God And The Western World

By George Hayes

This book was inspired by God. It brings God's activities on behalf of Earth's citizens from the shadows of history into illumination. God's mastery over the universe is brought to life from the Big Bang to modern times. A plausible theory is put forth regarding how God has employed His tools (only recently discovered but little understood by scientists), dark matter and dark energy, to create and sustain the universe as we know it. God's book, this book, is a compliment to His Bible from which it differs in that, for today's intelligent humans, it explains how God advanced creation and evolution. After summarizing key portions of the Bible, this book focuses sequentially upon God's activities in Roman times, the Dark Ages, Medieval times, Renaissance times, Colonial times, and the rise of the United States through the big wars up to modern times. God led us through every period or we would not have reached these times as we are today. God used the West to advance the entire planet as all Earth was afforded the opportunity to know Jesus Christ. God's unseen struggles are summarized in the final chapter but there are much more in depth presentations of God's tools, dark matter and dark energy, containing preliminary information on how to develop necessary communications to initiate their use by mankind to save Earth. God sees we are in imminent danger of flooding coastal areas worldwide because of the greenhouse gasses resulting from long over use of fossil fuels and subsequent melting of glaciers and icecaps. The author posits that by leading us through the millennia to our current level of understanding, and through this very book, God has prepared us to partner with Him to save our civilization from devastation.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Christian Faith Publishing, Inc.
• Release date: Jan 30, 2019
• ISBN: 9781642994919

Book preview

cover.jpg

God and the Western World

George H. Hayes

ISBN 978-1-64299-490-2 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-64349-131-8 (hardcover)

ISBN 978-1-64299-491-9 (digital)

Copyright © 2018 by George H. Hayes

All rights reserved including but not limited to screenplays, stage plays, television plays or internet plays incorporating intellectual property presented herein. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods without the prior written permission of the publisher. For permission requests, solicit the publisher via the address below.

Christian Faith Publishing, Inc.

832 Park Avenue

Meadville, PA 16335

www.christianfaithpublishing.com

Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Preface

This nonfiction document was written for all the people on Earth. It is for atheists, agnostics, people of all religions, and scientists in the hope that they will see and believe God loves them and has been continually working for them. Not only does this work concentrate on the relationship between God and the people of the West in Europe and North America, but also it relates that to the love God has for all people and His history of using segments of humanity, in Europe and North America, to aid all of humanity. It is for the scientific community as well as the religious community. My professional background has been in science and engineering, but I have enjoyed studying world history, and I have known God throughout my life. I have felt Him impact my life by answering not only my prayers but also the prayers loved ones have had for me. I have also enjoyed writing. I was attempting to produce a connected pair of fictional books exploring my theories about two phenomena science has discovered that are termed dark because they cannot be at all explained through scientific methods.

These dark entities cannot be explained by scientists because my theory is that the phenomena are spiritual and not deterministic. They are the tools of God. I was exploring them fictionally when my stream-of-consciousness writing style forced me off focus along tangents I had not expected to explore. I soon realized another type of book was emerging that was far more important than the two I had been writing. I placed them aside temporarily in favor of exploring how God has related to us from biblical times through later times up to modern times. I found that it is difficult to see God’s actions in the time of the action, but from a later perspective, God’s actions can be tracked, and the effects of his actions can be rationalized. You can understand what God did and why. My love of science, religion, and history has produced a book with unique perspectives from which to present the material. In this book, you will see the actions of God repeatedly using innocents who worship Him and using the power of nature to reach his goals and punishing severely those who, perhaps unknowingly, stand against Him.

The organization of the book is chronological, but the opening chapter is about the evolution of man with God’s help and design. This chapter may be difficult for some Christians who believe Christianity and evolution are incompatible, but it is full of wondrous information about how God may have used His blueprint, DNA, for humanity and all life to accomplish His goals.

The following four chapters switch the main focus from science to religion and are biblical, but in the Creation chapter of the Book of Genesis, the passages are paralleled with equivalent scientific passages (in Genesis 1 red font denotes biblical passages, elsewhere red font denotes a deity speaking) introducing new theories of creation and proposing the parts played by the most recent indirectly observed and little-understood dark phenomena. They have been only obliquely detected by man because we can use neither our senses nor our instruments to directly detect them. When these entities, pervading the universe, came to my attention and I realized they were in the Milky Way too, I immediately thought of them as spiritual entities rather than made of neutrons, protons, and electrons. What else is all around us but cannot be sensed? I was dealing with them in this way in my two fiction efforts while building, based on informed conjecture, complete systems of interaction and communication between God and humanity through these phenomena when the tangential lines of focus emerged in my writing.

