American Learned Men and Women with Czechoslovak Roots: Intellectuals - Scholars and Scientists Who Made a Difference

By Mila Rechcigl

Apart from a few articles, no comprehensive study has been written about the learned men and women in America with Czechoslovak roots. That’s what this compendium is all about, with the focus on immigration from the period of mass migration and beyond, irrespective whether they were born in their European ancestral homes or whether they have descended from them. Czech and Slovak immigrants, including Bohemian Jews, have brought to the New World their talents, their ingenuity, their technical skills, their scientific knowhow, and their humanistic and spiritual upbringing, reflecting upon the richness of their culture and traditions, developed throughout centuries in their ancestral home. This accounts for the remarkable success and achievements of these settlers in their new home, transcending through their descendants, as this monograph demonstrates.
The monograph has been organized into sections by subject areas, i.e., Scholars, Social Scientists, Biological Scientists, and Physical Scientists. Each individual entry is usually accompanied with literature, and additional biographical sources for readers who wish to pursue a deeper study. The selection of individuals has been strictly based on geographical ground, without regards to their native language or ethical background. This was because under the Habsburg rule the official language was German and any nationalistic aspirations were not tolerated. Consequently, it would be virtually impossible to determine their innate ethnic roots or how the respective individuals felt. Doing it in any other way would be a mere guessing, and, thus, less objective.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Nov 18, 2020
• ISBN: 9781728371597

Mila Rechcigl

Míla Rechcigl, as he likes to be called, is a versatile person with many talents, a man of science and organization professionally, and Renaissance man by breadth of his knowledge and scholarly interests. Born in Czechoslovakia to a son of the youngest member of the Czechoslovak Parliament, he spent the War years under Nazi occupation and after the Communist’s coup d’état escaped to the West and immigrated to the US. He received training as biochemist at Cornell University and later served as a research biochemist at NIH. Following his additional training he became a science administrator, first at the DHEW and later at US Department of State and AID. Apart from his scientific and science administrative pursuits, he served as an editor of several scientific series and authored more than thirty books and handbooks. Beyond that, he is considered an authority on immigration history, on which subject he had written extensively. He was also one of the founders of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU) and for many years served as its President.

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AUTHORED OR EDITED BY MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR.

Scholarly Publications:

Celebrities and Less Famed Americans Married to Women of Bohemian and Czech Ancestry

and their Ancestry

Notable American Women with Czechoslovak Roots

Notable Americans with Slovak Roots

American Jews with Czechoslovak Roots

Czechs Won’t Get Lost in the World, Let Alone in America

Beyond the Sea of Beer. History of Immigration of Bohemians and Czechs to the New World

Encyclopedia of Bohemian and Czech-American Biography 3 vols.

Czech It Out. Czech American Biography Sourcebook

Czech American Timetable. Chronology of Milestones in the History of Czechs in America.

Czech American Bibliography. A Comprehensive Listing

Czechmate. From Bohemian Paradise to American Haven. A Personal Memoir

On Behalf of their Homeland: Fifty Years of SVU

Czechs and Slovaks in America

Czech and Slovak American Archival Materials and their Preservation

Czechoslovak American Archivalia 2 vols.

Czech-American Historic Sites, Monuments, and Memorials

US Legislators with Czechoslovak Roots

Educators with Czechoslovak Roots

Deceased Members of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences

Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences Directory: 8 editions

Studies in Czechoslovak History 2 vols.

Czechoslovakia Past and Present 2 vols.

The Czechoslovak Contribution to World Culture

Scientific Monographs:

Nutrition and the World Food Problem

Comparative Animal Nutrition. Vol. 1. Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Accessory Growth Factors

Comparative Animal Nutrition. Vol. 2 Nutrient Elements and Toxicants

Comparative Animal Nutrition. Vol. 3. Nitrogen, Electrolytes, Water and Energy Metabolism

Comparative Animal Nutrition. Vol. 4. Physiology of Growth and Nutrition

Man, Food and Nutrition. Strategies and Technol. Measures for Alleviating the World Food Problem

World Food Problem: A Selective Bibliography of Reviews

Food, Nutrition and Health. A Multidisciplinary Treatise

Enzyme Synthesis and Degradation in Mammalian Systems

Microbodies and Related Particles

Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food: 18 vols.

Czech Publications:

Češi se ve svĕtĕ neztratí, natož v Americe

Tam za tím mořem piva aneb Naše Amerika, jak ji málokdo zná

Pro Vlast. Padesát let Společnosti pro vědy a umění

Postavy naší Ameriky

American

Learned

Men and

Women with

Czechoslovak

Roots

Intellectuals - Scholars and Scientists

Who Made a Difference

MILOSLAV RECHCIGL, JR.

SVU Scholar-in-Residence and Past President

Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU)

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AuthorHouse™

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Copyright © 2020 Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse   11/16/2020

ISBN: 978-1-7283-7160-3 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-7283-7159-7 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020916288

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models,

and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

In affection, to my

devoted wife Eva,

loving children Karen and Jack,

adorable grandchildren Kristin, Paul, Lindsey, Kevin and Greg,

dear daughter-in-law Nancy

and

in memory of our beloved parents

CONTENTS

Foreword

Preface

I    A Retrospective Look At Science And Scholarshp

II    Scholars

A. Archeologists

B. Archivists & Bibliographers & Encyclopedists

C. Historians

1. General

2. Art Historians

3. Music Historians, Music Critics, Musicologists

4. Performing Arts Historians and Educators

5. Family Historians, Genealogists

E. Language and Literary Scholars

1. Classical Languages

2. English Language

3. Germanic Languages

4. Romance Languages

5. Slavic Languages

6. Near Eastern Languages

7. Far Eastern Languages

8. African Languages

9. Other Languages

10. Comparative Literature Specialists

F. Linguists

G. Legal Scholars

G. Philosophers

H. Theologians

1. Catholic

2. Protestant

3. Jewish

4. Other

III    Social Scientists

A. Anthropologists

B. Communication Specialists

C. Economists

D. Finance Specialists

E. Geographers and Area Specialists

F. Information Specialists

G. Management and Business Administration Specialists

H. Pedagogists

I. Political Scientists

J. Psychologists (Social)

K. Social Work Specialists

L. Sociologists

M. Urban & Regional Planners

IV   Biological Scientists

A. Anatomists

B. Biochemists

C. Biologists

1. General

2. Cell Biologists

3. Development Biologists

4. Molecular Biologists

D. Biophysicists

E. Botanists

F. Geneticists

G. Immunologists, Immunochemists

H. Microbiologists

I. Neuroscientists

J. Nutritionists

K. Pathologists

L. Pharmacologists

M. Physical Anthropologists

N. Physiologists

O. Zoologists

V    Physical Scientists

A. Astronomers, Astrophysicists

B. Chemists

C. Physicists

D. Mathematicians

E. Statisticians

Abbreviations To Frequent References

Other Abbreviations And Acronyms

FOREWORD

The fate of smaller nations often reflects on their sons and daughters. Born with a language which never aspired to be used by people who were not bound to the land, being part of history which will never be recognized as the continent’s or even a world shaping factor, these sons and daughters of smaller nations learn how to hide who they really are as it bears no importance to others.

