Soil Preparation
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Read more from Org. Roger Rodrigo Dos Santos Ed. Adriano Stephan Nascente
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Soil Preparation - Org. Roger Rodrigo Dos Santos - Ed. Adriano Stephan Nascente
Introdução
O manejo do solo visando a produção agrícola, é uma etapa fundamental para se obter altas produtividades. Essa etapa deve ser feita de forma correta para possibilitar incrementos positivos nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo e proporcionar condições adequadas para o desenvolvimento das culturas agrícolas.
Tal preparo pode ser conceituado como um conjunto de operações que realiza a mobilização mecânica do solo de modo a proporcionar condições adequadas para a semeadura e desenvolvimento das culturas agrícolas, esse preparo é feito na profundidade de até 30 cm, profundidade essa em que se desenvolve a maior parte do sistema radicular das plantas cultivadas. Assim, o solo é destorroado e ocorre também a mistura ou a incorporação de adubos, corretivos e cobertura vegetal localizados na superfície. Esse preparo do solo é um dos mais importantes componentes do custo de produção das culturas agrícolas e influencia a maioria das propriedades relacionadas a qualidade do solo.
Dessa forma, o preparo de solo para o cultivo das culturas agrícolas consiste na utilização de tratores e implementos agrícolas com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade do solo e proporcionar condições adequadas para a germinação, emergência e desenvolvimento das culturas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, o uso de implementos para manejar o solo também serve para controlar plantas daninhas e para incorporação de calcário ou fertilizantes.
As operações de preparo do solo devem ser realizadas com solo no estado friável (condição fofa de solo úmido que se esboroa (desfaz-se) com leve pressão entre o polegar e o indicador). Adicionalmente, o produtor deve se preocupar com essa atividade de preparo para evitar a sua degradação e o assoreamento dos rios (carreamento de solo e fertilizantes para os corpos de água). Assim, a operação deve proporcionar o incremento da infiltração de água no solo, visando diminuir as perdas de água e sedimentos por erosão. Solos muito inclinados (mais de 15% de inclinação) não devem ser revolvidos, prefira o sistema plantio direto (sem revolvimento do solo). Entretanto, caso opte pelo preparo do solo, este deve ser feito no sentido contrário ao da maior declividade ou em nível.
Para a realização do manejo do solo visando o cultivo agrícola são utilizados normalmente arados (disco ou aiveca), grades aradoras, subsoladores e escarificadores e, ultimamente, tem crescido o uso do sistema plantio direto que prevê a ausência do revolvimento do solo. O arado de aiveca aprofunda mais no solo, entretanto, requer maior potência do trator do que o arado de discos. O arado de disco é mais econômico do que o de aiveca, mas não proporciona um tombamento eficiente da leiva de solo. Além disso, em velocidade de operação acima do recomendado, pode causar danos na estrutura do solo. Atualmente o uso desses implementos (arados de disco e aiveca) vem caindo em desuso pelos agricultores devido a maior