Following the biblical chapters are historical chapters starting with Constantine and continuing up to modern times showing how God directed or helped humanity reach its present state over the entire earth and time. God delivered their Messiah, Jesus, to the Jews according to prophesy, but they forced His crucifixion. God redirected His plan to help mankind through the Gentiles instead of the Jews.

What would have happened had the Jews accepted Jesus as their Messiah? Would the Roman Empire, upon seeing the miraculous nature of Jesus, throw off their gods and accept Jesus and the God of the Jews? Perhaps that was the plan. It was never realized, though.

God had to go to a far more difficult plan when Jesus was crucified and the Jews did not rise up to mourn Him nor express their bitterness against those who crucified Him. God had to actuate a plan that would add centuries until Jesus, who was always the Christ and the Messiah, would be worshipped by the Roman Empire. God had extreme difficulties to face at the time. Year by year, century by century, God gains control of the Western Roman Empire, then allows its destruction; He gains control of Europe’s barbarians then converts and educates them to correctly worship Jesus. As Europe becomes sophisticated, and they explore the unknown world, God is there assuring those they find, who do not know Christ, and are worshiping false gods while performing abhorrent rituals, will have the opportunity to come to know Him. Year by year, century by century, this book will detail how God performed miraculously to accomplish what was done historically.

God’s vision has a dimension that separates Him from humans who were created in His image. He can see our future. Something He witnessed from Renaissance times or earlier caused Him to feel the need to develop an entity, away from Europe’s shores, to protect Europe and the entire world. God will aid a small set of British colonies in North America to obtain and keep their freedom. The United States will quickly grow into the most powerful nation Earth has ever known. Although the United States is fundamentally isolationist, it will rise to help the world through two worldwide wars, an extremely dangerous Cold War, and beyond.

The document closes with a summary of God’s efforts for humanity since biblical times in the last chapter, a discussion of past administrations and of our current administration and how dangerously close to angering God the United States may be. Finally, I explain what I believe God wants us to do to help ourselves because it may be too late to reverse climate change and stop the coastal regions worldwide from becoming submerged while our polar ice caps and glaciers melt. Also presented is a prayer for the global community to ask for God’s help to save our civilization if we prove incapable of helping ourselves in the manner presented in the final chapter of this book.

Acknowledgments

First, I must acknowledge my son George Leonard Hayes for his suggestion that started this book, for his continued guidance and prayers, and for the inspiration of his recently published book of religious poetry titled Psalms and Hymns; my daughter Jasmine Hayes-Adams for sharing her wonderful ideas, great Biblical knowledge, and her prayers; and my son-in-law Jamaal Adams for his positive and complimentary reviews of book segments and for his efforts in ensuring I had the best care possible when I had heart trouble.

Importantly, I must acknowledge my cardiac surgeon Dr. Abbas Ardehali, head of heart/lung transplant, and my cardiologist Dr. Donald Chang, supervisor of the Cardiology Fellow Program at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, who performed open heart surgery and provided cardiac care that made it possible for me to have the opportunity to write this book.

Lastly, I must acknowledge my mother Ola S. Hayes. She was a tremendously religious woman who saw how I loved God but did not want to go to church regularly because feeling the Spirit of the Lord there made me uneasy. I was fearful of something I did not understand. She made me go to church until I was old enough to decide for myself. She then prayed for me and, while I was still a youth, placed, over the mirror in my bedroom, a pennant that had a quote from Isaiah 54:17: No weapon formed against thee shall prosper. I realized, after thinking about the quote almost daily, I did not have to worry about enemies or threats—God would act on my behalf. I put my life in His hands, and He never failed me despite me not going regularly to church. I went to church with either of my children whenever we were together on Sundays but seldom when I was alone. God put my cardiac surgeon and cardiologist along my path through my daughter and son-in-law. God had me travel from the East Coast to the West Coast to put myself in the care of these superb medical professionals. God also helped me with this book. He helped me see His actions over the centuries. God repeatedly guided me back to my sources and back to paragraphs I had written to find additional evidence of Him and His works for us.