Yet, each of us is to a certain level defined by the place and language of our birth, irrespective of our public persona and individual traits. Deep inside, we share undeniable characteristics with others coming from the same place. It is no different for Americans of Czech and Slovak origin. As particular as they must be over the centuries and challenges of their own time, they do resemble each other in at least what they aspire to and what they see as the basic values in their lives.

In his latest book, Mila Rechcigl tries to capture this elusive phenomena of Czech-ness and Slovak-ness in the lives of intellectuals and learned men of the American continent. Quite often, we are surprised how many of them could have claimed to be of Czecho-Slovak origin because they themselves never did. Moreover, the concept of the nation-state had often not been established in their time. Nevertheless, they do have something in common. Coming to the new lands with usually high qualifications, they achieve in intellectual fields what they would not be allowed to achieve in their motherland because of their origin, religion, politics of the time, and the minority native language they share. America opened up a new playing field to them and they were more than prepared to make use of it.

Let us enjoy this journey through American, Czech, and Slovak history and celebrate how we enriched each other throughout the centuries. There is a lesson to be seen in this book. You cannot know who one is unless you know where he or she is from and how it all started.

Dr, Hynek Kmonicek

Czech Ambassador to the USA

Washington, July 23,2020

PREFACE

Apart from a few articles, no comprehensive study has been undertaken about the learned men and women in America with Czechoslovak roots. The aim of this compendium is to correct this glaring deficiency, with the focus on immigration from the period of mass migration and beyond, irrespective whether they were born in their European ancestral homes or whether they have descended from them. Czech and Slovak immigrants, including Bohemian Jews, have brought to the New World their talents, their ingenuity, their technical skills, their scientific knowhow, and their humanistic and spiritual upbringing, reflecting upon the richness of their culture and traditions, developed throughout centuries in their ancestral home. This accounts for the remarkable success and achievements of these settlers in their new home, transcending through their descendants, as this publication verifies.

The monograph has been organized into sections by subject areas, i.e., Scholars, Social Scientists, Biological Scientists, and Physical Scientists. Each individual entry is usually accompanied with literature, and additional biographical sources for readers who wish to pursue a deeper study. The selection of individuals has been strictly based on geographical ground, without regards to their native language or ethnical background. This was because under the Habsburg rule the official language was German and any nationalistic aspirations were not tolerated. Consequently, it would be virtually impossible to determine their innate ethnic roots or how the respective individuals felt. Doing it in any other way would be a mere guessing, and, thus, less objective.

Some of the entries may surprise you, because their Czech or Slovak ancestry has not been generally known. There are at least 15 Nobel Prize recipients among them, as well as some 40 members of the prestigious National Academy of Sciences and the countless Pulitzer Prize winners. Further research may actually disclose additional names.

What is striking is a large percentage of these individuals being Jewish, which is a reflection of high-level of education and intellect of Bohemian Jews. A large number of accomplished women in this study is also astounding, considering that, in the 19th century, they rarely had careers and most professions refused entry to them.

I

A RETROSPECTIVE LOOK AT

SCIENCE AND SCHOLARSHP

Very few people are cognizant of the fact that the earliest Czech immigration to the New World commenced with scientists and technically-trained individuals, from, the then ancient Kingdom of Bohemia.¹

First Czech Colonists and Immigrants in the New World - All evidence seems to indicate that the first visitors from the Czechlands to the Western Hemisphere were sent there because of their particular technical or scientific skills. This was the case of the Jáchymov miners, employed by the banking house of the Welser family, who were dispatched, before 1528, to Little Napes (the present Venezuela) in order to establish silver mines there.²

Latin America was opened for missionary work to Bohemian Jesuits in the second half of the 17th century. At least half of these missionaries were skilled craftsmen or members of learned professions, including scientists.³ The most important among them was Valentin Stansel (1621-1705), professor of rhetoric and mathematics at Olomouc and Prague. In 1656, he came to Brazil, where he was attached to Jesuit College and Seminary of San Salvador (Bahia) and where he filled the position of Professor of Moral Theology and later that of Superior of the College. He was an astronomer of note who made extensive observations, particularly on comets, the results of which were published under his assumed name of ‘Estancel.’⁴

The first documented instance of a Bohemian setting foot on North American shores is that of Joachim Gans of Prague, who came to Roanoke, North Carolina in 1585, with the expedition organized by Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618). Gans was a scientist of note and a metallurgist who mastered the skills of dressing and smelting copper.’ Master Youngham,’ as he was affectionally called by the English, was held in considerable esteem by his fellow colonists, which is not surprising, considering his extraordinary knowledge of metallurgy and the fact that one of the goals of the expedition was to search for exploitable deposits of precious metals.⁵

Interestingly, the first Bohemian, who permanently settled in America, was also an individual of scientific training and background. He was Augustine Herman (1621-1686), who, by his own account, was a native of Prague, who, for sentimental reasons, always signed his name as Augustine Herman Bohemiensis. He was a surveyor and skilled draftsman, successful planter and developer of new lands and shrewd and enterprising merchant, a bold politician and eloquent and effective diplomat, fluent in a number of languages. One of his greatest achievements was his celebrated map of Maryland and Virginia, commissioned by Lord Baltimore, which took ten years to complete. Lord Baltimore was so pleased with the map that he rewarded Herman with a large estate, named by Herman, ‘Bohemia Manor,’ and also the hereditary title ‘Lord.’⁶

The last pioneer to be mentioned here was a bona fide scientist, Thaddaeus Haenke (1761-1817), a native of Chřibská, Bohemia. This noted botanist and explorer made numerous trips along the coast of South America, Central America, and North America, as far as Alaska. From 1789 to 1794, he also sailed, across the Pacific to the Marianas, the Philippines, the east coast of Australia and Tonga Archipelago to Callao (1789-94). He commenced to cross South America from Lima, Peru to Buenos Aires, Argentina and settled in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in 1796. He collected flora in Guam, explored regions in internal South America, collected and described plants and their significance to agriculture, medicine and technology in Cochabamba and was initiator of the Chilean saltpeter industry (potassium nitrate).⁷

The first significant wave of Czech immigrants to America was that of Moravian Brethren who began arriving there in the first half of the eighteenth century. They became not only successful farmers in their new country, but they became known throughout the land as skillful tradesmen, including blacksmithing, carpentry, and pottery making. Most of them acquired their technical knowhow and skills in their native land which may have been a precondition for their immigration to America, to be ready for their missionary work. They became known for making some of the finest products available in the colonies. Additionally, the Brethren’s boarding schools and academies were recognized for providing the highest quality education, for both girls and boys.⁸

Czech Scientific, Technical, Scholarly and Spiritual Tradition - People knowledgeable of Czech history would readily recognize that these pioneering efforts of Czech immigrants were the reflection of the Czech culture and traditions, developed throughout centuries in their ancestral home. The industrial nature, skill, workmanship, and precision were attributes that made the Czech tradesmen famous throughout Europe. To become a tradesman or craftsman required on the job training, schooling, as well as apprenticeship with a master tradesman or craftsman and usually several years of experience abroad. Until 1859, craftsmen and artisans in the Czechlands were organized in guilds (cechy) which enjoyed special privileges.⁹

As for science, Czechs have had a long tradition in this area, just as Czech scholarship and their education.¹⁰ One of the chief characteristics of science is its universality.¹¹ Just as with music, whose universal nature has made Czechoslovakia famous throughout the world, similarly, the universality of science accounts for at least some of the accomplishments Czechs have made in this area, in spite of all obstacles they have encountered throughout their turbulent history.¹²

From the 12th to the 14th centuries, their capital city Prague was the alchemical and mystical center of Europe. Situated equidistant between Eastern and Western Europe, situated strategically between Rome, Paris, and Constantinople, it was considered the ‘heart of the continent.’ It was here that Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the King of Bohemia of the new Luxembourg dynasty, made his home, growing it into the third largest city in Europe at the time. Their famous Charles University which bears Charles IV’s name, was established in 1348, being the first university in Central Europe.

