Biological Classification

By Anupam Rajak

Welcome to the Biological Classification. The first chapter describes general characteristics of algae, bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The second chapter describes general characteristics of porifera, coelenterate, Platyhelminthes, nematode, annelida, arthopoda, mollusca, Echinodermata, protochordata, urochordata, cephalochordate, and vertebrata.

 

I would like to thank family members and friends. The author invites suggestions from readers for the improvement of text.

 

• Language: English
• Publisher: Anupam Rajak
• Release date: May 26, 2020
• ISBN: 9781393741626

Anupam Rajak

Anupam Rajak received his B.Sc in Botany from the Raghunathpur College, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University. He has published several articles in international journal. His email address is [e-mail]

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Contents

Preface........................................................................2

About the Author......................................................3

Chapter 1: The Plant Kingdom......................4-13

Chapter 2: The Animal Kingdom.................14-34

Preface

Welcome to the Biological Classification. The first chapter describes general characteristics of algae, bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The second chapter describes general characteristics of porifera, coelenterate, Platyhelminthes, nematode, annelida, arthopoda, mollusca, Echinodermata, protochordata, urochordata, cephalochordate, and vertebrata.

I would like to thank family members and friends. The author invites suggestions from readers for the improvement of text.

About the Author

Anupam Rajak received his B.Sc in Botany from the Raghunathpur College, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University. He has published several articles in international journal. His email address is [e-mail]

Chapter 1

The Plant Kingdom

The scientific study of plants are called botany. Plants included algae, bryophyte, pteridophyte, and gymnosperms. There are at least 320,000 species of plants are found. Humans depends on plants for food, medicine.

Algae:

They are holophytic organisms.

They are found in fresh water, ponds, and pools.

They do not contains true roots, stem and leaves.

They are chlorophyll bearing plants.

The plant body may be unicellular or multicellular.

Algae are capable of photosynthesis.

They are heterotrophic.

Some examples of algae are given below-

Nostoc.

Chara.

Marimo.

Vaucheria.

Diatom.

Volvox.

Description: Algae Lake Plant - Free photo on Pixabay

Figure 1. Algae (Photo Credit: Pixabay) Bryophyte:

Bryophytes are non vascular plants.

Bryophytes are amphibious plants.

Bryophytes are terrestrial plants but without water they do not complete their life cycle.

Bryophytes come from two greek words bryon means moss and "phyton’’ means plants.

The plant body is thalloid i.e not differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves.

The plants are green.

They may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Xylem and phloem are completely absent.

The male sex organs are called antheridia while the female sex organs are called archegonia.

The sporophytes are differentiated into foot, seta, and capsule.

Some examples of Bryophytes –

Riccia.

Marchantia.

Pelia.

Porella.

Anthoceros.

Sphagnum.

Pteridophyte:

Pteridophytes are come from two greek words pteron means feather and phyton means plants.

There are about 11,000 species in pteridophytes.

Pteridophytes are bounded by two layers i.e exine and initine.

The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves.

The pteridophytes are vascular plants i.e xylem and phloem are present in pteridophytes.

The life cycle of pteridophytes includes alternation of generations.

Some examples of pteridophytes includes-

Psilopsida.

Lycopsida.

Pteropsida.

Description: Moss, Bryophytes, Rokytnik, Hylocomium

Figure 2. Bryophyte (Photo Credit: Pixabay) Gymnosperms:

Gymnosperms come from two