A Transparent God through the Bible: Volume 1

By Anthony Lyle

This book qualifies as an overall commentary and reference. Inside are lists of kings and rulers, archaeological references, commentary on various subjects from the Bible, chronology of the Bible as well as some chronology of non-Biblical events, explanations as to the calendars of the past and of differe

• Language: English
• Publisher: The Regency Publishers
• Release date: Mar 31, 2023
• ISBN: 9781961096165

Anthony Lyle

Anthony Lyle is a father, a grandfather, and a great grandfather. A truck driver, a programmer, and a brief stint in the Air Force during Vietnam. His wife passed away some years ago from cancer and has since remained a widower. He cares a great deal about his step-daughters and family. He has no main ties to any particular Christian denomination, but is a devout believer in Jesus Christ and God. He has spent some 30 years researching and studying the Bible, archaeology, world history, and some of the sciences such as Physics, Chemistry, Geology, and Biology to get a full round picture of the world. His objective is to help others understand their place in the Plan of God.

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Copyright ©2023 Anthony Lyle.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author and publisher, except by reviewers, who may quote brief passages in a review.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023908445

ISBN: 978-1-961096-17-2 (Paperback Edition)

ISBN: 978-1-961096-18-9 (Hardcover Edition)

ISBN: 978-1-961096-16-5 (E-book Edition)

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Contents

Introduction

Alpha Age

Generations of Heaven and Earth

Generations of Adam

Generations of Noah

Generations of Noah and his sons

Generations of Shem

Generations of Terah ben Nahor

Generations of Ishmael ben Abraham

Generations of Isaac ben Abraham

Generations of Esau ben Isaac

Generation of Jacob ben Isaac

Sons of Jacob: Israel

HaShem descends

Israel as Nation of God

Generations of Aaron and Moses

Review

Joshua

Judges of Israel

Summary of Judges

Period of Kings and Prophets

Messianic Believers

Kingdom Split

Earth changes its course

Times of the Gentiles

Introduction

The first 2 digits are the subject paragraph and the decimal digits are sub topics.

00.01: Abbreviations used:

Format of Dates: (Version) YYYY.MM.DD (Time Abbrev.), DDD DT or JC, Day of Week;

00.02: Names of God: YHWH is one of the names of God. Here, God is referred to as HaShem out of respect for His Name and His Being, a term that comes from the Hebrew sense of respect to God. Other names of God will appear throughout the Bible as they come.

The Hebrew belief is that once YHWH is written on any document, that document cannot be destroyed but has to be buried. While their respect for God is appreciated, using the name of God in a respectful is allowed. HaShem wants us to know Him on a personal level and while fully knowing him is impossible, knowing His names allows us to be familiar with Him and His many attributes that He wants us to know.

Chapter 1

Alpha Age

00.03 Revelation Alpha and Omega: The Alpha Age is the reference to the time that HaShem existed before He created the heavens and the earth. Like the Omega Age (last), it is eternal and without measure. Hebrew thought is that questioning this period of time is off limits. Anything before the first letter of Genesis (Bet – which happens to have its open face facing the rest of the Bible in the Hebrew alphabet) is off limits, but anything after the open face of the first letter is legal for question.

The Haggadah, a Jewish document from the oral tradition of ancient literature, tells us that HaShem created 7 things in the 2000 years before time (before Genesis 1:1); Torah, Divine Throne, Paradise (right side of HaShem), Hell (left side of HaShem), the Celestial Temple, Jewel of the Throne with the Name of the Messiah, and the Name of the Messiah. This is impossible to either prove or dis-prove, but it doesn’t seem that these would take 2000 years for HaShem to create and on top of that, this contradicts the Hebrew rule or idea that nothing is to be discussed that takes place before In the beginning. The only thing that we are assured of is that Yeshua Messiah is the Word of God (John 1) and was instrumental in the creation process along with the Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God) (Genesis 1:2).

00.04 Dating methods of modern scientists: Various methods are used by modern scientists to try and date archaeological items. Some are more accurate than others. The modern dating scheme uses the Julian calendar scheme of B.C.E. (Before Current Era or B.C. (Before Christ) and C.E. (Current Era) or A.D. (Anno Domini – After death). The problem with relying on this datin scheme is that it is usually arbitrary according to the particular historian and is error prone and for any singular event, many different historians will give a different date for that same event. A good example are the Julian or Gregorian dates offered by many historians for the first day of Creation. Those dates will be shown, but the system adopted here is based on Creation being Day 1 of Month 1 of Year 1 Anno Torah (A.T.). This same system is used by Hebrew Chronologists (A.M. - Anno Mundi – Year of the World from creation). This is a Bible based system.

00.04.01 Stratigraphy: Within geo-related dating methods, the oldest form of dating is Stratigraphy. This is basically the layered cake theory in that the oldest layers are on the bottom. Once a stratum of geological layers of rock has been dated, it is assumed that artifacts found within that layer are generally of the same age. This was originally the method used to date dinosaur fossils. This can lead to a possible error in circular reasoning. If a dinosaur fossil is found, in strata, then the age of the strata is often given the same age as the dinosaur fossil whether that is correct or not. Due to massive earth motions (Deluge of Noah, earthquakes, etc.), many fossils moved in the layers of the earth causing error in datings.

