSpace, VosViewer, etc.) (https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/c.php?g=225325&p=4966525). Bibliomatrix is an alternative approach (https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/#); it is a package under R programming language. Exclusively built to perform bibliometric analysis. An efficient and free-to-use approach has made it most useful. Along with bibliometrix package, biblomterixdata, tidyverse, reshape2, and other software packages (https://cran.r-project.org/) have been utilized for this chapter.

Figure 1.1 Methodology for bibliometric analysis.

1.3 Data collection

In this chapter, one bibliometric database has been selected for the data collection. There are several scientific publishing databases are available that handles published materials from over the world, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed are top priorities among researchers. Information from the Scopus database has been used for further analysis. Scopus is a part of Elsevier (an information analytics company) and one of the largest also most used research databases that publish vast number of journals, books, conference preceding, etc. (Schotten et al., 2017; https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/solutions/scopus). Scopus is useful as it covers large number of diversified fields and parallelly it can be accumulated for studies like bibliometrics. Community response and related resilience against climate change is a very intriguing topic in the contemporary research world. Scientists and researchers from different fields relate their research to effect of climate change. Along with climatic and physical approaches, economic, social, geopolitical, and biological approaches are also collineating in the matter of the community-based resilience approach. Therefore, keeping in mind, the process has been limited to focus on the environmental and social approaches for this paper. An outline query has been performed with the query string such as ALL (climate change AND community response AND community resilience) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, ENVI) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, SOCI) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, EART)). This search query on scopus website database has covered 497 published materials mainly from environmental science, 260 published materials from social science and other related fields. Certain parameters have also been maintained such as all the data that have been used are published data, all the documents are written in English, and all the data have been collected within a contemporary time frame, i.e., 21st century. Scopus database has been accessed in June 2022 and this modification in query has been done for the purpose of identification of significantly qualified data in recent decades (2000–22).

A total of 497 documents have been analyzed for this bibliometric analysis from more than 271 variant sources. All the collected data have been serving the community for more than 4 years on average. The integrity of such documents has been referenced by at least 29 more authors on an average. The number of citations are increasing with number of 3.748 per year. All the documents assessed for this study have been used by more than 75,000 references collectively. A total of 366 articles have been used in this study along with 36 whole books and 48 chapters from books. About 37 writings have been published a review on this topic has been incorporated into this study. Keywords in Table 1.2 depicts such information that has been automatically generated by the Scopus database based on their relevance. For this study, more than 2000 words have been culminated by the Scopus database. It also quantifies that 1904 authors contributed their valuable thoughts through their writings. A total of 87 authors singularly published their thoughts through their writings and the collaboration index calculated the value of 4.46, which signifies that, on average, more than four authors collaborated on each paper (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2

1.4 Result

1.4.1 Most relevant sources

After the bibliometric analysis, we shortlisted the top ten relevant journals according to the number of productivities on the allied subject. It has been observed that the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-journal-of-disaster-risk-reduction) has published 36 articles in between the specified time frame under Elsevier. On the second rank, in terms of productivity, e.g., Natural Hazards (https://www.springer.com/journal/11069) with 15 publications from Springer Nature. Ecology and Society (https://ecologyandsociety.org/) has produced 14 articles related to this topic. Sustainability (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability) an open access journal ranks as fourth and along with these Global Change Biology (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652486) has produced about 9 articles about climate and related community resilience.

1.4.2 Source dynamics

Assessing the total number of documents, it has been observed that, a steady growth in productivity flourished through academic literature from 2004 to 2022 (Fig. 1.2). Studies on climate-related issues and mitigation about it started to take a leap after 2012. All of the top journals have produced a greater number of documents from that time. This signifies increasing interest of researchers in the topic. After 2016, a breakpoint can be observed through the diagram, which depicts more seriousness about the relevant issue among the researchers and publishers also. A steady significant growth can be observed till 2020, and after the worldwide issue of pandemic, the growth of scientific production became steady nowadays. International journal of disaster risk reduction excelled its production in multiple folds after 2016, it was less than 10 articles in 2016, but in 2021, it published more than 35 articles.

Figure 1.2 Relevent source and its growth with time.

1.4.3 Most relevant authors

Diego Thompson from Mississippi State University with expertize in rural and environmental sociology has produced six documents related to this climatic resilience and response (Thompson & Lopez Barrera, 2019) (Fig. 1.3). Kathrine Suding from the University of Colorado has worked on community ecology and global change in climate and published five documents (Suding et al., 2008). Katrina Brown an emeritus professor, made her contribution through emerging topics such as resilience, vulnerability and adaptation, and global environmental change and published four documents (Nelson et al., 2007). Professor Fikret Berkes from the University of Manitoba worked on social-ecological resilience and human ecology and published four documents about these issues (Olsson et al., 2004). Dr. Paton, Dr. Lam, Dr. Rivera, and others also made significant impact on social response to climate change.

