Nanotechnology for CO2 Utilization in Oilfield Applications

By Tushar Sharma, Krishna Raghav Chaturvedi and Japan Trivedi

Nanotechnology for CO2 Utilization in Oilfield Applications delivers a critical reference for petroleum and reservoir engineers to learn the latest advancements of combining the use of CO2 and nanofluids to lower carbon footprint. Starting with the existing chemical and physical methods employed for synthesizing nanofluids, the reference moves into the scalability and fabrication techniques given for all the various nanofluids currently used in oilfield applications. This is followed by various, relevant characterization techniques. Advancing on, the reference covers nanofluids used in drilling, cementing, and EOR fluids, including their challenges and implementation problems associated with the use of nanofluids.

Finally, the authors discuss the combined application of CO2 and nanofluids, listing challenges and benefits of CO2, such as carbonation capacity of nanofluids via rheological analysis for better CO2 utilization. Supported by visual world maps on CCS sites and case studies across the industry, this book gives today’s engineers a much-needed tool to lower emissions.

• Covers applications for the scalability and reproducibility of fabrication techniques for various nanofluids used in the oilfield, including visual world maps that showcase current stages and future CCS sites
• Helps readers understand CO2 case studies for subsurface applications, including CO2 injection into depleted reservoirs
• Provides knowledge on the existing challenges and hazards involved in CO2 for safer utilization

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Jun 15, 2022
• ISBN: 9780323906517

Tushar Sharma

Dr. Tushar Sharma is currently working as an Associate Professor at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Jais, India. He is also the Head & Lead Instructor at Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory at RGIPT. His main areas of research include Enhanced Oil Recovery, Nanofluids, Emulsions, and Rheology and has expertise in the handling of Rheometers, Core-flooding equipment, and surface tensiometers. Dr. Sharma received his doctoral degree from IIT Madras for his work on Pickering emulsions and their application in EOR. He has authored over 55 papers in leading international journals. Dr. Sharma has also conducted training seminars for engineers from multiple oil and gas corporations. Beyond his immediate area of expertise, Dr. Sharma is also the faculty coordinator of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) student chapter of RGIPT.

Book preview

Chapter 1: Introduction

Krishna Raghav Chaturvedia; Japan J. Trivedib; Tushar Sharmaa    a Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Engineering and Geoengineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, India

b Faculty of Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief introduction on the need of including nanotechnology in oilfield applications by stressing upon the rise in carbon emissions and the role of hydrocarbon industry in combatting climate change.

Keywords

Climate change; Carbon emissions; Introduction; Industry; Keeling curve

1.1: Background

Empirical data has suggested that the burning of fossil fuels is directly responsible for the increase in the level of CO2 in the atmosphere (see Fig. 1.1). This increase in CO2 emissions has directly led to an increase in erratic weather patterns worldwide, which continue to pose a challenge for human living and sustenance worldwide (Bui et al., 2018; House et al., 2006). Recent years have seen a surge in interest in initiatives to reduce its atmospheric concentration.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1 Plot of CO 2 emissions and atmospheric accumulation of CO 2 as a function of time. It can be observed that there is a direct correlation between these two.

Simultaneously, rising living standards in developing economies (especially India, China, and Nigeria) are predicted to boost global energy consumption, with the majority of this additional demand expected to be met mostly through the use of fossil fuels (Machale et al., 2019; Zou et al., 2016). As a result, it is critical that current technology and processes that enable both, namely, CO2 reduction in the environment and improved hydrocarbon recovery from existing oilfields, are developed and applied. Numerous small-scale research successes in CO2 collection and sequestration have been described (Núñez-López and Moskal, 2019; Sanna et al., 2017). Amines, ionic liquids, porous materials such as polymers or graphene, and nanoparticles are used in some of these technologies, among others (NPs). One approach is to use CO2 on a wide scale for subsurface storage and oil recovery optimization (Fig. 1.2), where CO2 is predicted to provide appropriate miscibility with limited oil and mobilize its lighter hydrocarbon components to the surface (Chaturvedi et al., 2019, 2018; Honarvar et al., 2017; Ruidiaz et al., 2018).