00.04.02 Seriation was meant to correct errors in the Stratigraphy method, in noting that over time, fossils change. They degrade, or are changed by graphical location. A Tyrannosaurus Rex might not look exactly the same in two different locations around the world. The benefit of this method is to take out individuals and age them over groups and averages. This does not allow for specific ages, but does remove some of the errors of circular reasoning found in Stratigraphy.

00.04.03 Chronological markers are one of the best methods for accurate dating. This method is based on some inscription that identifies an object with a period of time. This method cannot be used for fossil dating.

00.04.04 Dendrochronology is the method of using tree rings to determine chronological dates. It is generally believed that each ring on a tree is correlated to about one year’s growth, varying slightly with different species of trees. This method was devised by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, but he also found that this method didn’t hold for all forms of trees. He found that the wood from the Pueblos did not hold to this method.

00.04.05 Radiocarbon dating was the next major breakthrough in dating. It was invented in the latter 1940’s by Willard Libby. This method depends on the measurement of Carbon-14 content within an object. The theory is based on the concept that each living organism maintains a level of carbon-14 in equilibrium with the available carbon-14 in the atmosphere at the time, up to the moment of death. At that point, it starts to decay with a half-life of 5730 years. One can easily see that this measurement depends on a constant carbon-14 content and decay rate in the atmosphere throughout time. During archaic times, this carbon-14 level has varied which causes complexity in ancient dating of objects, including those of the ancient fossils of prehistoric times. Further complications have come to light with the idea of nitrogen content in the atmosphere causing the half-life to vary a great deal. The University of California determined that different levels of nitrogen in the atmosphere caused the half-life to vary and decay got much faster in nitrogen rich atmospheres.

00.04.06 Potassium-Argon dating is much like the radiocarbon dating method. It is mainly used to date volcanic materials. It is believed to be reliable for dates between 50,000 and 2 billion years which is not much use for known history of men.

00.04.07 Fission tracking dating was developed in the mid 1960’s. This is based on damage of minerals from minimal amounts of uranium. The tracks appear to accumulate at a fixed rate and thus are good for measuring time between 20,000 and 2 billion years.

00.04.08 Obsidian Hydration dating uses the rate of rind growth on volcanic glass to determine dates. A rind covering will form over new breaks and will grow at constant rates. It takes several centuries for a detectable rind to be created.

00.04.09 Thermoluminescence dating was invented around 1960. It is based on the idea that electrons emit light within minerals after heating. This method is good from between 300 to 100,000 years ago. It is mainly used to date ceramic vessels.

Radioactive decay has become the most widely used method of dating. One only has to read through archaeology magazines to see how often the Carbon-14 date is given for an archaeological find. The reason for dependability on these methods is that the rate of decay seems to be constant unless something of significant energy levels intrudes to change the rate of decay. In normal everyday life, most normal catastrophes or static processes are not enough to interrupt such rates of decay in Carbon-14, Uranium, or Thorium.

Contrary to this, it has recently been found that our upper atmosphere contains great varieties of radiation that could and do influence radiation decay. If the atmosphere of the earth were to change temporarily and allow such influences through for even short amounts of time, this would affect the Carbon-14, Uranium, or Thorium decay and thus affect the measurement that would determine the age of any object that was being measured by such methods. There are several periods in written history where the earth is affected by cosmic events and any of these could have caused the decay rates to change drastically for an unknown period of time. There is a high probability that anything measured earlier than the Flood for instance would be misleading in the determined date due to the unknown rate changes taking place during that time.

00.04.10 "Multiple" methods is where one could come to some general age by using more than one dating method to measure the date. Ideally, the rates of decay should be stable so that any four methods of radiation decay should agree. That has not proven to be the case in the majority of the time. In 1907, Joly proved that Uranium decay was different in different geological time periods, by measuring the halo radius. His findings were later confirmed by Dr. Roy M. Allen. If this is true, than measuring by Uranium decay becomes an unreliable method of dating by radiation decay.

Arthur Holmes points out that when geologists were forming the geological timescale by radiation dating, variable measurements were thrown out. This means that anything that didn’t agree with their foregone conclusion of the geological timescale was excluded from consideration of dating the geological strata. Eliminating data flyers from the data prevents the scientists from having to explain them. The cornerstones of geological timescale are based on three main measurements; 60 million years is the age of pitchblende at Central City Colorado, 220 million years is the age of the pitchblende at St. Joachimstal, Bohemia, and 440 million years is the age of the uranium bearing shale at Gullhogen, Sweden. All other ages have been derived from these three radioactive tie points by interpolation based on the thickness of the strata.

Adolph Knopf concludes that as far back as 1936, the conclusion reached by Twenhofel that estimates of time based on the thickness of strata are not worth the paper they are written on. He presented at that time detailed evidence to support his findings.

Around 1930, rather than try to pin particular dates to periods, Christian Thomsen, following the footsteps of Hesiod and Lucretius, proposed that history be divided according to metallic materials of manufactured tools of mankind. This became the advent of the terms Bronze Age and Iron Age. Each of the metals used to define the age were divided further into Early, Middle, and Late periods. With this, we have Early Bronze (EB), Middle Bronze (MB), and Late Bronze (LB). This same holds true for the Iron and Copper Ages. Each of the Late, Middle, and Early periods could further be broken down into I, II, III. Using these new definitions, the art or tools found in archaeology could be labeled to a period of time by these classifications. Immanuel Velikovsky and David Rohl both disagree with this as the Bronze is dated earlier than the Iron Age and yet, iron is easier to obtain and use than bronze. Velikovsky has shown that these definitions are in error in the way they are being used. This is the result of historical dates being in error. He shows that the different metals were in use across all ages. During the copper age, iron was also in use, negating the idea that the copper age was an age where copper was the only metal used. According to a match with Jericho, the fall of Jericho would be dated Early and Middle Bronze to around 1400 B.C. Historians further divide the ages into Early, Middle, and Late. EB would be Early Bronze Age.