Figure 1.3 Eminent authors with the total number of articles.

1.4.4 Country wise scientific production

Community response and resilience to climate change is an emerging issue on a global scale (Fig. 1.4). Developed countries such as the USA and Australia ranking the top of the list for intensive research about the issue. Researchers from the USA have published more than 400 documents about this topic. On the next rank, another developed country, Australia, has produced 145 documents, and researchers from the United Kingdom have also produced more than 100 documents in between 21st century. Other European countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, and France also made a significant impact. Developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil have also attempted to make a limited contribution to the research field despite their infrastructural and economical constraints in academic sector.

Figure 1.4 Country wise scientific production.

1.4.5 Most globally cited documents

Significant research articles that are most relevant for a better understanding of community response and resilience to climate change is mentioned in Table 1.3 according to their ranking by a higher number of citations. Most relevant articles from Table 1.3 has been reviewed manually to incorporate the author's perspective in this chapter.

Table 1.3

Cutter et al. (2008) prepared a model for the understanding of community resilience to natural hazards. The main objectives of the paper are to provide a global perspective on the conceptual framework of disaster resilience and the identification of variables to measure the impact of resilience. Authors identified that increasing suburbanization is a serious reason for the increase in potential loss from natural hazards. Space crunch in a specific area forces people to reside in such places prone to disasters. The significance of this paper lies in the conceptualization of the DROP (i.e., Disaster Resilience of Place) model. The model was designed to represent the relationship between vulnerability and resilience. They also identified indicators that are useful for community resilience (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4

Adopted from Cutter, S.L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2008.07.013.

Tompkins and Adger (2004) questioned the research community about whether the effectiveness of adaptive management of natural resources truly enhances resilience to climate change or not. This paper discovered the potential benefits of co-management in building resilience to cope with climate change. They specified this exploration from a coastal community on a Caribbean Island. They suggested certain adaptive pathways related to implication through governances (Table 1.5).

Table 1.5

A parallel investigation has been done by Aldrich and Meyer (2015) on the role of social capital and networks on disaster survival and recovery apart from governmental mega infrastructures and economic implementations. They identified three types of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking. Bonding social capital describes making emotional relations with near ones that will help in times of disaster. Bridging social capital defines social and communal bonding between different social groups, classes, or races. Linking social capital describes interlinkage between people that will help to make chain to resolve the disastrous situation with minimum time. They suggested several measures to make effective social capital that will fruitfully help in times of disaster (Table 1.6).

Table 1.6

Brown (2014) focused on socializing resilience in his study. The emergence of literature on social-ecological systems after 1980 was identified in this study. The author divided socializing resilience into three parts: First, the author described community resilience and integrated relevant components that were idealized by eminent researchers. Second, it was identified that global environmental change would certainly make radical, unplanned, and detrimental transformations through climate change and resilience will be an inevitable effect. The author further drew on the needfulness of resilience transitions. The application and core concepts found by the author proved to be valuable guidelines for the research community.

Badjeck et al. (2010) described the impact of climate variability and related changes among fishery-based livelihoods. They discussed various types of climate change and its effect on the marine world and the fish industry related to it. They identified pathways of climate change and variability that focused on assessing the capital assets component of the sustainable livelihood framework. Identification of adaptation planning measures for fisherfolks has been discussed in this paper. They advised some measures such as: (1) reducing fisherfolk vulnerabilities; (2) understanding livelihood strategies to inform planned adaptation; (3) harnessing opportunities brought by climate change; (4) addressing conflicts and synergies between adaptation strategies; (5) contributing to mitigation to make a change in the livelihood of fisherfolks.

De Lange et al. (2010) reviewed ecological vulnerability in risk assessment. Ecological vulnerability analysis method has been approached through this paper for populations, communities, and ecosystems. They found a close relationship between vulnerability and resilience. According to their perception, the vulnerability had been incepted from social science, whereas resilience originated from ecological research but in the contemporary research field, it is being sued in social science also. They remain focused on ecological vulnerability along with resilience.

Folke (2016) dedicated an entire paper to the term resilience. He showed the way to connect resilience with the social-ecological system in the context of sustainability. He focused on the perspective of the Anthropocene about resilience. Defining resilience, he found a deep motive for resilience, as it deals with complex adaptive system dynamics and true uncertainty along with how to learn to live with changes and make use of it. Thought of this paper found that communities can seize on the windows of opportunity created by climate-induced shocks to generate sustained social-ecological improvement.