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.2 Sequence of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). This work has majorly focused on the geological storage and utilization (enhanced oil recovery) of CO 2 .

1.2: Challenges with CO2 injection and utilization in oilfield applications

However, injecting CO2 as a gas (for either gas storage or improved oil recovery) complicates matters further because CO2 has a penchant for fingering through the remaining liquid layers (Lee and Kam, 2013; Xu et al., 2016). CO2 is a lighter gas than crude oil, and it undergoes early breakthrough due to bypassing and viscous fingering effects. This affects the efficiency of CO2-geological storage and volumetric sweep substantially (Cao and Gu, 2013; Farzaneh and Sohrabi, 2015; Kargozarfard et al., 2019). This not only reduces the volumetric storage capacity of the injected gas, but it also wastes costly and environmentally deteriorating CO2 gas (Chaturvedi et al., 2021). Furthermore, due to the reservoir’s narrow pore throats, which generate blockages and bypass oil pockets, the large CO2 bubbles (see Fig. 1.3) created as a result of gas mobility in porous medium are unable to enter the smaller pores, causing obstructions and bypassing oil pockets (Kargozarfard et al., 2019). CO2 is also gravitationally separated (the heavier formation fluids push the lighter gas higher), weakening gas storage integrity, and perhaps leading in early leakage (Bisweswar et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2016).

Fig. 1.3

Fig. 1.3 Existing challenges with CO 2 injection in porous media. Adapted from Chaturvedi, K.R., Sharma, T., 2021. Enhanced carbon capture and storage in depleted sandstone reservoirs using silica nanofluids. Mater. Today Proc. 46, 5298–5303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.782.

As a result, new additives must be created to either viscosify the CO2 or inject an additional fluid before gas flow to draw back the CO2 during injection, similar to just how polymers are used to address water-channeling difficulties (Wang et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2011).

1.3: Why current alternatives do not work?

Both polymers and surfactants, which are now used in EOR operations, are commonly used as additives to reduce the mobility of injected CO2 gas (Siano and Bock, 1986; Wibowo et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2019). Surfactants are routinely added to injection fluids due to their inherent ability to lower the interfacial tension (IFT) between the injected fluid and the crude oil, hence facilitating quicker mobilization (Hosseini-Nasab and Zitha, 2017; Mohajeri et al., 2015; Talebian et al., 2014). On the other hand, surfactants adsorb on the rock surface, reducing their total efficacy in field applications (Bera et al., 2013; Shu et al., 2014). Additionally, polymers can be introduced to injection fluid to enhance its viscosity and hence replace oil via the macroscopic process. Polymers, on the other hand, degrade at elevated temperatures, posing both operational and ecological concerns (Xiong et al., 2018). Additionally, polymers have low capabilities to mobilize oil from cores with low permeability (Huang et al., 2020). Also, injection of polymer solutions into subsurface formations over an extended period of time is undesirable because it has a tendency to choke pore throats (Sugar et al., 2020). Table 1.1 contains a list of chemical compounds that are used to limit CO2 mobility.

Table 1.1

As a consequence, a suitable chemical addition must be identified to increase CO2 retention in rocks where the use of typical chemical additions is limited due to unfavorable conditions.

1.4: What the book aims to achieve?