Just as God loved Solomon, in spite of his episodes with idols, because of the worship of his father, David, God loves me, in spite of my many faults, because of my mother’s worship. Throughout her life, she gave half her income, which was substantial as a university professor, to religious organizations. God blessed Solomon, with wisdom, and Solomon built a temple where God could dwell and be worshiped. Throughout my life, God has blessed me with thirsts for science, religion, and history. I have incorporated them into this book, allowing everyone to see what God has done for us all, his beloved children. I did not single out God for acknowledgment here because the entire book is dedicated as an acknowledgment of God and what He has allowed me to do in praise of Him—to illuminate His complex but unseen efforts for us throughout history and the great expanse of His love of mankind.

Chapter 1

God and the Evolution of Mankind

In order to develop a document about God and His relationship with mankind, which would have a possibility of being acceptable to Christians and scientists, a discussion of God-influenced evolution is a necessary starting point. Natural evolution and God-influenced evolution are synonymous if you consider our planet’s natural state to be God influenced. How did life start on our little planet? God blessed the planet’s waters with molecular dynamos, probably arriving on asteroids or comets, bent on their own perpetuation, which eventually formed themselves into DNA and RNA; and life’s dramas began as they evolved toward God’s goals, which were many but all were centered on the eventual generation and support of intelligent life.

The history of mankind’s evolution, as related by scientists, does not have a definitive starting point. About fifty-five million years ago, Hominoidae arose as the ancestor of the entire ape family.¹ Hominidae is an ancestor to the great apes but not the gibbon precursors and separated from them twenty million years ago. Homininae is an ancestor to the African great apes but not the orangutan precursors and separated from them fourteen million years ago. Hominini separated from gorilla precursors eight million years ago. Hominina, human precursors and other bipeds, separated from chimpanzee precursors 7.5 million years ago.² It is important to realize humans did not come from apes. There were, however, common ancestors that were neither human nor ape but carried the blueprints for both in their genes and from which God would extract modern man. If a study were conducted, it would determine that single-cell animals were common ancestors to all animals currently on earth. Further discussions of man’s evolution with respect to apes’ evolution are for comparison only and because no data of the type was found for other species. It is not intended to suggest that humans came from apes. All came to be on earth because of a common ancestor scores of millions of years earlier.

Among the Hominina, all upright walking, was a species discovered in the Awash valley of Ethiopia in 1974 and dated to have lived there 3.2 million years ago. The species was called Australopithecus afarensis. The find was an amazing 40% complete female skeleton about the size of a chimpanzee but unquestionably bipedal, and due to the Beatles’ song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds playing continually in the camp, she was named Lucy. This species has only been subsequently found in East Africa and nowhere else in the world.³

Homo habilis evolved from Hominina 2.8 million years ago and was the first to use stone tools, but its brain was the size of a chimpanzee’s at 425 cubic centimeters.⁴ One million years later, out of Africa, to spread all over Africa, Europe, and Asia, from the hominin line came H. erectus and H. ergaster with a cranial capacity of 850 cubic centimeters and used fire and complex tools. H. erectus and H. ergaster were identical. H. ergaster remained in the African garden. H. erectus migrated to Europe and Asia. Archaic H. sapiens in Europe and Asia eventually evolved from H. erectus 400,000 to 250,000 years ago; then, modern humans came out of Africa 125,000 to 60,000 years ago and replaced all lines of European and Asian archaic H. sapiens, which evolved from H. erectus.⁵,⁶ The lines they replaced included Neanderthals and Denisovans.⁷,⁸ Neanderthal fossil sites have been found widely spread in Eurasia. There is one Denisovan site in central Siberia. It is a cave that was inhabited by a hermit named Denis at the time of the find. A few teeth and bones of this unique hominin were found there layered among fossils of Neanderthal and modern humans. Although the fossil record for Denisovans is almost nonexistent, they were really not that unique. Denisovan DNA is found in present-day populations in Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Those archaic H. sapiens genes in the makeup of Eurasians, although H. erectus also came out of Africa much earlier but evolved differently from H. ergaster due to almost two million years of evolution away from Africa are still found among European and Asian human genes but at a percentage of less than ten. People, the world over, are all over 90% African, which is 90% from the final wave, that is, modern humans. Considering all waves of migration were from Africa, everyone in the world can trace their most distant ancestors to Africa. Although there was no conclusive evidence, it was widely believed that this last wave, modern humans, brought language with it; and language use resulted in dominance and replacement of all European and Asian hominins whose evolution away from Africa may or may not have incorporated language development as argued by pre-DNA scientists.

DNA work, however, fills in the gaps of the spotty archeological record and presents results that are contrary to the concept of modern man’s language, giving it the edge over Neanderthal. The archaic H. sapiens, Neanderthal, evolved from H. erectus and evolved to be shorter but more robust and to have had a larger cranial capacity than modern humans, H. sapiens-sapiens, that evolved from the identical H. ergaster but remained in Africa for a considerable time.