Murphy (2007) described the role of the municipality versus the role of community-level initiatives in times of emergency. Assessing several researches she found that risk assessment is distinct between local authorities and local communities. She focused on building social capital as it constructs a new lens to assess risk management. She identified the usefulness of resilient communities as members easily create social bonding on regular basis and all members share some degree of preferences or beliefs. It is not necessary that all of the members of a community will be a part of governing body or directly involved in the planning but at the time of emergency, communities will feel an adequate level of internal capacity.

1.4.6 Most frequent words

Bibliometric analysis generated the most frequent words used in community response and resilience on climate change-related research. Collecting data from abstracts, keywords, and technically generated keywords, it has been found that climate change has been used as the most used word in documents. It has been used more than 100 times. Next is community response, which is obvious for the study. For management-related issues, the authors relied on the concept of disaster management and adaptive management. Identification of vulnerability and risk assessment has been used to understand the actual situation. Word Flooding has been used mostly among all other climate change-related topics. Researchers have also focused on the effect of climate change in Coastal zones and related resilience. Authors have repeatedly emphasized decision-making, sustainable development, and disaster planning through such words. Some authors relied on governance approach from governmental institutions and other authors found effectiveness through local participation. The authors also highlighted biodiversity, ecosystem and ecosystem resilience, and its interactions with humans.

1.4.7 Word growth

Collecting data from the author’s keyword it has been found that the growth of the word resilience has increased cumulatively with a steep slope in the 21st century. The growth of the word climate change has come after it. At a time after 2019, community resilience has overpassed the word climate change in terms of usage. Usage of the words social capital, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity has increased at a generalized rate along with other terms. Observing the data, it can be stated that research on climate change and related resilience was limited till 2010, but from 2011, this has taken a leap. A steep growth can be observed between 2011 and 2014. After 2015, the volume of research increased multiple times as can be seen from the usage of such relevant words (Fig. 1.5).

Figure 1.5 Growth of words from 2004 to 2022.

1.4.8 Co-occurrence network

After creating a co-occurrence network using all abstracts it has been found that Community is the most used topic in this type of research, with all nodes of the network connection with the word community (Fig. 1.6). Resilience is also highly related to other topics, all of these nodes somehow joining topic change and relative change is related with impacts. Most collected significant words from abstract can be grossly divided into two clusters, where the first cluster is defining how community is related to natural, environmental ecosystems and response of community are related to climate change and both are related to global and local approaches, but local community resilience is more interconnected with other nodes. The second cluster shows mainly social processes that are interrelated with management, development, knowledge about disaster and recovery policies. Both clusters are interrelated with each other simultaneously. It is clearly observable that climate change strategies can be identified through resilience based on social adaptation strategies with a proper response but this is limited to local communities. Along with it, knowledge about development, risk management vulnerability, and policy about this process is also relevant subject matter.

Figure 1.6 Mapping of co-occurrence network on community response and resilience on climate change.

Analyzing the co-occurrence network using the author’s keyword, it can be found that authors have given priority to certain terms and those are interrelated with others, mostly priority has been given to community response, climate change, adaptive community, and disaster management. This network analysis identified four clusters according to their usage in abstracts. Community response is significantly related to climate change and in this approach disasters like flooding have been given more priority than others; thus, this signifies flood-related issues all over the world. Some authors have given priority to risk assessment processes that are related to disasters and humans are prioritized here. Another significant observation through this study has been found that describes resilience in the ecosystem where biodiversity and environmental monitoring are the main issues due to global change in the ecosystem and climate change.

1.4.9 Thematic evolution

With the beginning of the 21st century, climate change-related issues became the most trending topic all over the world, reflected in the research sector as well (Fig. 1.7). It has been analyzed that social-ecological systems are the most trending theme through the decade that started from 2004. Climate change, climate resilience, and disaster-related topics were also under the spotlight. In the next years (2016–17), climatic disturbances, adaptation, and adaptive capacity were the most discussed topics for climate change-related issues. Climate change, community resilience, and disaster resilience were also prioritized. In the next 1 year (2018–19), social networks became relevant and indigenous knowledge about climate resilience was rejuvenated at that time. The revaluation of social capital was taken seriously. Along with these themes, community-based flood risk management attracted researcher planners and policymakers. After 20 years of the millennium, community resilience, discussion on flood risk, perception of disaster-related risks, and building social capital were highlighted repeatedly through scientific literatures and reviews. In recent days (2022), the identification of social vulnerability and sustainability are the new addition with prior themes such as climate change, community resilience, and disaster risk reduction. Theme related to community response against climate is interlinked with each other. The disaster-related issue was a primary theme from 2004 to 2015, and repetitive review on this topic opened up a combatively new perspective on disaster resilience; further, this concept was divided into different issues and the concept of social capital got introduced in the research sector. Disaster resilience further merged into climate change adaptation that ultimately idealized the theme of climate change and community resilience.

Figure 1.7 Thematic evolution of topics from 2004 to 2022.