Apart from alchemy, it was astronomy that made Prague famous. It was there, where the canon of Vyšehrad recorded in the first half of the 12th century into his chronicle some observed astronomical and meteorological observations. Centuries later, Johannes Kepler’s astronomical findings in Prague have reached a starry fame in his treatise Somnium se De astronomia Lunari.¹³ Even before Kepler, a prominent Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe moved to the Imperial Bohemian Court in 1599 whose work in developing astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions of stars paved the way for future discoveries.¹⁴

As for their technical knowhow in the Czechlands, that was not limited to their skillful tradesmen and artisans. Czech engineers have had a world-wide reputation. At the higher education level, the Czech Technical University in Prague was the oldest technical university in the world, dating back to 1707.¹⁵

Among technical fields, two areas deserve mentioning, mining and metallurgy, which were suited for a country rich in gold, silver, and other precious metals. The famous silver mines in Kutná Hora and later the Jáchymov mines had become renowned for their silver pieces coined there. In fact, the American word ‘dollar’ has its origin in the famous Jáchymov ‘thaller. Early Bohemians pioneered new scientific approaches to agriculture, brewing and aquaculture, which were the envy of other nations. Typified by German saying Schäfereien, Bräuhauser and Teich machen die böhmischen Herren reich." Industry in the Czechlands, generally, has had a world-wide reputation and, even under the Habsburg domination, Bohemia was the heart and the power house of the Austrian Empire, which could not have lasted without its existence.

It was not just scientific and technical tradition the people in the Czechlands possessed, it was also their humanistic, scholarly, pedagogical, and spiritual tradition, woven with democratic and moral ideology they endured. The famed Jan Amos Komenský (John Amos Comenius) (1592-1670) was a best personification of that. This eminent Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian is considered the father of modern education. He served as the last Bishop of the Unity of the Brethren before becoming a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. As an educator and theologian, he led schools and advised governments across Protestant Europe through the middle of the seventeenth century. Comenius was a man ahead of his time. Many of his ideas such as integrated learning, collaborative teaching, and the concept of developing the life-long learner are part modern day pedagogy in teacher-training programs. He also believed that the teacher is essential to the education process and needs to be respected and justly compensated. Most of his ideas were not well received during his lifetime and were not universally accepted. He also wrote some of the first texts containing illustrations.

Comenius was, in effect, the culmination of the Renaissance and Reformation movements, many of which had their beginnings in Bohemia, due to the efforts of Jan Hus, a Czech theologian and philosopher, who became a church reformer and inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor of Protestantism and seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. He promulgated his ideas, way before Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. In 1415, he was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church.¹⁶

Czech eminent philosopher Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937), the future President of the Czechoslovakia, has gone further, adding humanity to the heritage of the Czech Reformation, pointing out that the former should be understood in religious context. "Humanity is our national task, elaborated and handed down to us by our Unitas fratrum. The ideal of humanity is the full meaning of our national life." ¹⁷

Mass Migration to America - With the onset of mass migration from the Czechlands to the US, in the middle of the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of immigrants came to seek better economic conditions and greater political freedom or to escape conscription into the Austrian army. Most of these were immigrants of humble origins and limited schooling who had to perform menial jobs to support their families. Being of the ‘old school,’ they believed in the importance of education and put much of their savings into educating their children. It is not surprising to find a relatively large number of college graduates among the first generation Czech Americans, some of whom attained prominence in various fields of human endeavor, including the sciences. The number of learned people dramatically increased in the following generations.¹⁸

As for the Slovaks, their mass migration began some 25 years later, although a few individuals from Slovakia appeared in America earlier.¹⁹

Mass migration of Czechs and Slovaks to the US practically stopped after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 and the advent Congressional restriction of immigration in the mid-1920s. A renewed emigration from the Czechlands was precipitated by the Nazi occupation of the Sudetenland in October 1938 and the rest of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939. Another large exodus of refugees occurred after the communist coup in 1948. Still another arrived in 1968 and 1969, when Soviet forces crushed the liberalized Dubček regime. These last three waves of immigration were largely political and included a high proportion of professionals and intellectuals. At that time, some of the best Czech and Slovak scientists and engineers came to America, where they continued their distinguished careers, with relative ease.²⁰

Learned America Men and Women with Czechoslovak Roots - Apart from a few articles, no comprehensive study has been written about the learned men and women in America with Czechoslovak roots.²¹ That’s what this compendium is all about, with the focus on immigration from the period of mass migration and beyond, irrespective whether they were born in their European ancestral homes or whether they have descended from them. This publication is a sequel to the brilliant vanguard efforts of the early scientists and technically-trained individuals, discussed above, bringing the endeavors of their learned successors up to date, be they scientists, scholars, or educators.

Czech immigrants have brought their talents, their ingenuity, their technical skills, their scientific knowhow, and their humanistic and spiritual upbringing, their enthusiasm and perseverance to the New World which accounts for the remarkable success and achievements of the pioneer settlers in their new homeland. Their descendants inherited all these traits and maintained the historic traditions of their ancestors.

As for the coverage, Slovak Americans are also included here, considering that many of them were raised and trained during the era of the Czechoslovak Republic and, beyond that, despite their nationalistic tendencies, a number of them preferred to be known as Czechoslovaks rather than Slovaks. Considering that the Slovaks lived under the Hungarian domination for most of their turbulent history, some 1000 years, it is nothing but astonishing that they were completely emancipated during the short duration of the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938).

Bohemian Jews have frequently been omitted in much of the ethnic literature. As the reader will note, they have constituted a formidable part among of the American learned men and women of Czechoslovak ancestry. Frankly, more often than not, they overshadowed the other population groups in their achievements.

Learned American women of Czechoslovak ancestry, who are properly represented here, as they should be, would hardly be found in the midst of the 19th century America. In the early days, it was not dignified for women to work outside their home. The upper-class and middle-class women were, in fact, not expected to earn their own living. It was virtually impossible for women to become doctors, scientists, engineers, architects or even accountants. Apart from prejudice which may have been held against them, the fact that they were not admitted to colleges and other institutions of higher learning, was undoubtedly the major cause.