Why did migrations from Africa start and stop so dramatically? A little-known fact is that the true source of humanity was not credited by ancients to be the Great Rift Valley where so many prehuman fossils have been found. The rift is along the edges of the African and the Somalian tectonic plates. As one plate pushes under the other, ancient ground is exposed along with a fossil treasure. According to the Egyptians, the Mountains of the Moon, among the great high lakes of East Africa, unquestionably the sources of Africa’s greatest rivers, the Nile and the Congo, not only were the source of the Nile but also were the source of the original denizens of Egypt. They were fabled to be the source of all mankind.

H. erectus for some reason fled the African garden for Europe and Asia. H. ergaster, who was identical to H. erectus but did not leave his homeland, spread easily over the garden continent south of the Sahara where their evolution would continue in the forests and savannas. These were very large hominins. Males were 6'3" tall.

The travel of H. erectus from sub-Saharan Africa 1.8 million years ago was restricted to the Nile corridor and then along the Isthmus of Suez to reach Europe and Asia. Such narrow corridors can easily be shut to any travelers for extended periods due to natural obstructions or combative machinations of enemy clans. Normally, there would be no need to challenge the clans that occupied these corridors. These human precursors were a mobile lot that stalked the game trails and were likely pack hunters carrying their women and children with them as they traveled the savanna, like lions, cheetahs, and hyenas, following the massive herds of precursors of antelope, wildebeest, zebra, and other herbivores. When drought thinned the herds and starvation forced their migration to the always green and lush Nile valley, the pack hunters would fight their way through the occupiers but could not tarry lest clans behind them over take them. The hunter clans would move through and on into Europe or Asia. A severe drought would mean many clans were opting to travel the Nile valley and Isthmus of Suez. These would spread over both newly found continents. Now, having been ousted from the garden, a change would come over them. They would evolve into differing states from hominin to eventually reaching the state of archaic H. sapiens, mostly H. neanderthalensis, which lived 40,000 to 300,000 years ago, a cave-dwelling being that hunted and gathered as did all archaic H. sapiens. The first site, where Neanderthal fossils were found, was in Neandertal, also known as the Neander Valley in western Germany. Another archaic H. sapiens was H. rhodesiensis that lived 125,000 to 300,000 years ago. It was first found in northern Rhodesia (which would become Zambia) in Africa and was a likely precedent of modern man, H. sapiens sapiens, before they left Africa. A likely archaic precedent of Neanderthal was H. heidelbergensis, which lived 200,000 to 600,000 years ago and was first found in Heidelberg, Germany. H. heidelbergensis found in Europe and Asia and H. rhodesiensis found in Africa are the same species. European H. heidelbergensis evolved into H. neanderthalensis. Asian H. heidelbergensis evolved into H. denisovan. African H. heidelbergensis (H. rhodesiensis) evolved into modern man who came out of Africa from 60,000 to 125,000 years ago (see figure 1). Modern man overlapped in Europe and Asia with Neanderthal and Denisovans who share their DNA with the current European and Asian populous, but the percentage is small compared to the DNA from modern man out of Africa. It should be noted that there is evidence to consider indicating Denisovan branched from the Neanderthal family, like the gorillas and chimpanzees left the preape to human family and did not evolve directly from H. heidelbergensis, but this has not gained a full standing yet.

With respect to speech capacity, while there are other genes also involved in language and speech, in modern humans, the facial muscles that facilitate speech and some major areas of the brain concerning language are controlled by the forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) and encoded by the FOXP2 gene. Neanderthals had the almost identical gene as found during DNA extraction from Neanderthal bones in Spain. They hope to develop the complete Neanderthal genome eventually. Chimpanzees have a similar gene, but theirs is different at two key points, and they cannot speak. The Neanderthal perhaps/probably spoke and used language but may not have sounded exactly like or had the full dexterity of modern humans due to the location of the hyoid bone in the throat. The hyoid bone, while identical between Neanderthal and modern humans, anchors the tongue above it and the larynx below it. It is slightly higher in the Neanderthal throat than in modern humans. Other studies indicate up to 120 Neanderthals routinely coexisted. This is a clan population that could not be supported without speech. The populous clans would disintegrate without the level of communication speech entails. Clans of chimpanzees never exceed fifty members.