It has been recorded that Thutmose III was able to reach Palestine in 9 days or less by land, and a few days at most by sea. This gives us an illustration of how close the civilizations were. While some distance stood between them for barriers, the distance was not enough to warrant huge gaps in the metallic ages between societies. Thus, if the Iron Age reached Egypt, it could be fairly certain that within a short time, the Iron Age would reach Palestine, Assyria, and even China. Copper is known to have existed in its natural form, making it the easiest of the 3 to obtain and use. It can be fairly ascertained that the corrected ages of archaeological definition are Stone Age, Copper Age, Iron Age, and finally, Bronze Age. Using Egypt as an example, the traditional Old Kingdom of Egypt is usually believed to belong to the Copper Age. The actual ages do not follow in this order by conventional dating of Egyptian dating. The Iron Age follows the Bronze Age. The Early Iron Age is usually dated at around 1800 B.C., with the Bronze Age between the Copper Age and the Iron Age. Tin was not mined directly but had to be imported, indicating a later dating for the Bronze Age than is conventionally given. Ezekiel mentions that tin was imported in his time from the maritime people (ancient Europe).

Velikovsky shows that this definition of metallic ages cannot be accurately applied. He uses the construction of the pyramids as one example. The stones could not have been chiseled by copper or bronze tools. They were chiseled using iron tools, but the conventional dating of pyramids goes back too far for the conventional dating of the Iron Age. This shows that iron ore was already being processed in the Old Kingdom, originally limited to the Copper or Early Bronze Ages. The use of metallic dating is one of the biggest errors of dating. It was through the use of metallic dating that the Mycenaean Dynasty was dated before the Iliad and the Odyssey simply because the two poems reflected an Iron Age time, whereas the Mycenaean is a Bronze Age dynasty. The weaponry of the poems was of bronze, but iron is mentioned 44 times in the epics. In the Mycenaean tombs, bronze is abundant, but iron is not absent. Velikovsky purports that the use of particular metals had to do the abundance of the material, not the technology in use at the time. Velikovsky asserts that even steel was in use during ancient times, something considered to be more of a modern creation. He asserts that the term steel was not applied to the metal in ancient times, but has been found in rare cases.

The technology for all of these metals was achieved at the very latest during the time just before Noah, when men achieved technologies that we have not yet been uncovered by archaeology. Once the handling of ores and smelting processes were developed, the processes applied across the board to all minable materials, including gold and silver. The Book of Enoch prescribes that there were certain fallen angels that gave higher level technology to the descendents of Cain.

00.04.11 Development of Life: As to the evolution development of a species Charles Darwin conceded that "if it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous successive and slight modifications, my (his) theory would break down. He calls these complex systems irreducibly complex systems". Thanks to the modern world of molecular biology, it is now known that there are tens of thousands of such irreducibly complex systems. This causes the theory to fall into a crisis of defense. Unfortunately, most never hear about these issues and the theory continues to be purported as fact.

The evolutionary belief is that the ice age was a slow process. Immanuel Velikovsky shows that the ice age was anything but slow and steady. Mammoths were frozen instantly in the north of Siberia, some with grasses still in their mouth while they were chewing. He gives evidence of animals of many varieties (tropical and non-tropical) found in the caves of Nebraska and England, places where tropical animals were never supposed to have live. In Texas, a footprint of a dinosaur contains a fossilized footprint of a human, dated millions of years apart and yet living together. Dinosaurs are believed to have been extinct, but as late as 1980; the brontosaurus was seen in the Congo swamps. In the 1860’s a pterosaur was shot and killed over the Grand Canyon.

The principal of uniformity breaks down when it comes to the great mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Appalachians. These ranges fall into what is called the orogenic belts. The strata of these ranges are great folds that seem to violate the slow steady processes proposed by uniformitarianism. Only huge catastrophes could have caused such overturns of rock strata.

00.05 Intelligent Design Theory: The bottom line difference between Evolution Theory and all other theories of the beginning of the universe / earth boils down to one major difference; the belief or disbelief in a supreme deity, i.e. God, and the involvement of such a deity in the processes of life. It is not true to say that all evolutionists are atheists. Recent polls taken suggest that fully 48% of scientists believe in God ("USA today 2002"). This study did not take into consideration whether or not those scientists believe in evolution. There are a large number of scientists who do not believe in evolution. These scientists belong to a community that attempts to prove scientifically that evolution is not a viable answer to the existence of the universe, the creation of the earth and of life. It is unfortunate that their work is not being taken more seriously by the scientific public and universities. Aside from the basic belief or non-belief in God, the creationist hangs on to the concept of supernatural involvement of God, supernatural events within history, and supernatural control by God. The evolutionists want to throw out everything that can’t be explained from a natural perspective. If they are forced to confront something supernatural, they will inevitably seek a natural explanation within the laws of nature or physics or they will remove the event from their databanks entirely as some kind of myth.