Before the colleges and universities opened their doors to them, which in some Ivy League schools did not occur until after the midst of the second half of the 20th century, women were necessarily self-educated or taught at home by private tutors. Once the colleges permitted their entry, it did not take long for women to start filling professions that have not been accessible to them before, such as medicine and law. Simultaneously, they began entering practically every field of higher learning - humanities, social sciences, and biological and physical sciences, engineering as well as entrepreneurship. This compendium demonstrates that many of them became prominent in their field, some clearly achieving distinction and attaining success above their fellow men. This is truly remarkable, considering that this happened within one generation.

The selection of individuals was strictly based on geographical ground, without regards to their native language or ethical background. This was because under the Habsburg rule the official language was German and any nationalistic aspirations were not tolerated. Consequently, it would be virtually impossible to determine their innate ethnic roots or how the respective individuals felt. Doing it in any other way would be a mere guessing, and, thus, less objective.

This monograph has been organized into sections by subject areas, i.e., Scholars, Social Scientists, Biological Scientists, and Physical Scientists. The most prevalent area among the listed learned men and women were Scholars, followed, neck and neck, by Social Scientists. Then comes the area of Physical Scientists, closely followed by Biological Scientists. However, the differences among the four areas may not be significant.

Each individual entry is usually accompanied with literature, and additional biographical sources for readers who wish to pursue a deeper study.

Bird’s Eye View of the Listings - A number of listed individuals may surprise you, because their Czech or Slovak ancestry has not been generally known. Some illustrative examples of selected individuals in various areas are given below.

Humanities - Starting with scholars, René Wellek (1903-1995) and Rev. Francis Dvorník (1893-1975) have, most certainly, stood in the forefront.

René Wellek, a native of Vienna of Czech father, who studied literature at Charles University in Prague, was an eminent Czech-American literary critic and the founder of comparative literature.

Rev. Francis Dvornik, a native of Chomýž, Moravia, was considered one of the leading twentieth-century experts on Slavic and Byzantine history, and on relations between the Churches of Rome and Constantinople.

The third towering figure in this category was Roman Jakobson (1896-1982), a native of Russia, who immigrated to Czechoslovakia in 1920, where he became so engrossed in Czech culture, that Czechs have considered him as their own. He was one of the greatest linguists of the 20th century, the principal founder of the European movement in structural linguistics, known as the Prague School. He escaped from Nazis in 1939 and eventually settling in the US, where he continued in his distinguished career at Harvard and MIT.

Two other literary scholars of note were Erich v. Kahler (1885-1970) and Peter Demetz (1922-), both natives of Prague, who were authorities on Germanic literature.

Among women, Eva Dubská Kushner (1929-), from Prague, achieved distinction as a noted scholar in the area of comparative and French literature, who was later appointed president of Victoria University in Canada.

Among historians, Hans Kohn (1891-1971), born in Prague, was considered the most influential theorist of nationalism.

Saul Friedländer (1932-), also a Prague native, historian and Holocaust survivor, is considered a scholar of the Third Reich and historian of the Holocaust.

Eleanor Flexner (1908-1995), a native of New York, N.Y, daughter of the famed educator Abraham Flexner, was also a historian, who was considered a pioneer in what has it become the field of women’s studies.

Helen H. Tanzer (1876-`961), from New York, NY, whose immigrant father was born in Prague, was a pioneer archeologist, whose scholarship focused on ancient Roman Culture, and who was particularly noted for her translations of archeological ancient texts.

Jaroslav Pelikan (1923-2003), a native of Akron OH, the son of Slovak Lutheran pastor, was the Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, and one of the world’s leading scholars in the history of Christianity and medieval history.

Matthew Spinka (1890-1972), a native of Štítary, Bohemia was a theologian, church historian, and authority on Orthodox Eastern and Czech church history.

Isaac Mayer Wise (1819-1900), a native of Lomnička, Bohemia, the foremost Rabbi in America, the founder of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, was generally considered Father of Reform Judaism.

Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941),was towering legal and judicial figure, who was instrumental in shaping modern American jurisprudence. He was a native of Louisville, KY, whose parents immigrated from their childhood homes in Prague, Bohemia.

Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), a native of Prague, Bohemia, a legal and political philosopher, was considered one of the preeminent jurists of the 20th century, with his Pure Theory of Law, which was considered his magnum opus.

Social Sciences - Abraham Flexner (1866-1959), a native of Louisville, KY, of Bohemian ancestry, was an educator, best known for his role in the 20th century reform of medical and higher education in the United States and Canada.

Karl Polanyi (Pollacsek) (1864-1964), a native of Vienna, of Slovak Jewish father, was an economic anthropologist and historian, who was considered one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century. He is remembered as the originator of substantivism, which emphasized the way economies are embodied in society and culture.

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), born in Prague, was a psychologist, who is considered one of the key founders of Gestalt psychology, which attempts to examine psychological phenomena and structural wholes rather than breaking them down to components.

Edward Bernays (1891-1995), a native of Vienna, with Bohemian ancestry, his mother having been sister of Sigmund Freund, was a pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda, frequently referred to as the father of public relations.

Beardsley Ruml (1894-1960), of Cedar Rapids, IA, whose grandfather immigrated from Bohemia, was an applied psychologist and economist, known for, his later approved, proposal that the U.S. Treasury start collecting income taxes through a withholding, pay-as-you-go, system, as a substitute for the government ‘s costly and complicated method of collecting individual income taxes on wages and salaries.

Magda B. Arnold (1903-2003), a native of Moravská Třebová, Moravia, was a psychologist. She was the first contemporary theorist to develop appraisal theory of emotions, which moved away from feeling theories and behaviorist theories toward the cognitive approach. She also created a new method of scoring the Thematic Apperception Test called Story Sequence Analysis.

Paul Lazarsfeld (1901-1976), a native of Vienna, whose mother was from Opava, Moravia, was an American sociologist. Many of his contributions to sociological method, have earned him the title of the founder of modern empirical sociology." He is also considered a co-founder of mathematical sociology.

Ruth L, Bunzel (1898-1990), a native of New York, NY, of Bohemian ancestry, was an accomplished anthropologist, who was an authority on the Zuni Indians and who also learned their language. She broke new ground in her research on the artist and the creative process among these Indians, and her pioneering work on the Mayas in Guatemala.

Frank William Taussig (1859-1940), of St. Louis, KY, whose parents immigrated from Bohemia, was a prominent American economist at Harvard University, whose contributions to trade theory have been of major importance in the 20th century.

Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950), a native of Třešť, Moravia, was Taussig’s successor at Harvard. He was pioneer in the field of econometrics and specialist in the history of economic theory and economic development, including business cycles, capitalism and socialism in economic and sociological perspective.

Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001), from Milwaukee, WI, of Czech mother, was an American economist, political scientist, and cognitive psychologist, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 for his interdisciplinary nature of his research that spanned across the field of cognitive science, computer science, public administration. Notably, Simon was among the pioneers of several modern-day scientific domains such as artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, organization theory, and complex systems.

Richard E. Neustadt (1919-2003), a native of Philadelphia, of Czech ancestry, was a political scientist and historian, an authority of Presidential power, advisor to four Presidents and one of the founders of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and the first director of the School’s Institute of Politics.