FOXP2 is a protein encoded by the FOXP2 gene in humans and Neanderthal archaic H. sapiens. It was found during a study in 1990 of an English family, the KE family, which was confounded by an inherited speech/language disorder called developmental verbal dyspraxia. It is not the only gene involved in speech and language but has demonstrated its importance.⁹,¹⁰

When modern man came out of Africa into Europe and Asia, his main competition for food and space was Neanderthal. Modern man displaced Neanderthal. Both had language of sorts. Neanderthal was sturdier and possessed a larger cranial capacity than modern man. How did modern man manage to displace him?

First, why did modern man leave the African garden? It is believed a population bottleneck occurred. In Indonesia, a super volcanic eruption occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago at modern-day Lake Toba. The lake is in the vast caldera (62 by 19 miles) of the volcano. It was the largest explosion to have occurred on earth in the past twenty-five million years. The ash produced by the eruption spread widely and deeply over an area that included Africa. The vast savanna herds lost their grasslands, and the hunter-gatherers of the land lost their food source.¹¹ What should be noted is the Pygmy of the forests and the San of the savannas did not leave the African garden. Their food sources were not the great herds that modern man, who left the African garden, hunted and were decimated. Their populations suffered and dwindled greatly, but they remained in their forests and savannas.

The route of modern man from Africa into Europe and Asia is argued but thought to be from modern-day Ethiopia into Yemen rafting across a narrow Red Sea strait, which is twelve miles today but was considerably narrower then (raft building is not thought to have been possible for H. erectus), and along a coastal route to a first settlement in India where the Toba ash had skipped due to the prevailing winds as affected by the Himalayan mountains or had fallen lightly. Over many millennia, modern man surged forth into North Africa, Europe, and Asia up to the vast Ice Age glaciers and continued to follow his route from Africa and blaze new trails into both continents, which also had been almost divested of their flora and fauna by the Toba eruption. They too sought skip zones in the vast fields of thick ash. Some even followed a trail blazed across the Bering ice bridge from Asia into what would become the Americas.

Over the years, the earth healed itself as the ash became fertile volcanic soil, and the earth once again was blessed with vast herds and grasslands. Populations of modern man, Neanderthal, and Denisovans started to recover.

Geneticists have performed a reverse DNA study of populations to determine the source, within Africa, of modern man who left the continent to populate Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Their studies indicate the source was on the West Coast between Angola and Namibia. That is possible if the source had become completely depopulated by the large variety of African denizens, and they examined the DNA of the Pygmy population or the population of the San people, or Bushmen, at that location to determine the source of modern man. The people of Africa are far more diversified than those of Europe, Asia, or the Americas; but in fairly recent times, most of Africa’s savannas and forest populations were only San and Pygmy, respectively. Only the sub-Saharan northwest in the area of the great Niger River and the northeast south of Egypt had significant populations other than Pygmy of the forest or San of the savanna. Eventually, the Bantu language group from the northwest spread completely over Africa. In modern times, near the Mountains of the Moon, in the civil wars of Burundi and Rwanda, the Hutu are of the Bantu-speaking group with only 4 % of their ancestry from the Nilo–Saharan group, while their enemies, the Tutsi, also have most of their ancestors in the Bantu-speaking group with 15 % from the Nilo–Saharan group.

It would appear that the Toba disaster almost completely depopulated Africa except for a small area of land backed up to the vast Saharan desert. It did not kill off the population. It sent the majority into Eurasia and into the Americas. Our God blew the top off of Mount Toba and then sent the prevailing winds to cover almost all the garden continent with deep ash. God forced His chosen people to leave the garden and displace archaic H. sapiens the world over but left them a small area of good land in the garden from which to eventually repopulate Africa once His garden recovered from the disaster. He chose modern man over archaic man to populate the earth. Neanderthal had a greater cranial capacity than modern man, but something else about him must have dissatisfied God. Perhaps the larger Neanderthal brain was not as efficient at the higher brain functions as modern man. If we could produce Neanderthal’s complete genome, perhaps we could determine why God found it necessary to depopulate his garden to populate the rest of the earth instead of allowing Neanderthal to remain. Depopulating the garden was not easy. God had to continually force Toba to erupt and send ash over the African continent until modern man had no hope of living there. Elsewhere, the equatorial prevailing winds were an orderly set moving northeasterly from below the equator and southeasterly from above the equator. Near the Indian Ocean, however, the Himalayan mountains disrupted the southeasterly winds as shown in figure 2. The Toba volcanic ash was carried by northeasterly winds, which left Indonesia and followed a western route over the southern Indian Ocean and then across Madagascar to dump their ash over Africa. Above the equator, the ash-laden winds were restricted by the ash-free southeasterly winds to leave an ash-free band of good land south of the Saharan desert and well north of the equator. Modern man from the rest of Africa left to populate Europe, Asia, and eventually the Americas. Much later, modern man left the band of ash-free land to repopulate the rest of Africa. One language group, the Bantu, spread over the continent once the ash had become fertile volcanic soil.