The main problem comes when trying to define what is natural and what is supernatural. C.S. Lewis, "Miracles", delved directly into this problem head on. He points out that the common understanding of supernatural is anything that can’t be defined in natural laws of nature or physics. Many miracles are only considered miracles until they can be explained by natural terms. To the ancient astronomer, computers could be seen as a miracle. He would have no way of explaining how a computer worked or was able to show him televised pictures of space that he was only able to view through a telescope during his time. This leaves a huge gray area between what is natural and what is supernatural.

It is the premise here that the natural and the supernatural should not be divided at all. They are basically one and the same. The birth of a child, the changing of the leaves, and falling of rain in its season can all be naturally explained and yet, not one scientist has yet to explain how a non-thinking single cell can grow into viable thinking reasoning human being. They can explain the process of mitosis just fine, but that does not explain the capability to be able to think after coming from a single non-thinking cell. HaShem, is involved in every event from the beginning of time. It is the very essence of this chronology. They cannot create magnetism that holds the atoms together. Magnetism exists in the scientific world as a mathematical equation and yet, it exists at the very core of atomic particles and cannot be created in the lab.

Intelligent Design states that a living intelligent Supreme Being (i.e. YHWH) is behind the creation of the heavens and the earth and He has a plan for mankind, that life is not just a series of random events. While many modern theologians like to make Him to be some mysterious God (this to support their egotistical belief that they and they alone know the truth about God). HaShem is a transparent God, showing His Plan right from Chapter 1 of Genesis as to what He is going to do or has done already.

Within history, the plan of HaShem involves 2 types of people; those who do not respond to Him, those who respond to Him by believing in the death and resurrection of the Messiah. This is the story of Hashem’s Plan for all mankind and the names and places have NOT been changed to protect the innocent.

Conclusion 0: Being able to show a natural cause for any event does not eliminate the supernatural involvement of the Almighty Living God. This work upholds a belief in HaShem, El Shaddai, Christ crucified, and Christ risen, and in the Bible as the inspired Word of God.

Chapter 2

Generations of Heaven and Earth

01 Genesis 1:1:

Heavens and the earth: (MTJ) (LXX) (ST) (JPS) {LV} (KJ): In the beginning Elohim created hashomayim (the heavens, Himel) and haaretz (the earth). All versions listed here translate this verse the same way except the NJPS (Everett Fox’s Translation) and the PB (Pasha Bereshis).

(NJPS) When God began to create heaven and earth—1:2 the earth being unformed and void, with darkness over the surface of the deep and a wind from God sweeping over the water— This version describes what existed before God undertook creating the heavens and the earth. 

(PB) In the beginning of Hashem’s creation of Heaven and Earth, 2. The Earth was empty and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep; a wind sent from Hashem was blowing on the surface of the water. ٣. Hashem said, Let there be light and there was light. This is a Jewish translation from the Targum Onkelos. It is used here as it deviates from other translations on his verse.

(JPS2) When God created… This translation follows from Rashi.

(JOS) 1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. But when the earth did not come into sight, but was covered with thick darkness, and a wind moved upon its surface, God commanded that there should be light. This doesn’t fit with the original Masoretic Text interpretation.

01.01.01 Bible Versions: The LXX is the Septuagint, the Greek translation prescribed by Ptolemy in Egypt around 300-200 B.C. It is understandable that in the translation of languages, to wish to limit the word in one language to an exact match in the resulting translation or as close as possible. With the English language, this can be a daunting task. This is why the LXX version is often preferred over the Masoretic by translators. The Hebrew often has ambiguous meanings in English whereas the LXX Greek has a more exact definition in English. Different versions will be offered here but mainly, only the different versions that do not agree will be offered. If they agree, what is the point of giving the same verse over and over that say the same thing?

01.02 Heavens: (shamayim - plural, Strong’s 8064): This Hebrew word has multiple interpretations. Heavens is the best in this context, but it can also mean "sky, visible arch of the sky, and the higher ether). The invisible heavens is the abode of HaShem. This word can include the objects such as stars, but there is no indication, in this verse, that it includes those entities as of yet or that they exist. They didn’t exist until Day 4.

When reading this verse, the most common mistake is picturing our current Solar System fully intact at the beginning. This is not the case which is pointed out in verse 2. The Heavens does imply what we call the Universal Space but it does not come complete with stars, suns, or planets (which won’t appear until Day 4 of Creation). There is nothing to describe the condition of the Universal Space. Earth is the only object in the vastly estimated 93 Billion Light Years of nothing but a primordial soup. It is not anchored by or to a star (sun), but freely floats in the primordial soup (liquid form).

01.03 Psalms 33:6: Angels: (KJ) By the Word of the Lord were the heavens made and all the host of them by the breath of His mouth. This makes no mention of when the host was made.

(MTJ) |33:6| By the Devar Hashem were Shomayim made; and all the tz’va (host) of them by the Ruach (breath) of His mouth. The tz’va is translated in Strong’s (6635) as an army, particularly servants of God in this context. This refers to the angels of HaShem.

(LXX) Job 38:4-6: "Where were you when I founded the earth? Tell me now, if thou hast knowledge, who set the measures of it, if thou know? Or who stretched a line upon it? On what are its rings fastened? And who is he that laid the corner-stone upon it? When the stars were made, all my angels praised me with a loud voice." This makes it clear that on the day that the stars were made, the angels already existed but that was on day 4, not on day 1.

(MTJ) Job 38:7 whereupon are the foundations thereof set? Or who laid the even-pinnah

(Cornerstone) thereof. When the kokhvei boker sang together, and all the Bnei Elohim shouted for joy?