Karl E. Deutsch (1912-1992), born in Prague, Bohemia, was a social and political scientist. He is well known for introducing quantitative methods and formal system analysis and model-thinking into the field of political and social sciences and is one of the best known social scientists of the 20th century.

Madeleine Korbelová Albright (1937-), a native of Prague, Czech., is a notable political scientist, who was the first female US Secretary of State in US history.

Biological Sciences - Simon Flexner (1863-1946), a native of Louisville, KY, whose father immigrated to US from Všeruby, Bohemia, was an noted pathologist who served as the first Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, the predecessor of the Rockefeller University.

Frederick G. Novy (1864-1957), born in Chicago, IL, of Czech immigrant parents, was an American pioneer bacteriologist, who served as Dean of the University of Michigan Medical School.

Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), a native Baden bei Vienna, of Moravian mother and Bohemian paternal grandfather, was a physician and pioneer immunologist who was noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, for which he received a Nobel Prize..

Joseph Goldberger (1874-1929), from Giraltovce, Slovakia, was an American physician and epidemiologist in the US Public Health Service who discovered the cause of pellagra and showed link between pellagra and diet.

The husband and wife team, Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896-1984) and Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori (1896-1957), both natives of Prague, Czech., with Doctorates in medicine from the University of Prague, shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.

Felix Haurowitz (1896-1987) a native of Prague, was a biochemist and pioneer immuno-chemist, who received recognition for his work on antibodies.

Paul Zamecnik (1912-1943), of Cleveland, OH, of Czech ancestry, was a physician and biochemist who played a central role in the early history of molecular biology.

Daniel C. Gajdusek (1923-2008), of Yonkers, NY, of Slovak immigrant father, was an American physician and medical researcher who was awarded a Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, for work on an infectious agent which would later be identified as kuru, the first known human prion disease.

Ján T. Vilček (1933-) b. Bratislava, was a physician, virologist and inventor. He devoted his scientific career to the study of cytokines—hormone-like proteins produced in the body that control the immune system and host defenses and was among the first scientists to investigate interferon, an important immune system protein. He was instrumental in the development of the anti-inflammatory drug Remicade.

Physical Sciences - Kurt Gödel (1906-1978), born in Brno, Moravia, was a logician, mathematician, and analytic philosopher, who was considered the greatest logician since Aristotle.

Václav Hlavatý (1894-1969), from Louny, Bohemia, was a noted Czech-American mathematician, who published his monumental work, Geometry of Einstein’s Unified Field Theory, in which he solved then unsolvable differential equations of unified gravitational and electromagnetic filed, and thus providing a definite proof for Einstein’s theory of relativity.

Olga Taussky-Todd (1906-1995), a native of Olomouc, Moravia, was a mathematician, who became famous for her more than 300 research papers in algebraic number theory, integral matrices and matrices in algebra and analyses.

Wolfgang E. Pauli (1900-1958), a native of Vienna, whose paternal grandfather was a Czech Jewish publisher, Wolf Pascheles of Prague, was a theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize for his discovery of a new Law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle. The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter.

Herta R. Leng (1903-1997), from Vienna, whose mother was born in Bohemia, was a notable physicist, known for her pioneer research on radioactive tracer materials. She had also the distinction of being the first female full professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Felix Bloch (1905-1983), a native of Zurich, Switzerland, of Bohemian father, was an American physicist, who was awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements. He is best known as a developer of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

George Placzek (1905-1955), from Brno, Moravia, was a theoretical physicist who suggested a direct experimental proof of nuclear fission and was instrumental in clarifying the role of Uranium 235 for the possibility of nuclear chain reaction.

Douglas D. Osheroff (1945-), a native of Aberdeen WA, whose mother was of Slovak ancestry, is a physicist, known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics and his co-discovery of superfluidity of Helium-3, for which he was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Hugh D. Politzer (1949-), of New York, NY, whose both parents were from Czechoslovakia, was an American theoretical physicist, who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of asymmetric freedom of quantum chromodynamics. Interestingly, one of the co-sharers of this Prize was also of Czechoslovak descent, i.e., David J. Gross (1941-), also a theoretical physicist, a native of Washington, DC.

Walter Kohn (1923-2016), a native of Vienna, of Czech father who was a native of Hodonin, Moravia, was a theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for contributions to the understanding of the electronic properties of materials.

Martin Karplus (1930-), from Vienna, of Moravian descent on his father’s side, was an American theoretical chemist, received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems.

Michael Levitt (1947-), who co-shared the Prize, was also of Czech ancestry, on his mother’s side. He was a biophysicist and structural biologist, born in Pretoria, South Africa, who lived initially in Israel, before moving to Stanford University, CA.

Thomas Cech (1947-), from Chicago, IL, whose parents were of Czech descent, was an American chemist, as well as a biochemist, who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA.

Brian Kobilka (1955-), from Little Falls, MN, as the name implies, is of Czech ancestry on his father’s side. He is an American physiologist and recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries that reveal the workings of G protein-coupled receptors.

II

SCHOLARS

A. Archeologists

Edward A Cerny (1890-1962), b. Dubuque, IA, of Czech ancestry, was an archeologist. In 1908-1909, he attended Valparaiso University and then went to St. Joseph’s (now Loras) College, from which he obtained his B.A. in 1912. He came to St. Mary’s Seminary in Baltimore that year and was ordained for the Diocese of Rockford on July 3, 1915, with an S.T.B. degree. Father Cerny went on to The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. that same year and earned his S.T.L. there in 1917. He then went to his diocese to serve as assistant at St. Nicholas Church in Aurora, Illinois until 1923. For the next two years he pursued graduate studies at The Catholic University of America, and in Rome and Jerusalem at the Pontifical Biblical Institute. When he returned to the United States in 1925, he became pastor of St. Mary’s Church in Durand, Illinois, Vice-officialis of the Rockford Diocese, and Censor Librorum there. In 1933, he was assigned to St. Mary’s Seminary at Roland Park where, at various times, he taught – besides Scripture – Apologetics, Hebrew, and Greek, until his retirement. In 1938 he received his S.T.D. from St. Mary’s Seminary. Along with his teaching he served for nine years as Dean and Registrar of the School of Theology at St. Mary’s Seminary, Roland Park. He also served for many years as Censor Librorum for the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Beyond these local involvements, he served on the Editorial Board of the Catholic Biblical Quarterly for four years and as president of the Catholic Biblical Society for one term. He translated several books for the Confraternity Bible.

Bio: Edward A. Cerny, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1156.; Rev. Edward A. Cerny," in: Find A Grave. See - https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/54006904/edward-a_-cerny; Cerny, Father Edward, in: Society of St. Sulpice. See - http://sulpicians.org/project/cerny-father-edward/

Francis Lad Filas (1915-1985), b. Cicero, IL, of Czech ancestry, was a leading researcher of the Shroud of Turin, a burial cloth, believed to bear the image of Jesus Christ. Entering the Society of Jesus at Milford, Ohio, on August 12, 1932, he was ordained to the priesthood in June 1945.