Long after the full continent had recovered from the Toba disaster, one of the first people to leave the small area of land the ash missed in northwestern Africa near the wide but camouflaged delta of the Niger River, south of the Sahara, and venture southeastward into an Africa unknown to modern man would come to be known as the Teke.¹² They call themselves the Tio. Their language, also Tio, is in the Bantu group. According to their oral history, their forefathers came from the west. They were the first to arrive at the great Stanley Pool (Malebo Pool) near the outflow of the Congo River where it cascades for two hundred miles down the Crystal Mountains and enters the Atlantic Ocean with such velocity that it pushed freshwater fifty miles out into the ocean. They loved the location because it reminded them of the great Niger River they left behind. When they arrived at the pool, the only people there were Pygmy with their deadly darts among the forest trees. The Congo River and its feeders cut through a plateau there that came to be called the Bateke Plateau (other tribes named the Tio the Teke because of their location on the Bateke Plateau). They occupied the plateau on both sides of the great river and controlled the pool for many millennia, while other people found their way south. Some of the recently arriving tribes joined their confederation and were allowed to occupy land away from the pool higher up on the plateau.

Only the original seven tribes of the Teke people were allowed to occupy the land on the pool and collect tribute from those who wanted to join in the booming trade along the pool’s banks. For millennia, traders who rafted goods down the Congo to the pool had to stop at Mbe where the king of the Teke resided, the Mkoko. Mbe was located on the northern shore, and all traders stopped there before they were allowed to trade along the pool. The original seven tribes of the Teke confederation would alternate control of Mbe throughout the year and collect the tribute from the traders who were feted for days by their congenial hosts before tribute was negotiated. Their hosts were congenial to those who followed the rules and stopped at Mbe. Those who broke the rules and attempted trade without paying tribute paid anyway by losing all their goods. Repeat offenders lost much more, but this was Congo civilization. The trade language of the Congo is Lingala. The trade language of the Niger is Fulani. The trade language of East Africa is Swahili. The trade of the Congo included fish, fruit, grain, meat, animal skins, elephant tusks, rhinoceros and antelope horns, artwork, musical instruments, wood, and resin from all types of trees and vines.

During the millennia of repopulation, other tribes that did not join the Teke confederation were allowed to travel through and continued southward to complete the repopulation of the garden continent by modern man. All who joined the confederation or passed through their territory spoke languages that shared the same base, Bantu.¹³

Languages of the world, with the exception of those in present-day sub-Saharan Africa, can be traced back to three—Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, and Sino-Tibetan.¹⁴ These may be associated with the phases of population dispersal in Eurasia of modern man out of Africa. It is possible there were many languages that percolated in different parts of the garden continent from language seeds planted in the DNA of H. ergaster but grew differently to full-blown languages due to the locales where H. ergaster evolved into modern man. Most early African languages left the garden continent with modern man seeking respite from the Toba disaster. Indo-European spread over a funnel-shaped area from the funnel neck in the area of the first settlement of modern man outside of Africa, in India where the Himalayans protected the lands from the Toba ash, widening through Iraq and Iran with a funnel mouth including all of Europe. Afro-Asiatic spread from the Nile valley west along North Africa and east into Saudi Arabia. Sino-Tibetan spread with modern man from India eastward and brought people with a common language base to Mongolia, Korea, Japan, China, Southwest Asia, Polynesia, Australia, and eventually the Americas.