(LXX) Job 38:7 When the stars were made, all my angels praised me with a loud voice. This again refers to the day when the stars were made, not to day 1. At the time the stars were made, the angels already existed.

There is a difference of opinion as to the day on which angels were created; one authority decides for the second day, on the ground that they are mentioned in connection with water (Psalms 104:3, 4), which was created on that day; while another, arguing from the fact that they are said to fly (Isaiah 6), assigns their creation to the fifth day, on which all other flying things were created. This is contradicted by Job 38:7. But all authorities are agreed that they did not exist on or before the first day of creation. Skeptics cannot say that they were helpers in the work of creation (Genesis Rabba). Psalms 33:6 says that the heavenly host were created at the moment that HaShem created the heavens and the earth.

Conclusion: 01.03: The angels were created when the host of the heavens were created which according to the Psalms was when the heavens were created on day 1.

01.04 Word of God: (KJ) Gospel of John {1:1} In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. {1:2} the same was in the beginning with God. {1:3} all things were made by him; and without him was not anything made that was made. {1:4} in him was life; and the life was the light of men. {1:5} and the light shined in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.

(MTJ): Gospel of John 1:1 Bereshis (in the Beginning) was the Dvar Hashem (Word of God) and the Dvar Hashem was agav (along with) Hashem and the Dvar Hashem was nothing less, by nature, than Elohim! |2| Bereshis (in the Beginning) this Dvar Hashem was with Hashem. |3| All things through him came to be, and without him came to be not one thing which came into being. |4| in him was Chayyim (Life) and the Chayyim (Life) was the Ohr (Light) of Bnei Adam.

This Bnei Adam (son of Adam) refers to Christ, as the Gospel of John was specifically aimed at Christ. Christ is the Word or the Dvar HaShem and His first work was to be part of the creation of HaShem.

01.05 Earth: The land, country, field used 2500 times in the Old Testament. The earth is HaShem’s possession in this verse. This is a key concept that comes into play when Adam and Satan comes along.

01.06 First 3 verses of Genesis 1: The verses are separated out, but the original Genesis Text by Moses had no chapters or verses. Many believe or interpret the verses 1-3 as separate actions of HaShem (see section 02.07 on different theories about verses 1-3). The caricature image is that the events of each of the 3 verses was punctuated by some unknown period of time. The 3 verses took place all at once in less than a second of time. The transparency of Hashem separated the 3 verses out to show the order and intricate method He used to create the heavens and the earth including the creation of light.

Conclusion 01.06: Verses 1-3 of Genesis 1 occurred one after the other in order, in less than a second of time, almost simultaneously.

01.07 Condition of heavens and earth: (JPS- Jeremiah 4:23) I beheld tho earth, and, lo, it was waste and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.

For this one moment, the heavens and the earth are comprised of a primordial soup (liquefied as noted in verse 1:2 of Genesis) and earth. The earth is basically free floating in this vast ether space without any anchor, other than HaShem.

HaShem, the Word of God (which is Christ), the Ruach of God (the Spirit), the hosts of the soldiers of HaShem, the earth, and space (not yet even ether space), according to modern science about 93 billion light years of nothing but space made of undefined atomic particles. These particles had no charge as is now believed. They could not form atoms.

01.08 Estimated Date of Creation: Jose ben (ben is a Hebrew word that means son of and will be used often) Halafta in ١٦٠ AD, dates the creation of the world to 3751. The Hebrew Calendar has traditionally, since the 4th century AD by Hillel II, dated the creation to 3761 B.C. This is one reason for not relying on Julian dates. The first day of creation does not have an anchor or basis date on which to start history from.

Table 01.08 Dates of Creation by different sources:

Early Christians include Eusebius, Jerome, and Hippolytus of Rome have all thrown their hat into the ring with their own dates, not shown here. Later date Protestants including Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Melanchthon, Martin Luther, and Andreas Helwig have also calculated their own creation day date.

01.09 Ages and Dispensations: Ages have many interpretations depending on the context. They are often arbitrary in the way they are assigned by men (used universally to include women, not to be sexist). In the context of ancient history / metallic tools of society, it refers to historical ages, such as Bronze Age or the Iron Age.

Table 01.09.01 Ages by Metal Tools: In different areas of the world, the defined times are different by as much as a 1000 years.

Ages from a Biblical perspective by theologians tend to have arbitrary definitions but not all. Paul’s understanding of ages is not complicated. While having some reputation of the Bible, James Ussher’s division of ages is still arbitrary to his own understanding. The same with Clarence Larkin (a pastor from the late 1920’ who wrote about "Dispensational Truth". There are others who have defined the ages not listed here.

Table 01.09.02 Biblical perspectives of ages by different sources:

While Paul is reliable as a source for dispensations, it would seem that there might be a reliable non-human determination of different ages in the Bible. This would not be arbitrary, but dependent on some action or event under HaShem’s control. HaShem descends to earth throughout the Bible (in one of His forms; i.e. through the Ruach Elohim (Spirit of God) or His only begotten son, Yeshua Moshiach. These actions of HaShem cannot be controlled by mankind and present a non-arbitrary way to divide the historical timeline into valid dispensations or ages.