He attended Loyola University(A.B., 1937; M.A., 1943), W. Baden Pontifical university, IN (S.T.D., 1952). He was associated with the Loyola University of Chicago for more than 35 years, serving as a longtime professor of theology (1950-85) and chairman of the department (1959-67). He concluded that an impression on the shroud matched a rare Roman coin produced in Palestine between A.D. 29 and A.D. 32, in the reign of Pontius Pilate, Governor of Palestine. He said the match proved that the shroud was used to bury a crucified Jew in Palestine around that time, making it a mathematical probability that it was used by Jesus. Filas also was an expert on the theology of St. Joseph, the father of Jesus, and wrote seven of his 10 books on the subject.

Bio: Fr. Francis L. Filas, in: Find A Grave. See - https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/89540528/francis-l_-filas; Francis Lad Filas, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1156; Francis Filas, The New York Times, February 17, 1985; Reverend Francis L. Filas, S.J., in: Catholic Authors.com. See - http://www.catholicauthors.com/filas.htm; Filas, Francis Lad, "in: WWW, 8.

Jacob Hoschander (1874-1933), b. Těšín, Silesia, was Biblical archeologist; professor of Biblical literature at the Jewish Theological Seminary from 1923 to 1933. A widely known authority on biblical archaeology and Assyriology, Hoschander received his Ph.D. from the University of Marburg in 1904 and continued his Oriental studies at the British Museum until his arrival in the United States in 1909, when he joined the faculty of the Dropsie College in Philadelphia. For a number of years Hoschander wrote Survey of Recent Biblical Literature for the Jewish Quarterly Review. Some of the articles were reprinted separately. He wrote Die Personennamen auf dem Obelisk des Manistusu (1907); The Book of Esther in the Light of History (1923); and Priests and Prophets (1938).

Bio: Hoschander, Jacob, in: Who’s Who in American Jewry, Vol. 1 p. 279; Hoschander, Jacob, in: encyclopedia.com. See - https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hoschander-jacob; Jacob Hoschander, in: Czechoslovak Jews, p. 251.

Clifford Charles Lamberg-Karlovský (1937-), b. Prague, Czech., received training in anthropology at Univ. of Pennsylvania (M.A., 1964; Ph.D., 1965). He was initially associated with Franklin and Marshall Coll., Lancaster, PA (1963-64), before joining Harvard University. Starting as an asst. prof. (1964-69), he was named curator of Near Eastern archeology, Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology (s. 1969), and advanced to full professor of anthropology (s. 1970) and a director of Peabody Museum (1977-91) and Stephen Phillips Professor of Archaeology and Ethnology (s. 1991). His teaching and research interests include the urban process and exchange networks that tie the Near East, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian peninsula, and Central Asia into spheres of economic and political interaction. Apart from his numerous papers in professional journals, he is the author of Beyond the Tigris and Euphrates Bronze Age Civilizations (1996), a co-author of Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica (1975), and Editor of 6 volumes published on his excavations in Iran at Tepe Yahya.

Bio: Clifford Charles Lamberg-Karlovsky, in: Prabook. See - https://prabook.com/web/clifford_charles.lamberg-karlovsky/1705413; his CV: http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/anthrodept/files/cv.pdf; C. C. Lambeg-Karlovsky, in: Google Scholar. See - https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PE3EPxwAAAAJ&hl=en; Karl Lamberg-Karlovsky, in: Research Gate. See - https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karl_Lamberg-Karlovsky; C. C. Lamberg Karlovsky, in: Abe Books.com. See - https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/c-c-lamberg-karlovsky/.

Benno Landsberger (1890-1968), b. Frýdek, Moravia, studied Oriental studies in Leipzig, under Assyriologist, Heinrich Zimmern. After the War, in which he took part, he returned to Leipzig, where he was appointed extraordinary professor in 1926. Two years later he went to Marburg, but returned to Leipzig in 1929, as Zimmern’s successor. He was, subsequently, dismissed, as a .result of the Nazi-era Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which excluded Jews from government employment. Landsberger accepted a post at the new Turkish University of Ankara, working especially in the area of languages, history and geography. After 1945 he was appointed to the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, where he worked until 1955. During this period he became a naturalized American citizen. Her was an eminent and groundbreaking scholar, editing many important lexical texts and conducting fundamental linguistic studies. Among other, he was a co-ed. of Assyrian Dictionary (1952).

Bio: Benno Landsberger, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1157; Benno Landsberger, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benno_Landsberger; Benno Landsberger, in: Czechoslovak Jews, p. 251.

Richard Norton (1872-1918), b. Dresden, Germany, of Bohemian ancestry, having descended from Frederick Philipse, was an archeologist and amateur baroque-art scholar. Norton graduated from Browne and Nichols School and went on to graduate from Harvard with the Class of 1892. He was appointed the first lecturer in Greek art at the American School of Classical Studies, Athens, and in 1899, director of the program, which he held until 1907. He returned to Boston and acted as European art expert for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In 1903 he traveled to central Asia to conduct field research as part of the Pumpelly Expedition. In 1910 Norton led the dig in the former Greco-Roman outpost of Cyrene, Libya, surviving an assassination attempt by local anti-American agitators. He was also the director of the Archaeological Institute of America. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Legion of Honour, and the Order of St. Lazarus. His award of the Cross of the Legion of Honor was the highest award given to any foreigner by France during World War I.

Bio: Richard Norton," in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Norton_(archaeologist); Norton, Richard," in: Snac. See - https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6134mgd

Adolf Leo Oppenheim (1904-1974), b. Vienna,. of Moravian ancestry, was one of the most distinguished Assyriologists of his generation. He was educated at Univ. of Vienna (Ph.D., 1933). His parents died in the Holocaust. He was with Univ. of Chicago Oriental Inst. (1947-74), as professor of Assyrio1ogy (s. 1954). He was an authority on Near Eastern civilizations, with emphasis on cultural anthropology of Assyria, as reflected in its social, economic, religious and intellectual history. Apart from his Editorship of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute, his most famous work was Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (1964).

Bio: A. Leo Oppenheim, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Leo_Oppenheim ; Adolf Leo Oppenheim, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1157.

Henry Phillips (1838-1895), b. Philadelphia, PA, of Bohemian ancestry, although trained as a lawyer, devoted his attention to antiquarian scholarship. His authoritative publications, Historical Sketches of the Paper Currency of the American Colonies and the Continental Paper Money (1866) established one of the foremost numismatists in the US. In addition, he published a number of studies on American archaeology. He was also a noted philologist and translator. He was a polyglot fluent in German, Italian, Spanish, Hungarian, and French.

Bio: Phillips, Henry, Jr., Encyclopedic Dictionary of Numismatic Biographies. See - http://www.numismaticmall.com/numismaticmall-com/phillips-henry-jr.; Henry Phillips, Jr.,’ in: The E-Sylum. See - https://www.coinbooks.org/v21/esylum_v21n38a15.html; Phillips. Henry, Jr., in: American National Biography. See - https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-2000784; Henry Phillips," in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, 1157.