Not to be left out of the worldwide language discussion, there are three categories of language in the major population of precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, Niger-Congo (which of course includes the Bantu group, which is spread from western Africa, where many non-Bantu languages exist, to eastern Africa and to southern Africa), Nilo–Saharan (Mali, Niger, and Chad), and Afro-Asiatic (Ethiopia, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa). The Khoe languages with the click sounds of the San people are spoken in Namibia and Botswana.¹⁵

An evaluation of speech alone will yield a surprising diversity in Africa compared to the locations on earth where modern man arrived more recently. Rotokas, a language of New Guinea, and Pirahã, a language spoken in South America, both have only eleven phonemes. !Xun is a language spoken in southern Africa including Namibia, the northern region of which was the location of the source of modern man’s migration into Eurasia according to reverse genetics. This language has 141 phonemes. A phoneme is an indivisible unit of sound in speech.¹⁶

Reverse genetics has also been used to find the father and mother of all humanity, the Adam and Eve. Two types of information are available to find a common early male and common early female, Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, respectively. All men alive today acquired their Y chromosomes from the Y-chromosomal Adam who lived 140,000 to 500,000 years ago in Africa.¹⁷ All people, men and women, alive inherited their mitochondrial DNA from the mitochondrial DNA Eve who lived about 160,000 years ago also in Africa.¹⁸ Although the Y chromosome cannot be used as accurately in reverse genetics as mitochondrial DNA, the overlap of temporal ranges allows a Garden of Eden to have existed somewhere in Africa about 160,000 years ago from which we all came.

Our God may have ensured the ash from the Toba eruption did not stay aloft over Africa by developing an instability in the upper atmosphere when the winds from the Indian Ocean met the winds from the Atlantic Ocean over Africa below the equator. Rainstorms would have washed the ash out of the prevailing winds, from the Indian Ocean, over the garden continent. The people and animals would have been covered with wet ash. Many current tribal ceremonies in Africa are performed while the participants are covered in ash. The ash is wet when applied and then allowed to dry. This may harken back to a time that none of the participants remember but that was so important to their ancestry their ceremonies still carry a hint.

The garden continent was the birthplace and nursery for mankind. God watched over His children as they matured and evolved. They had few cares in the temperate environment teeming with plentiful game and fruitful trees. Outside the garden continent, an ice age loomed with its harshness. Children raised in nurturing comfort tend to grow into genteel adults. Children who were raised badly, struggling to survive, tend to grow into adults with social problems and tendencies to rebel against authority.

H. erectus left the garden continent before he matured into modern man. H. ergaster stayed behind to continue his evolution in the protected garden. H. erectus matured into archaic man, Neanderthal or Denisovan, in ice age harshness that may have forced them to become brutes to deal with the extreme cold of their environment, not the genteel modern man with which God wanted to populate His earth. They probably contested violently among themselves for the meager food supply available in an ice age environment (see figure 3).

Earth’s ice ages are no longer simply structured by scientists as they used to be defined. We are now in what is called the Quaternary Ice Age, which began 2.6 million years ago. The previous ice age was the Karoo Ice Age, which lasted about forty million years. The two periods between the ice ages, on either side of the Karoo Ice Age, are about one hundred million years in length. There are no glaciers or polar ice caps during periods between ice ages. The ice age before the Karoo Ice Age was the Andean-Saharan Ice Age, which lasted about fifteen million years. The ice age prior to the Andean-Saharan was the Cryogenian Ice Age, which was a hundred million years in length and may have been a snowball ice age where glaciers and ice caps encroached upon the equator.¹⁹ The Cambrian explosion created diverse ocean life followed at 542 million years ago about halfway through the hundred-million-year period between ice ages until the Andean-Saharan Ice Age began.

Near the conclusion of the Karoo Ice Age, sixty-six million years ago, the Cretaceous epoch ended with the extinction event that killed off Tyrannosaurus rex, Velociraptor, Triceratops, and most of the Cretaceous dinosaurs, allowing mammals to start their reign over earth’s animal life. Within the ice ages are periods of glaciation when the earth’s temperature has cooled and the polar ice caps and glaciers are maximized. Between the glaciation periods, there were periods of interglaciation when the earth’s temperature has warmed and the polar ice caps and glaciers are minimized. We are currently in the Holocene interglaciation period. The previous period of glaciation was from 110,000 years ago to 15,000 years ago. Those glaciers started their retreat from their maximum extent 20,000 years ago.²⁰

It would appear that H. erectus ventured out of Africa 0.8 million years after the start of the current ice age. Once out of the garden continent, H. erectus had to face periods of glaciation and interglaciation, maximum ice to minimum ice but God had not yet given unto H. erectus a gift he needed to survive the cold, he would experience, without becoming brutes. H. erectus had the seed of language within his DNA, but the seed had not ripened into language yet. This preamble to man had to become brutal to survive outside the African garden. God did not want brutality to enter the personality of modern man—toughness yes, brutality no. God watched them struggle and admired their toughness. God did not end their existence, not yet. They did not have language. God waited until He could communicate with them before bringing judgment upon them. While H. ergaster evolved into modern man with language in the temperate climate of the garden, H. erectus evolved into archaic man, Neanderthal and Denisovan, also with language but while enduring glaciation and interglaciation on a one-hundred-thousand-year cycle for a couple million years in Europe and Asia. They lived through twenty maximum ice to minimum ice cycles.