The relevance of topics and their developmental magnitude have been represented in thematic with cartesian coordinates (Fig. 1.8). It can be observed from the diagram that the basic theme of this study is focused on climate change adaptation, indigenous knowledge about locality, and adaptation. These themes are somehow merging with disasters and disaster risk reduction processes. Community resilience and social capital can be treated as basic themes of the study. Resilience, vulnerability, adaptive capacity, climate change, and biodiversity are part of motor themes. Issues such as risk perception and socio-ecological systems can be termed as niche theme, as it has limited usage. Indirect effects of climate change also consist of a niche theme that defines why indirect effects of climate are being neglected. Flood risk is being treated as an emerging concept and community-based flood risk management is also an emerging concept for research. Emergency management and community developments have become basic themes from emerging themes.

Figure 1.8 Thematic map generated with author's keyword.

1.4.9.1 Factorial analysis

After the calculation of MCA, the factorial approach has been adopted to create a conceptual structure from the collected data (Fig. 1.9). It has been identified that the selected topic can be divided into two clusters based on two dimensions. The red cluster has covered most part of climate change and community resilience-related issues. Vulnerability, sustainable development, climate change, and coastal zone management community response are near the central point of the rest cluster that defines relative dependencies among the topics. Flooding, risk assessment, natural hazard, social capital, and local participation are also related to relevant emerging topics. Environmental change ecosystem, environmental change, and ecosystem resilience are relatively far from a central point, which defines declined usage of such topics. On the other hand, another cluster has been formed with a focus on disaster, resilience, and human-related approach.

Figure 1.9 Mapping of factorial analysis using multivariate categorical data.

1.4.10 Country collaboration map

It has been observed that research collaboration about the topic is performed all over the world (Fig. 1.10). USA, Canada, Australia, China, and other West European countries have taken part in this research sector. It has been observed that the USA has collaborated most of the time with other European countries such as the UK, Germany, and France. Australia also collaborated with European countries. A comparatively low amount of contribution has been received from the South American and African continents. In the African continent, it is limited to South Africa only. Countries from the Asian continent have produced a limited amount of research materials and nominally participated in collaboration except few studies from China. From the above observation, it can be said that significantly developed countries have understood the effect of climate change on the environment and they have already taken action against it and started to identify resilience measures to make their environment sustainable. It is certainly reflected through their collaboration but developed countries have produced a limited amount of research materials, scientific infrastructure, and economical constraints, which have limited their scope to excel.

Figure 1.10 Country collaboration map generated from bibliometric analysis.

1.5 Discussion

Community is apparently a sociological term but the main essence of this concept lies in people’s minds. For the ages, people have felt the need for the community to protect, preserve and pursue their lives unitedly. After any natural disaster from economical distress to biological threat human society has gathered collectively and prepared itself to resist the situation and created resilience against it. In this chapter, community response and resilience to climate change have been realized through valuable researches conducted previously. The bibliometric analysis helped to make a clear view of the concept related to the subject matter. It has been observed that several documents are increasing with time and the number of authors also increasing who are interested in this topic. Relevant journals have been identified that are giving priority to this topic and producing valuable materials frequently from the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction is the most frequent one. Eminent researchers are approaching each and every aspect related to the topic and getting acclaimed with an increasing number of citations for noteworthy contributions to the topic. In country-wise scientific productions, the USA, Australia, and Great Britain really take this contemporary issue seriously through their research. Next, highly cited documents have been curated to gather valuable information about topic. It has been observed that researchers mainly focused on theoretical concepts related to resilience to build a proper framework. They defined variables and terms related to this topic and helped to make difference in each individual concept that is closely contemplating with each other. They identified indicators from different dimensions and variables related to climate resilience, and they have also taken a remedial approach with a significant adaptation strategy that can be followed by social communities with effective implications. The importance of social capital and its relevance in the community have also been appreciated with legitimate applications. Socializing resilience also got much acceptance in the research sector. Such highly accepted research papers in the scientific research field created a definite standpoint that can be helpful for further research. In addition, it can be significantly useful for risk management planners and policymakers. Most relevant words have been identified that replicated importance among researchers. Creating different co-occurrence networks, it has been identified that, climate change, community response, adaptive management, vulnerability, and disaster risk assessments are the most illuminating issues in the contemporary world. Through this bibliometric analysis, it has come forward that climatic events from floods and drafts are the most vulnerable issue in the aspect of climate change and to fight against those climatic changes, communities prefer to rely on local adaptation and these local adaptation methods differ with the varying environment. Developed countries in the world have taken the climate change issue seriously and resilience and response through communities have become intriguing issues for researchers from those countries. However, underdeveloped countries with a lack of infrastructure and a weak economy in the research field are unable to produce significant research that would be beneficial to their