In Genesis 1:2, it states that the Spirit of God hovered over the deep, the first time HaShem descended over the earth. This action of HaShem would start the Age of Creation. The Alpha Age is only shown in 1.5 verses, 1 and 2a of Genesis 1. The Alpha Age extends beyond our knowledge of the time before Genesis 1:1. When HaShem descended to the Garden of Eden to confront Adam and Eve, it ended the Age of Creation and started a new Age of Adam (naming is also arbitrary to the interpreter). While interesting, ages are not a major factor controlling history and does not seem to be relevant from God’s perspective.

Table 01.09.03 Overall Plan of God based on the Creation Week in figurative context:

Table 01.09.04 Times of People

02 Genesis 1:2; Jeremiah: (MTJ) |2| and the earth was tohu vavohu (without form, and void); and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Ruach Elohim was hovering upon the face of the waters.

(KJ) And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness (was, Strong’s 1961) upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. (Gr = Greek portion. If Gr is not added, then it is assumed that this is a Hebrew word in Strongs).

(LXX) But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God moved over the water. This is a little different from other versions, but the context is about the same. The translator treated what in Hebrew is a dependent adverbial clause in verse 1, indicating the moment at which God called light into existence, as an independent sentence informing readers when God created the heavens and the earth. His translation/interpretation taught fellow Jews in the Hellenistic Egypt of his day that God, who was pure spirit, as many had come to believe, had never co-existed eternally with primal matter; rather, he created the matter ex nihilo. In this manner, he converted a popular Hellenistic philosophical premise, based on Aristotle’s teachings, into a biblical teaching.

(JPS) Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters.

(JPS-Jeremiah 10) "12 He (HaShem) that hath made the earth by His power, that hath established the world by His wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by His understanding;

At the sound of His giving a multitude of waters in the heavens, When He causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; When He maketh lightnings with the rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of His treasuries;

(LV) And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(PB) "The Earth was empty and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep; a wind sent from Hashem was blowing on the surface of the water."

02.01 Tohu: Translated as without form in most versions. Strong’s (8414) gives the following English translation: to lie waste, desolate, or worthless. Isaiah 34:10 refers to HaShem devastating Edom into tohu and bohu, saying that HaShem will return the country to a state of chaos. The next reference of tohu and bohu is by Jeremiah 4:23 and is futuristic predictions of the state of the final days.

02.02 Vavohu: (and) Empty, (and) void. Bohu never appears by itself, and is always paired with Tohu. The two word descriptions indicate that the earth was not visible from a human perspective with in the heavens as a separate and definite object.

02.03 Chosek: Strong’s (2822) Darkness, misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, or wickedness. Darkness is the accepted definition of chosek in this context of Genesis. This darkness is passive in the sense it existed due to the lack of light, not because it was an entity in itself that overcame the heavens and the earth. The darkness in Exodus in Egypt was an active darkness that consumed light.

02.04 Condition of heavens and earth: This is still in the same moment as verse 1. Nothing has changed. It is impossible to decipher the earth from the rest of the visible heavens. Finding the earth would be like trying to find a particular drop of water in a swimming pool full of water. HaShem wanted us to understand the initial condition in which He worked the creation of the heavens and the earth. His Ruach, Spirit, hovered over the face of this useless, formless, darkness. HaShem did not create chaos.

02.05 Darkness: This darkness covered the entire visible heavens and earth and was absolute darkness. One would not be able to see anything or anyone nearby. In scientific terms, there was no photon activity. Photons are the smallest known basic unit of light. The light spectrum includes Alpha, x-ray, gamma infrared, and the visible portions of light that make up our rainbow. None of this existed (which means there was no Incredible Hulk yet). Photons are the result of atomic level activity, interactions between atoms. There was no atomic level activity, which leads to no photons.

The primordial soup of space consisted of particles of atomic level size (protons, neutrons, and electrons) that didn’t interact with one another. There was no atomic level magnetic presence to hold atoms together and make atomic level reactions take place. Protons did not interact with electrons and vice-versa as they did not yet have a magnetic charge. There were no atoms in existence, just a conglomerate of particles in the ether space of the heavens. Earth was just a useless formless mass floating in the vast darkness of the heavens. Lawrence Krauss explains that dark energy is vacuum energy, a force extant in empty space that contains neither matter nor radiation. Under such conditions, the laws of general relativity and quantum mechanics imply that virtual particles come in and out of existence in so little time that they cannot be directly observed. This is not exactly descriptive of the primordial existence of the heavens and earth, but they had nothing.

There are 2 kinds of darkness. One kind is defined here, as the absence of light. When you go into a room that’s too bright, you can’t just flip a darkness switch to turn on darkness. You have to remove or minimize the light to cause darkness.

The second kind of darkness is an entity that consumes light. The darkness described in the Exodus (10:21) plague of darkness indicated that the darkness permeated everywhere, even where candles and fires were lit. This kind of darkness is the darkness that will exist in the Lake of the Fire. The fire will burn without consuming and will give no light as the darkness consumes the light. The darkness of Genesis 1:2 is the passive kind of darkness that existed because there was no light to dispel the darkness, no radiation or photons in any level of the light spectrum or radiation spectrum.

02.06 Chaos: Most theologians define the condition of earth as being in chaos. The question arises as to did HaShem create chaos. By applying long periods of time between verse 1 and 2, this is a good question, but when one sees that these 2 verses are taking place in the same moment, then HaShem is merely explaining what He did in the first moments of creation. The word chaos is created and applied by theologians. That word does not appear in Genesis 1. To HaShem there was no chaos, just an initial stage of His Creative Work. There is nothing to indicate that the universe became chaos even though some translations give that word. None of the most common translations indicate that the earth became to be in a state of chaos.