Modern man who remained in Africa has no Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA. Modern man of Europe, Asia, and the Americas do have a little Neanderthal and/or Denisovan DNA. This may account for a little of the racial differences among the populations of earth. The majority of the differences, however, are more likely due to the incidence of solar radiation. Direct incidence near the equator in Africa caused dark complexions that shield the people from cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation. Shallow incidence close to the poles caused the dark complexions of modern man out of Africa to not absorb vitamin D from low-incidence sunlight. Vitamin deficiencies would cause a great reduction in populations of dark-complexioned modern man out of Africa trying to live close to the poles. Only those who were fortunate enough to have albino mutations in their DNA and the subsequent light complexions would survive. Low-incidence sunlight naturally filters ultraviolet radiation due to a lengthy travel through the atmosphere and its protective ozone layer compared to the short travel at the equator.

There was a time when the ozone layer was thinning and had developed a void area over the Antarctic, but the cause was discerned. It was fluorocarbons being released from two major sources into the atmosphere. Fluorocarbons are very inactive chemically so are ideal for use as propellants in aerosol sprays. They also have great thermodynamic properties as the refrigerant Freon in cooling systems. There is one thing they react with, however—ozone. The lack of chemical activity of fluorocarbons was at once its boon and its bane. It would travel from spray cans and leaky air conditioners and refrigerators through the atmosphere unaffected by anything until it reached the ozone layer, and then, it would react with and remove ozone. Once their effect on ozone was determined, their use was curtailed cooperatively throughout the world. The earth’s protective ozone layer has since recovered, and the hole in the layer over Antarctica has disappeared.

Ice ages and their interglaciations as well as the ice-free periods between ice ages are earthly stages with likely causations. The earth’s diameter of yearly revolution did not, however, grow and shrink, bringing it further from and closer to the sun, which could be an explanation but one with no apparent causal factors. There is another reason for the earth heating up and cooling off regularly, however. The sun’s power must be increasing and decreasing regularly. The sun and every star are thermodynamic engines undergoing a delicate balance between gravity, attempting to crush it into a small sphere, and nuclear pressure pushing outward due to all the continual fusion reactions occurring in its interior. If the two balance each other exactly all the time, without any causation due to changes in the earth’s core or changes due to the earth’s denizens, there would be one state of earth’s polar ice caps and glaciers at all times. An exact balance is not at all probable, though. More than likely, gravity successfully shrinks the sun to a point when the hydrogen atoms become closer together and the number of fusion reactions increase, subsequently increasing the nuclear pressure and swelling the sun, decreasing the gravitational density. The swelling of the sun would then decrease the number of fusion reactions allowing gravity to shrink it again. This overall swelling and shrinking pulsation would be the driver for the earth swinging from maximum ice-to-ice-free conditions. The interglaciation rhythm of the earth, with polar ice caps and glaciers swelling and shrinking, is probably due to wavelike gravity/nuclear pressure phenomena within the sun, which ride the overall pulsations causing ice age earth to ice-free earth similar to frequency modulation (FM) radio waves. All of this would be called conditional stabilities between gravity and nuclear pressure in every star, resulting in a pulsating energy output. But the pulses are over such long periods that their detection would be difficult since humans have only recently acquired the capability to measure it.

If the earth’s denizens are impacting the natural rhythm of the earth’s ice caps and glaciers when they change the insulation the atmosphere provides the earth due to the greenhouse effect from overuse of carbon-based fuels, the next ice-free period may come much sooner than expected and all of the earth’s coastal populations will suffer massively. Since the retreat from maximal glaciation started 20,000 years ago and the normal interglaciation cycle is 100,000 years, the minimal glaciation should be reached in about 30,000 years. This may come much quicker due to the atmospheric insulation of the greenhouse effect. It may be that the earth’s status may bypass minimal glaciation and go to an iceless earth much earlier than expected with almost all the major cities of the continental coasts deep under water.

As God prepared the massive magma chambers, beneath the Mount Toba supervolcano, for the exodus of modern man from the garden, He reflected upon His work affecting earth that would come to be useful for modern man of this era. The Mesozoic, the age of reptiles, began 252 million years ago with the Permian–Triassic extinction event