Miriam Ruth Pelikan Pittenger (1967-), b. New Haven, CT, of Slovak ancestry, was the daughter of eminent church historian Jaroslav Pelikan, Jr. She was a classist, trained at Yale and University of California-Berkeley. She became assistant professor of classics at University of Illinois, Campaign-Urbana in 1998 and associate professor of classics at Hanover College in 2005. Currently, she holds the position of full Professor of Classical Studies at Hanover College and, recently, has also been appointed Vice President of the College. She is noted for her book, Contested Triumphs: Politics, Pageantry, and Performance in Livy’s Republican Rome, published by the University of California Press in 2008.

Bio: "Miriam Pittenger,’ in: Hanover College. See - https://www.hanover.edu/about/profiles?e=pittenger; Miriam Ruth Pelikan Pittenger, in: Prabook. See - https://prabook.com/web/miriam_ruth_pelikan.pittenger/641547; Miriam Ruth Pelikan Pittenger," in: Slovak Americans, p. 394; Miriam Ruth Pelikan Pittenger, in: American Women, p. 501.

Thomas Roček (1956-), b. Prague, received his A.B. in Anthropology at Princeton University (1977) and Ph.D. at the University of Michigan (1985). His doctoral work examined the archaeology of recent Navajo settlement on northern Black Mesa, Arizona, investigating the co-variation of economic and social change in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After a year’s fellowship at the School of American Research (now the School of Advanced Research) in Santa Fe, New Mexico and a year as an assistant professor at Oregon State University (1986-1987), he joined the Department of Anthropology at the University of Delaware as an adjunct assistant professor (1987-1988), then assistant professor (1988-1996), and associate professor (s. 1996). His professional work has continued in the Southwestern US, but the focus has shifted to the study of changes in settlement, diet, and social organization in early prehistoric agricultural communities in southeastern New Mexico. His work incorporates both Southwestern-specific topics and a broadly comparative approach that considers the American case as one of many examples of parallel processes associated with the Neolithic Revolution in other parts of the world. His publications include two books: The Henderson Site Burials (with John Speth), Navajo Multi-Houshold Social Units, and an edited volume, Seasonality and Sedentism (co-edited with Ofer Bar-Yosef), as well as a series of articles in journals and edited volumes

Bio: Thomas Rocek, in: University of Delaware, Dept. of Anthropology. See - https://www.anthropology.udel.edu/people/faculty/rocek?uid=rocek&Name=Thomas%20Rocek.

Stanislav Segert (1921-2006), b. Prague, Czech., was Charles University and ČSAV educated scholar. In 1969, following the government repressions in the wake of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, he left for US where he became a professor of biblical studies and Semitics at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was an authority on Canaanite and Aramaic philology, bible and contacts between Semitic and Graeco-Roman civilizations

Bio: Stanislav Segert, in: Encyclopedia, Vol.2, p. 1158; In Memoriam: Stanislav Segert, in: University of California See - https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/stanislavsegert.htm; Stanislav Segert, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Segert.

See also - II. E. Linguists.

Jan F. Simek (1953-), b. Glen Cove, NY, of Czech immigrant father, is an American archaeologist and educator who was the interim president of the University of Tennessee System (2009–10). A faculty member in the department of anthropology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Simek’s research interests include paleolithic archaeology, human evolution, quantitative analysis, spatial analysis, archaeology of the southeastern United States, and cave archaeology. He has been involved in the discovery and exploration of numerous ‘Unnamed Caves,’ a naming practice used to protect their location, in the Cumberland Plateau for the past fifteen years. He has been instrumental in the discovery of prehistoric artwork; dating back thousands of years. He has also conducted important research in France at Neanderthal habitation sites. Before his stint as interim president of the University of Tennessee system, he served in leadership and administration positions including department head, interim Director of the School of Art, interim Dean of architecture and design, and interim Chancellor of the University of Tennessee Knoxville.

Bio: Jan Simek, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Simek; Jan F. Simek, in: The University of Tennessee. See - https://anthropology.utk.edu/people/jan-f-simek/.

Helen Henrietta Tanzer (1876-1961), b. New York, NY, of Bohemian ancestry, belongs among the oldest archeologists of Bohemian origin. After graduating from Barnard College, she continued her studies in classical education in Rome. After the War, she continued her archeological studies at Johns Hopkins University. She taught Latin and Greek at Hunter College and Brooklyn College. She translated a number of ancient texts and edited collections for university needs. She published two important monographs, The Villas of Pliny the Younger (1924) and The Common People of Pompeii (1939). During her career she gathered a personal collection of ancient Greek-Roman artifacts, which she donated to the Archeological Museum of Johns Hopkins University

Bio: Helen Henrietta Tanzer, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1159; Helen Henrietta Tanzer, in: Beyond the Sea of Beer, p. 706; Helen Tanzer, in: Jewish Women’s Archive. See - https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/tanzer-helen; ‘Tanzer, Helen Henrietta, in: Database of Classical Scholars. See - https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9161-tanzer-helen-henrietta; Tanzer, Helen H., in: Snac. See - https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60k62v0; Helen Henrietta Tanzer," in: American Women, pp. 501-502.

Jiří Vondráček (1920-2009), b . Písek, Czech., initially studied law at Charles University (JUDr.), but later received archeological training at Univ. of Colorado (Ph.D.). He held the position of assoc. professor, at Metropolitan State Coll., Denver, CO. He was a specialist on prehistoric archeology of Old and New World.

Bio: Vondráček, Jiří, in: SVU Directory, 9; Jiří Vondráček, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1159.

Francis Zeman (1918-d.), b. Viničné, Slovakia, was a theologian and an archeologist. He held the position of professor of Holy Scriptures and Oriental Languages, Major Seminary, Nicolet, P.Q., Canada (s. 1952); professor of Near East, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (s. 1969).

Bio: Zeman, Francis, in: American Scholars, 8, Vol. 1, Zeman, Francis, in: Who’s Who in the East, 10; Zeman, Francis, in: Educators, p.7; Francis Zeman, in: Slovak Americans, p. 394.

B. Archivists & Bibliographers & Encyclopedists

Adelaide Fries (1871-1949), b. Salem, NC, of Moravian ancestry, was the foremost scholar of the history and genealogy of the Moravians in the southern United States. She made important contributions to the field as archivist, translator, author and Editor. Among other, she edited 8 volumes of Records of the Moravians in North Carolina. One of Fries’ best-known books is The Road To Salem (1944), an account of the life of Anna Catharina (Antes) Ernst (1726-1816). Another well-known book, The Moravians in Georgia, has entered the public domain and is available online. Her Forsyth County was revised and updated in 1949, and a further revision and update was issued in 1976

Bio: Adelaide Fries," in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Fries; Fries, Adelaide Lisetta, in; WWW, 2.

See also: II. C. Historians.

