Digital Electronics for Beginners: 1, #1

By Raja Suresh, Mahesh Mudavath, S. R. Jena and K. Nagendrakumar

Today's World is now-a-days completely dependent on Digital systems. To fulfill the need of Digital circuits has raised up to the maximum level. For this reason we the authors have designed this fundamental book for beginners to fulfill the basic needs of a graduate student. Digital IC design is a procedural process that involves converting specifications and features into digital blocks and then further into logic circuits. Many of the constraints associated with digital IC design come from the foundry process and technological limitations.

 

Design skill and ingenuity are key at the higher level stages of digital IC design and the development of systems and processes that ensure a design meets specification as efficiently as possible.

 

Moreover, Digital electronics deals with the electronic manipulation of numbers, or with the manipulation of varying quantities by means of numbers. Because it is convenient to do so, today's digital systems deal only with the numbers 'zero' and 'one', because they can be represented easily by 'off and 'on' within a circuit. Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, often packaged in integrated circuits. Complex devices may have simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Soumya Ranjan Jena
• Release date: Jul 26, 2022
• ISBN: 9798201885328

Book preview

Raja Suresh

Dr. Mahesh Mudavath

S. R. Jena

K. Nagendrakuma

PREFACE

Today’s World is now-a-days completely dependent on Digital systems. To fulfill the need of Digital circuits has raised up to the maximum level. For this reason we the authors have designed this fundamental book for beginners to fulfill the basic needs of a graduate student. Digital IC design is a procedural process that involves converting specifications and features into digital blocks and then further into logic circuits. Many of the constraints associated with digital IC design come from the foundry process and technological limitations.

Design skill and ingenuity are key at the higher level stages of digital IC design and the development of systems and processes that ensure a design meets specification as efficiently as possible.

Moreover, Digital electronics deals with the electronic manipulation of numbers, or with the manipulation of varying quantities by means of numbers. Because it is convenient to do so, today’s digital systems deal only with the numbers ‘zero’ and ‘one’, because they can be represented easily by ‘off and ‘on’ within a circuit. Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, often packaged in integrated circuits. Complex devices may have simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions.

- Authors

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

profile image Mr. Raja Suresh is a Business Person, presently working as a Managing Director of Ekalavya Innovative Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A person in a suit Description automatically generated with medium confidence Dr. Mahesh Mudavath was born in Kesamudram, Mahabubabad, Telangana state, India. He received the B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from JNTU Hyderabad, India. He received M.Tech degree in VLSI Design from C-DAC Mohali, Chandigarh, India. He received Ph.D. degree in the field of VLSI Design from Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF) (KL deemed to be university), Guntur, India. Presently he is working as Professor in the Dept. of ECE in

Jayamukhi Institute of Technological Sciences, Narsampet, Warangal, Telangana state. He has published good number of papers in Scopus Journal, Springer, SCI and reputed journals. He has published 4 Engineering books. He is reviewer for several International Journals/Conferences. His research interests include CMOS Analog/Digital Circuits, RF wireless transceiver Design, and Low Noise Amplifier Design. He is a life member of ISTE.

––––––––

Mr. Soumya Ranjan Jena is currently working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Computer Science and Technology at Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science (UGC-Autonomous), Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India. He has completed M.Tech in IT from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, B.Tech in CSE from BPUT, Odisha and CCNA from CTTC. He has published 4 books, 12 Scopus indexed research papers, 23 WoS indexed research papers, and 5 patents. His research interests include Cloud and Distributed Computing, IoT, Green

Computing etc.

––––––––

Mr. K. Nagendrakumar currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electronics and Communications Engineering, SVR Engineering College, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India. He received the B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering in 2009 from St. Johns College of Engineering & Technology, Yemmiganur, A.P, India and M.Tech in VLSI System Design at PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and Science, Kavali, Nellore District, A.P, India in 2013. His areas of interest in research are artificial intelligence and machine

learning. He is the member of IETE and IAENG.

CONTENTS

––––––––

Chaper-1: Basics of Digital Electronics 1-8 Chaper-2: Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra 9-42 Chapter-3 Logic Families and Flip-Flops 43-58 Chapter-4 Registers and Their Working 59-82

Chapter-5 Understanding the Combinational Circuits 83-101

CHAPTER – 1

BASICS OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

1.1  Introduction

Digital electronics is a field of electronics involving the study of digital signals and the engineering of devices that use or produce them. Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, often packaged in integrated circuits.

Advantages of Digital System

The transmission of data in digital systems takes place without degradation due to noise when compared to an analog system.

The digital system comes with noise-immunity, which makes the storage of data easier. Whereas the analog system undergoes wear and tear, which degrades the information in storage.

The digital system comes with an interface with computers which makes it easy to control the data. The system can be kept bug free by updating the software. This feature is not available in the analog system.

Applications of Digital Circuits

Digital electronics or digital circuits are an integral part of electronic devices and here are the uses of digital circuits:

The display of digital watches is designed based on digital circuits.

Rocket science and quantum computing use digital electronics.

The automatic doors work on the principle of digital electronics.

Everyday encounters with traffic lights are based on digital circuits.

1.2  An overview & number systems

The number system or the numeral system is the system of naming or representing numbers. We know that a number is a mathematical value that helps to count or measure objects and it helps in performing various mathematical calculations. There are different types of number systems in Maths like decimal number system, binary number system, octal number system, and hexadecimal number system.

A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It is the mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a unique representation of every number and represents the arithmetic and

algebraic structure of the figures. It also allows us to operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and division.

The value of any digit in a number can be determined by:

The digit

Its position in the number

The base of the number system

A number is a mathematical value used for counting or measuring or labeling objects. Numbers are used to perform arithmetic calculations. Examples of numbers are natural numbers, whole numbers, rational and irrational numbers, etc. 0 is also a number that represents a null value.

A number has many other variations such as even and odd numbers, prime and composite numbers. Even and odd terms are used when a number is divisible by 2 or not, whereas prime and composite differentiate between the numbers that have only two factors and more than two factors, respectively.

In a number system, these numbers are used as digits. 0 and 1 are the most common digits in the number system that are used to represent binary numbers. On the other hand, 0 to 9 digits are also used for other number systems. Let us learn here the types of number systems.

1.3  Types of number system

There are various types of number systems in mathematics. The four most common number system types are:

a)  Decimal number system (Base- 10)

b)  Binary number system (Base- 2)

c)  Octal number system (Base-8)

d)  Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)

a) Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number System)

The decimal number system has a base of 10