02.07 Two Earth Theory or Gap Theory: It is sometimes also referred to as the Ruin-Reconstruction Theory. The theory was first put forth (allegedly) by Thomas Chalmers and William Buckland (both living in the late 1700’s). This theory states that verse 2 suggests that something happened to HaShem’s original heavens and earth and caused it to be tohu"; unformed, void, useless, and in darkness. Verse 1 is earth number 1 and everything after verse 2 is earth number 2.

This theory is used by Biblical skeptics to prove that the Bible is in error. It is used to support Evolutionary Theories as well by citing that verse 1 alludes to a time before the earth was created in verse 2 and 3.

There are some theologians who just truly believe that verses 1 and 2 allude to a Gap, where there was a first earth and then starting with verse 2 and going throughout the Old Testament is a second earth. This theory has some holes in it.

02.07.01: A variation of this theory (predated the Gap Theory) came about in asserting that the earth is millions of years old, but basically lay dormant until HaShem decided to do something about it. The problems with this theory are about the same as the problems with the original Gap Theory. This theory had the support of Thomas Aquinas.

02.07.02 Genesis; Isaiah: The word for was (hayah in Hebrew in verse 2 is Strong’s 1961 and means "to exist, become, or come to pass). A few versions do allude to became".

In Genesis 2:25, Adam and Eve were naked. This same word is used in this verse and does not mean became or came to pass. The word, hayyah, is spelled with the same consonants in Hebrew (Strong’s 1962) and means ruin, calamity. This word, hayyah, only occurs once in Job 6:2. If verse 1:2 of Genesis wanted to imply some kind of calamity took place, HaShem would have used hayyah, instead of Hayah. It is spelled He Yowd He and is pronounced Haw yaw.

Isaiah 45:18 (LXX) "Thus saith the Lord that made the heaven, this God that created the earth, and made it; he marked it out, he made it not in vain, but formed it to be inhabited: I am the Lord, and there is none beside"

(KJ-Isaiah 45) "For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I [am] the LORD; and [there is] none else.

The Hebrew word translated as in vain is tohu, the same word in Genesis 1:2 (Strong’s 8414). HaShem did not make the earth in vain. This contradicts the 2 earth theory as earth 1 would have been made in vain and was discarded.

The cause of the calamity causing earth to reduce down to chaos might be found in Isaiah 14:12-15 "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit."

Problems with this theory:

Was there a savior in the first earth? What caused the upheaval of earth? Some proponents of this theory indicate that any human living on the first earth were men without a soul. This goes against everything we know about HaShem.

Genesis 1:31 (MTJ) And G-d saw everything that He had made, and, behold, it was tov me’od (very good). And the erev and the boker were Yom Shishi (Day Six, the SixthDay).

(LXX): And God saw all the things that he had made, and, behold, they were very good. How could all that he had made, including created angels, be very good? If Lucifer had fallen and was bad then things (including the hosts) were not very good.

This theory opens up the possibility of a history of the heavens and the earth being billions of years old as scientists hold to the Evolution Theory. Day 4 says that the large light, and small light, and the stars were created on day 4. In the Gap Theory, this means that not only was the earth destroyed reduced to the chaotic state, but also the heavens were destroyed completely removing the stars from the universe that existed in Genesis 1:1. Along with this, the Gap Theory supports that time existed, yet Day 1 is defined as Day One in Genesis, not day 2,345,678 (this number was just pulled out of a hat and is not a real number for day 1).

Verse 2, the verb tohu could be translated as became void, but this would mean that the earth was already there and was not created a second time and the implied first earth wasn’t really destroyed at all, but reduced to chaos.

Yeshua claims that HaShem made man in the beginning. An old earth would mean death beforesin.

Is it consistent with other actions of God in Scripture- that He would make an unfinished world for millions of years, and come back to complete it later? And if there is a gap, it would seem that a transparent God would make the details evident as He has throughout His Word.

02.07.03: Summary Statement Theory: This theory is the most widely held in that it proposes that verse 1 is a summary of what HaShem did, and what follows are the details of the creation. This is based on the theory that the Hebrew language uses announcements or headings and then the events that followed. This is alluded to again in Genesis 1 when Adam was made and then in Genesis 2, Adam is made again, but Genesis 2 is the detailed version of how Adam was made. This theory was held by Martin Luther and Calvin among others.

02.07.04: One Second Theory: In this theory, verses 1, 2, and 3 all take place almost simultaneously (in a single moment of HaShem’s time) and HaShem is revealing what He did in full transparency during the first moment of creation. This is also called the Young Earth Theory based on the fact that this theory indicates that the earth is (according to the MT) only about 6000 years old or a little over 7000 years old (by LXX dating), far younger than the millions of years purported by Evolutionists. This theory does not have any of the problems listed in 02.07.02.

Rashi offers this translation which bears out the One Second Theory: ":When at the beginning God created (Or: When God began to create) the heaven and the earth (Or: The universe) – the earth being formless and void, with darkness over the deep, and a divine wind sweeping over the waters – God said, ‘let there be light’... ." In his view, the darkness was a primordial element in existence.

Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Isaaci) believes that it was not intended to be interpreted in order: Scripture [in its opening words] is not teaching the order of creation [as it does afterwards]… for if this was what it was teaching, it should have written first (ba-rishona) he created the heavens, for the word in Scripture is always grammatically connected to the word that follows it [and thus] is the equivalent of in the beginning of his creating."