Paul Horecký (1913-1999), b. Trutnov, Czech., attended the Sorbonne and received a Doctorate in law and political science from University of Prague (JUDr., 1936).. He also received a Master’s degree in political science from Harvard University (M.A., 1951). During World War II, he served in Czechoslovak army units under British command. After the war, he worked on war crimes investigations and was a trial attorney at the Nuremberg trials. He also edited trial records for publication by the U.S. Army. He worked for the Library of Congress for 26 years before retiring in 1977, as chief of what was then its Slavic of Slavic and Central Europe Div. (1972-77). After retiring from the library, he was a senior research fellow at George Washington University’s Sino-Russian Studies Institute. He also taught for a time in Japan. He was author and Editor of Libraries and Bibliographic Centers in the Soviet Union (1959), Basic Russian Publications (1962), Russia and the Soviet Union. A Bibliographic Guide to Western-Language Publications (1966), East Central Europe: A Guide to Basic Publications (1969). Southeastern Europe, A Guide to Basic Publications (1969), East Central and Southeastern Europe: Handbook of Library and Archival Resources in North America (1976).

Bio: Paul Horecký, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, pp. 1349-1350; Horecky, Paul L., in: LC. See - http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50028497.html; Obituaries: Paul Horecky, The Washington Post, November 23, 1999;

Gustav Pollak (1848-1919), b. Vienna, of Moravian ancestry, was an Editor and author, educated in Vienna. He immigrated to the US at the age of seventeen. He was a contributor to the Evening Post, In New York, and the Nation, for 40 years, chiefly on foreign politics and literary matters. In 1884 he was Editor of Babyhood. He assisted in editing four encyclopedias, i.e., the Century Cyclopaedia of Names, New International Encyclopaedia, Nelson’s Encyclopaedia and Appleton’ New American Cyclopaedia. He was the author of Fifty Years of American Idealism and other books. In 1892 he was one of the founders of the Cerin.’ui American Reform Union.

Bio: Gustav Pollak, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p. 1009; Pollak, Gustav, in: The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 8, p. 581.

Miloslav ‘Mila’ Rechcigl (1930-), b. Mladá Boleslav, Czech., is a biochemist, trained at Cornell University (B.S., M.N.S., Ph.D.), and science administrator. He was one of the founders and past President, for many years, of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU). Beyond his scientific career, he is also a noted bibliographer, historian, archivist and encyclopedist. In 2007, he was named SVU Scholar-in Residence and SVU Archivist. Among other, he was Editor-in-chief of multiple monograph series, CRC Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food (18 volumes) and the author of a 3-volume Encyclopedia of Bohemian and Czech-American Biography (2016). He also authored a 2-volume Czechoslovak American Archivalia, bearing on the Czech presence in in the United States (2014). In 2012, he was awarded, by the Minister of Interior of the Czech Republic Jan Kubice, a medal for his lifetime contributions to the Czech archival science.

Bio: Rechcigl, Miloslav, Jr., in: SVU Directory 9; Miloslav Rechcigl, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 79; Mila Rechcigl, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Rechcigl; Mila Rechcigl, in; LinkedIn. See - https://www.linkedin.com/in/mila-rechcigl-2492ba36/; Mila Rechcigl Presented a Life Achievement Medal, in: SVU.org. See - https://www.svu2000.org/members-news/2012-medal-rechcigl/.

See also - IV. B. Biochemists.

Isidore Singer (1859-1939), b. Hranice, Moravia, resided in the US s. 1895. He studied at the University of Vienna and the Humboldt University of Berlin, receiving his Ph.D. in 1884. Singer moved to New York City in 1895, where he raised the money for the Jewish Encyclopedia he had envisioned and subsequently edited the twelve-volume work (1901-06) himself. Singer was also Managing Editor of the International Insurance Encyclopedia (1909) and co-editor of German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (20 vols.). He was founder (1922) and literary director of the denominational Amos Soc., a monotheistic world league for better understanding among peoples. Singer was a prolific writer in three languages. He also edited The World’s Debt to the Jews (6 vols.) and translated books from French into German. Over the course of his career, Singer also proposed many other projects which never won backing, including a multi-million-dollar loan to aid the Jews of Eastern Europe, a Jewish university open to students of any background, various encyclopedias about secular topics, and a 25-volume publication series of Hebrew classics. He was also a founder of the American League for the Rights of Man.

Bio: Isidore Singer, in: Wikipedia. See - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer; Isidore Singer, in: People Pill. See - https://peoplepill.com/people/isidore-singer/; Biographical Sketch, in: Isidore Singer Papers, American Jewish Archives. See - http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0042/ms0042.html; Singer, Isidore, in: WWW, 1.

Josef G. Svoboda (1930-2006), b. Czech., was a graduate of University of Toronto (B.A., 1930) and studied history at American University (M.A., 1963). He initially worked as an archivist at Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1968, He became an archivist and head, University Archives - Special Collections, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. One of Svoboda’s more significant accomplishments included the early development of the Czech Heritage Collections. These collections include documents associated with Czech immigrants to Nebraska and those who experienced World War II and the Prague Spring of 1968 in Czechoslovakia. The University of Nebraska Foundation provided funding for Svoboda to create oral histories and he eventually recorded 65 interviews with Nebraskans of Czech descent.

Bio: Svoboda, Joseph G., in: SVU Directory, 8; Joseph G. Svoboda, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, 1360; Joseph Svoboda, 1968, in: A Collaborative History, Archives of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. See - http://unlhistory.unl.edu/exhibits/show/archivespec50/joseph-svoboda--1968.

See also - III. F. Information Specialists

Robert Owen Zeleny (1930-), b. Chicago, IL, of Bohemian ancestry, was reared in New Orleans, and then returned to work to Chicago, where he secured his place and made a success of his career in book editing and publishing. A graduate of Tulane University, majoring in journalism and political science, he joined the Navy soon after graduation and spent 3 1/2 years as a communications officer aboard a minesweeper during the Korean War. He went back to Chicago after his discharge and attended graduate school at the University of Chicago. While there, he took a part time job at The World Book as assistant editor and decided to stay (s. 1956), for 37 years. He became sr. science Editor (1957-58), managing Editor (1964-65), vice president and executive Editor (1965-72). He was also sr. vice president and Editor of Childcraft (1967-83); sr. vice president and editor-in-chief of World Book, Inc. (1983-91); and publisher of World Book International (s. 1992).

Bio: Robert Owen Zeleny, in: Prabook. See - https://prabook.com/web/robert_owen.zeleny/636756 ; Robert Owen Zeleny, in: Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, pp. 1009.

C. Historians

1. General

June Granatir Alexander (1948-), b. Steubenville, OH, is a historian. She was educated at University of Cincinnati (M.A., 1971) and University of Minnesota (Ph.D., 1980), specializing in US history and Slovak emigration and immigration. She is on the faculty of the Russian and East European Studies Program at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism: Slovaks and other New Immigrants in the Interwar Era (2004) and The Immigrant Church and Community: Pittsburgh’s Slovak Catholics and Lutherans, 1880-1915 (1987).

Bio: Alexander June Granatir, in: SVU Directory, 9; June Granatir Alexander, in: Library Thing. See - https://www.librarything.com/author/alexanderjunegranati; Jane Granatir Alexander, in: Slovak Americans, p. 395; June Granatir Alexander, in: American Women, p. 502.

Josef Anderle (1924-2014), b. Prague, Czech., was a historian. He studied history at Charles University (dipl. 1948; PhDr., 1991), the University of Munich (1952-53) and the University of Chicago (Ph.D.). He was research assistant in the Center for American Foreign and Military Policy at the University of