Central Nervous System Depressant Drug Abuse And Addiction:: Implications for Counseling

By IBRAHIM NUGWA ABDULRAZAK

Physicians have long known that different medications have varying effects on different persons. Drugs can, however, be grouped or categorized based on common symptomatologies or effects. These long-standing, medically accepted truths underpin the categorizing procedure. A Central Nervous System Depressant is a medicine that slows down brain activity, causing muscles to relax and calming and soothing a person. Central nervous system depressants are prescribed to treat sleeplessness, anxiety, panic attacks, and seizures. They can also help with anxiety and stress before surgery. Alcohol is an antidepressant it is a clear, colorless liquid created from ethanol and flavoring water that is fermented or brewed. Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and some sleep medications are examples of central nervous system depressants. Sedatives and tranquilizers are terms used to describe central nervous system depressants. It is also known as a CNS depressant. The book focuses on the role of a counselor and counseling techniques in managing substances in our fast moving society. The easy-to-read format of the book should make it appealing to readers. Professionals in the Social Sciences, Education, Health, and other Helping Professions will find the book highly valuable. Every family also needs to read and keep a copy.

• Language: English
• Publisher: NOOGUL ONLINE DIGITAL SERVICES
• Release date: Nov 8, 2022
• ISBN: 9781387492572

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cover-image, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION



CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION:

IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Copyright © IBRAHIM N.A

First Published, 2022

 Picture 4

ISBN: 978-1-387-49258-9

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Noogul Digital Publishing

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION:

IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING.

Edited by:

Emmanuel Ejembi Anyebe PhD, JP.

Fellow, West African Postgraduate College of Nurses and Midwives (FWAPCNM)

Fellow, African Institute of Public Health (FAIPH),

Registered Mental Health Psychiatric Nurse (RMHPN)

Associate Professor,

Mental Health Unit, Department of Nursing Sciences,

Faculty of Clinical Sciences,

College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin

Ilorin 240001,Nigeria.

Mobile: [phone]

Email: [e-mail]; [e-mail]

Ishaku Usman Gadzama PhD

Senior Lecturer,

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State

Nigeria

Email: [e-mail]

Dr. Joshua Jataunamo Oscar

Fellow, West African Postgraduate College of Nurses and Midwives (FWAPCNM)

Asst.  Director Nursing Education (Anaesthesia)

Department of Nurse Anaesthesia

Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria.

Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Email: [e-mail]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

All Rights Reserved - - - - - ii

Editors - - - - - - - ii

Table of Contents - - - - - iv

SECTION ONE: DRUG ABUSE, MISUSE AN ADDICTION:1

Drug Classification ----1

Poly Drug Use-----1

Types of Poly Drug Use----2

1.2 Drug Misuse, Drug Abuse and Addiction - - 2

Drug Misuse -----3

Drug Abuse -----4

Drug Addiction ----4

Summary-----5

SECTION TWO:  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS - - - - - - 9

How are they used? ----10

Effects of Depressants ----10

Using Depressants with other drugs --11

Health and safety ----12

Dependence and Tolerance ---12

2.2.0 Types of Central Nervous System Depressants - -

2.2.1 Alcohol - - - - - - 14

Chemical Structure ----14

Patterns of Alcohol Drinking ---15

Other Names -----17

Effects of Alcohol ----17

Overdose -----18

Coming Down -----18

Long-Term Effects ----19

The Pathophysiology of Alcohol Consummation -19

- Blackouts - - - - - 20

- Hangovers - - - - - 20

- Alcohol Metabolism - - - - 21

Alcohol and Mental Health ---21

Alcohol Intoxification ----21

Alcohol Use Disorder ----22

Tolerance and Dependence ---23

Mixing Alcohol with other Drugs --23

Withdrawal -----24

2.2.2 Benzodiazepines - - - - - 25

Chemical Structure ----25

Slang Names -----26

Types of Benzodiazepines ---26

Effects of Benzodiazepines ---27

Overdose -----28

Long Term Effects----28

Using Benzodiazepines with other Drugs -29

Withdrawal -----29

3.2.3 GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate) - - 31

Chemical Structure ----31

Other Names -----31

How is it used?-----32

Effects of GHB -----32

Overdose -----33

Long-Term Effects ----33

Using GHB with other drugs ---33

Withdrawal -----34

3.2.4 KAVA - - - - - - 35

Chemical Structure ----35

Other Names -----36

How is it used? -----36

- Pacific Islands - - - - 36

- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People 36

- Herbal Preparations - - - 36

Effects of Kava -----37

Long-Term Effects ----38

Impact of Mood and Environment --38

Using Kava with other Drugs ---39

- Problems of Long-term Use of Kava - 39

- Reducing Harm - - - - 40

- Seek Medical Advice for Kava Symptoms 40

Withdrawal -----41

Summary -----42

SECTION THREE: COUNSELLING FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

3.0 Defining Counselling - - - - - 46

Substance Abuse and Substance Use Disorder Counselor47

- Drug Addiction Counselors Responsibilities - 48

- Services Provided - - - 49

Substance Abuse vs. Addiction ---49

3.1 Causes & Risk Factors for Addiction - - 50

3.2 Types & Levels of Rehab Treatment - - 51

Detoxification -----51

Inpatient/residential Rehabilitation--51

Outpatient rehab & Intensive Outpatient Programs-52

3.3 Drug Addiction Therapy Programs - - - 53

Addiction Treatment ----53

Behavioural Therapy ----54

- Individual, Group & family Therapy - 54

- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - 55

- Contingency Management (CM) - - 56

- Motivational Interviewing (MI) - - 57

- Dialectal Behavioural Therapy (DBT) - 58

- Eye movement Desensitization and

Reprocessing (EMDR) - - - 59

- Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) 60

- Seeking Safety & Other Trauma Focused

Therapies - - - - 63

- Matrix Model - - - - 64

- 12-Step Facilitation - - - 64

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