02.08 The Deep (t’howm Strong’s 8415): This word refers to an abyss. HaShem was rachaph (moving gently, brooding, or hovering, Strong’s 7363) upon the face of the waters. There is no way or no other word to describe the liquid state of the universe besides the waters which defines the liquid state.

There was no land and the planets had not been created. The earth was the only orb in the universe. It had no anchor to hold it in place. The Abyss of the Deep is empty here, but this alludes to the abyss where the Anti-Christ will go to in his time and return from in the end of days to rule over the earth for a short time. The Deep is a type of prediction.

This echoes the Mesopotamian creation story about the heaven and earth being created from the carcass of Tiamat, the dragon.

02.08.01: HaShem Descended: The Spirit of HaShem hovered (peacefully) over the waters of the chaos. The Alpha Age was terminated when HaShem descended to deal with the chaos (halfway through Genesis 1:2) and the Age of Creation began. This is the first descent of HaShem over the earth. Every indication is that this descent was calm and peaceful.

(MTJ) …And the Ruach Elohim was hovering upon the face of the waters. This is the last half of verse 2 (2b). This is where HaShem begins to create. As stated in the Gospel of John 1, the Word was God and was part of the creation with the Ruach Elohim.

Isaiah 45:18 (LXX) Thus saith the Lord that made the heaven, this God that created the earth, and made it; he marked it out, he made it not in vain, but formed it to be inhabited: I am the Lord, and there is none beside.

The existence of HaShem is never once considered a question in the Word of God. The existence of other gods is also never questioned but only One God is supreme.

02.09 Greek Myths: The myths are based on observers on the face of the earth trying to explain what they had no understanding of what was taking place. Myths cannot be accepted on a religious reality, but they can be used as a testimony to what happened in ancient history where there is no other evidence and archaeology does not appear to resolve the answers.

One example: The Greek creation myth starts not with a god, but with a bird with black wings:

In the beginning there was an empty darkness. The only thing in this void was Nyx, a bird with black wings. With the wind she laid a golden egg and for ages she sat upon this egg. Finally life began to stir in the egg and out of it arose Eros, the god of love. One half of the shell rose into the air and became the sky and the other became the Earth. Eros named the sky Uranus and the Earth he named Gaia. Then Eros made them fall in love. Uranus and Gaia had many children together and eventually they had grandchildren. Some of their children become afraid of the power of their children. Kronus, in an effort to protect himself, swallowed his children when they were still infants. However, his wife Rhea hid their youngest child. She gave him a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he swallowed, thinking it was his son…

Prophetic Message 02.08: The first 2 days of creation is a prophetic prediction for how each person will be handled by the Spirit of God. Hashem created the heavens and the earth and He created your life at this time. And then there was darkness and the Spirit of HaShem hovered over the darkness and the deep of each person that He has called. And He gave light to dispel the darkness and when He was done, there no more mention of the deep. There is only mention of the waters, living waters, giving life. The waters that Yeshua spoke of, the living waters of life. This will only apply to those who respond to HaShem positively when He hovers over them.

02.10 Establishing a correct History: Proper event matching is critical. Match a set of events incorrectly and the dating structure will be flawed. This becomes a debatable issue in some cases. David Rohl, for instance, matches Ramesses II with the fifth year invasion of Rehoboam of Judah. Immanuel Velikovsky and Dr. Donovan Courville make the same year 5 match of Rehoboam with that of the year 25 invasion of Judah by Thutmose III. The differences between the two event matches results in over 250 year’s difference in dates. This error has a domino effect on the chronology of each one throughout other timeframes. Event matching is the best guess of dating events. It has been done by historians since the beginning. The Greek history is closely tied to the Egyptian history by this method. It is the best form of ancient history dating but it comes with problems. A misplaced event in one area of the world can cause the matched events (of another society) to also be misplaced in time.

02.11 Date Matching: Matching history by dates is even more flawed if the historical events have a misplaced date. Ancient historians did not use a uniform dating method or calendar. Modern historians rely on dates assigned according to the Gregorian Date system, which is great if the dates of the events are accurate. Ancient history dates are not accurate so matching two events because they both have a date of 200 B.C. is only good if both events really do have a correct date of 200 B.C. assigned to them.

For modern history, anything after 200 A.D. this is great. But ancient history has proven to fail for such methods. The Papyrus Ipuwer is an accurate description of the Exodus events based on the Egyptian perspective. Historians failed to make this match because the original date for this papyrus was place hundreds of years earlier and it was considered to be a prophetic document, not a historical one.

03 Genesis 1:3 One Day: (LXX) And God said, let there be light, and there was light.

(MJT) And Elohim said, Let there be light: and there was light.

(LV) And God said: Be light made. And light was made.

All versions agree in translation. The word for light is owr (Strong’s 216). The Strong’s first definition is Illumination. It can mean happiness, guidance, justice, righteousness, and understanding. Brown’s Driver-Briggs adds illumination of instruction, enlightenment

The darkness of verse 2 gives proof of the lack of photons in atomic level activity, the atomic level particles (Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons) did not have the knowledge of what they were or how to interact with other particles. When HaShem said Be light, it was a command to have the enlightenment of what they were and how to interact with other atomic level particles. Once the atoms started to interact, light was born as the atoms started to emit Photons because of the atomic level interactions, in all