Microplastics Pollution

By Anupam Rajak

The first chapter gives definition of plastics and polymer, brief history of plastics and his inventions, processing of plastics and applications of plastics. The second chapter deals with the different types of plastics. The third chapter provides on the basic concepts of marine pollution, briefly describes the eutrophication, ocean acidification, and plastic pollution. The fourth chapter build a preliminary overview of microplastics and microbeads. The fourth chapter takes the description of microplastiics and microbeads on the web. The fifth chapter discusses how microplastics are float into the ocean, definition of marine debris, plastics waste generating country, and microplastics sampling. The sixth chapter has a special mention on ocean organizations and ocean research institute.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Anupam Rajak
• Release date: Feb 1, 2020
• ISBN: 9781393587095

Anupam Rajak

Anupam Rajak received his B.Sc in Botany from the Raghunathpur College, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University. He has published several articles in international journal. His email address is [e-mail]

Book preview

Microplastics Pollution

Author: Anupam Rajak

Page 1

Contents

Preface...................................................................................................................4

About the Author.................................................................................................5

Chapter 1: Introduction to Plastics and Processing of Plastics.................6-40

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Classification of Plastics

1.3 Processing of Plastics

1.4 History of Plastics

1.5 Applications of Plastics

Chapter 2: Different Types of Plastics.......................................................41-62

2.1 Types of Plastics

2.2 Types of Thermoplastics

2.3 ADDITIVES

Chapter 3: Marine Pollution........................................................................63-76

3.1 Effects of Marine Pollution

3.2 Types of Marine Pollution

Chapter 4: Overview of Microplastics and Microbeads..........................77-103

4.1 Describes of Microplastics on the web

4.2 Microplastics

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4.3 Classification of Microplastics

4.4 Primary Microplastics

4.5 Secondary Microplastics

4.6 Describes of Microbeads on the web

4.7 Microbeads

Chapter 5: Microplastics in the Ocean and Microplastics Sampling...104-113

5.1 Marine Debris

5.2 Plastics Waste Generating Country

5.3 Microplastics Sampling

Chapter 6: Ocean Education and Organizations.................................114-120

Page 3

Preface

Welcome to plastics and microplastics. This book is helpful to interested readers. The author records his deep sense of gratitude to all earlier authors who have contributed important reference books to the subject of microplastics.

The first chapter gives definition of plastics and polymer, brief history of plastics and his inventions, processing of plastics and applications of plastics. The second chapter deals with the different types of plastics. The third chapter provides on the basic concepts of marine pollution, briefly describes the eutrophication, ocean acidification, and plastic pollution. The fourth chapter build a preliminary overview of microplastics and microbeads. The fourth chapter takes the description of microplastiics and microbeads on the web. The fifth chapter discusses how microplastics are float into the ocean, definition of marine debris, plastics waste generating country, and microplastics sampling. The sixth chapter has a special mention on ocean organizations and ocean research institute.

Thanks to my family. Finally, thanks to all the friends for their continue support and encouragement.

Page 4

About the Author

ANUPAM RAJAK RECEIVED his B.Sc in Botany from the Raghunathpur College, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University. He has published several articles in international journal. His email address is [e-mail]

Page 5

Chapter 1

Introduction to plastics and Processing of Plastics

1.1 Introduction:

Polymers (poly - means many and mer means part) are made up of long chain molecules. Generally, monomers are joined together to form polymers. When one monomers are join to another monomers resulting in the chain like structure and creating covalent bonds to form large molecules, called polymers. Polymers are extremely large molecules that constituent of our bodies (polynucleic acids, proteins etc.), cloths (polyester, nucleic acids etc.) and our foods (starch, protein etc.). We made polymers. But we can find polymers in nature. Rubber and cellulose is a natural polymeric material that can be found on earth. Man made polymers include plastics, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene low density, and polyethylene high density are produced all over the world. Hermann Staudinger is the father of modern polymer development. Hermann Staudinger received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in polymer science. This chapter describes the indroduction to plastic.

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Figure 1.1 Monomers and Polymers (Photo Credit: Flickr)

The word plastic itself comes from the Greek word plastikos and the Latin word plasticus both meaning able to molded. We use plastics in every day. Plastics are very important to our everyday lives. Plastics are consists of different combinations of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulphur, and other elements. Plastics are polymers found in coal, oil, minerals, petroleum, and plants. Plastics can be molded into almost any shape by applying the heat and pressure. Plastics are synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. When we go to bathroom in the morning, we see the buckets, bathroom floors, cleaning brushes are made from plastics. In 1909, Belgian chemist named Leo Baekelend in Yonkers, New York manufactured the first synthetic plastic Bakelite or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride.

Leo Hendrik Baekeland was born in Belgium, city of Ghent, on November 14, 1863. Baekelend was a chemistry student and became a young professor at the University of Ghent. He was best known for the inventions of Bakelite in 1907 and also called the Father of the plastics industry.

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Figure 1.2 Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons/Paralaloa [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)])

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Figure 1.3 Plastics (photo credit: Flickr)

1.2 Classification of plastics:

Plastics can be divided into many categories:

1. Natural Plastics: Natural plastics can be made of tree resin, latex, corn, cotton, sugarcane, animal horn, shellac, and various plants. Rubber and amber is natural plastics substances found in plant. Amber is fossilized tree resin extracted from pine trees. Amber can be used in the production of jewelry, folk medicine etc.

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(a) (b)

Figure 1.4 (a) Abmer (Photo Credit: Flickr) and (b) Natural rubber produce from trees (Photo Credit: Flickr)

2. Synthetic Plastics : Synthetic