Nanofluids are a relatively recent technical advancement in the field of material science that have the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of processes in a wide variety of industrial applications (Choi and Eastman, 1995). Nanofluids are made up of solid nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in a solution, most frequently water. When compared to the base fluid and comparable micrometer-sized particles of the same material, nanofluids demonstrate improved heat and mass transfer, electrical conductivity, rheological behavior, and flow control (Liu et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2013; Wei and Wang, 2010). This enhanced performance of nanofluids can be due to their smaller size, which enables the presence of more atoms on their surface, hence boosting their physical and chemical interaction and generating excellent surface area/volume proportions (Gosens et al., 2010; Negin et al., 2016). Researchers are investigating the use of nanofluids to improve the flow properties of fluids (Minakov et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2016b; Zamani et al., 2013), as coolant and heat flux fluids (Koca et al., 2018; Wahab et al., 2019), in solar heating (Natarajan and Sathish, 2009), and for Capturing CO2 and transport (Ehtesabi et al., 2015; Suleimanov et al., 2011; Wei et al., 2016). Due to their simplicity of fabrication, cheap cost of synthesis, and increased appropriateness for surface modification, silica nanofluids (SiO2/water) have found widespread use in a variety of industrial applications (Chaturvedi and Sharma, 2020; Zhang et al., 2016a). NPs increase process efficiency by reducing CO2-water surface forces (to form CO2 foam) (Chen et al., 2018; Khajehpour et al., 2016), increasing water viscosity (a phenomenon known as the polymer effect), and incorporating active surface sites of tiny nanoparticles (NPs) into solution for increased CO2 molecule absorption (Chaturvedi et al., 2018; Haghtalab et al., 2015). The ability of NP-based formulations to absorb CO2 is also related to their high surface area per volume and increased rheological qualities (Sharma et al., 2016a). Additionally, using NPs reduces the surface tension of the gas-water system while forming CO2 bubbles, resulting in improved in situ absorption. Additionally, the presence of nanofluids enables the splitting of big CO2 bubbles into smaller CO2 bubbles, allowing them to reach a larger region of the reservoir (see Fig. 1.4). Nanofluids can be utilized as a solvent to increase CO2 absorption values relative to their base fluid and to minimize unfavorable CO2 mobility in the reservoir. In addition, due to problems such as NP agglomeration, decreased dispersion stability, and premature deposition due to gravitational forces, developing a nanofluid is important for any commercial application (Chaturvedi et al., 2020; Setia et al., 2013). NPs are solid particles that aggregate into NP clusters that are larger and denser than the individual NPs in a nanofluid. Due to gravity action, these clusters may settle more quickly, resulting in diminished dispersion stability in a nanofluid, which will be recognized as an instability colloidal solution for CO2 absorption.

Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.4 Role of nanofluids as mobility control agents in CO 2 injection. Adapted from Chaturvedi and Sharma Chaturvedi, K.R., Sharma, T., 2021. Enhanced carbon capture and storage in depleted sandstone reservoirs using silica nanofluids. Mater. Today Proc. 46, 5298–5303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.782.

Thus, nanofluids formed in a lower viscosity base fluid (such as water) have a greater proclivity for settlement, rendering the water nanofluid unstable (Ilyas et al., 2017). However, their broader value in flow and heat transfer applications is limited by their tendency to agglomerate in the base fluid (which lowers surface area but conserves mass) (Loria et al., 2011). This results in an increase in the size of suspended particles (due to the production of homo-aggregates), which are more prone to aggregating and adhering to one another (Solangi et al., 2015). Thus, it is vital to design a more stable nanofluid that allows the majority of NPs to participate effectively in the various CO2 EOR processes, which is the fundamental objective of our work.

1.5: Scope of the book

The scope of the book is divided into several subsections that are noteworthy to achieve the proposed objective of the application of nanotechnology for carbon utilization in oilfield applications.

The scope involves:

1.Synthesis and characterization of novel single-step and two-step silica nanofluids/ nanomaterials for their dispersion stability.

2.Investigate the dispersion stability and rheological properties of formulated nanofluids under desired conditions.

3.Elaborate on the need for CO2 application in oilfield applications by exploring the philosophy behind CO2 emissions and the role of nanotechnology in it.

4.Quantify CO2 absorption, retention, and foaming ability of silica nanofluids for injection in porous media.

5.Determine compatibility of formulated nanofluid with conventional oilfield additives like surfactants for chemical and CO2-based EOR.

6.Elaborate on the rheological characterization of the nanomaterials.

7.Investigate nanofluid role in various applications of CO2 in oilfield applications like CWI, foam flooding and report on their synergy observed in lab-scale testing.

8.Explore methodologies for the use of nanofluid for gas hydrate synthesis in hydrocarbon formation.

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